Differences In Consumption Patterns Research Articles

Amul Dairy (GCMMF): expanding in the USA, leveraging the e-commerce advantage

The case discusses GCMMF's business strategy to achieve a competitive advantage in the domestic market and that they are trying to leverage the advantage of e-commerce giant Amazon to explore the US market. Based on a business situation, the case tries to bring out the decision-making situation: should Amul focus on the foreign market for more business, or focus on the domestic market and seek more penetration? Or practice both? Can GCMMF replicate the Indian strategies in the US market? Can Amul be successful in the US market provided a difference in consumption patterns, culture, and global dairy industry situation?

Evolving Consumption Patterns in the U.S. Alcohol Market: Disaggregated Spatial Analysis

AbstractGlobal consumption patterns for alcoholic beverages are evolving, with some convergence in per capita consumption among nations as traditionally beer-drinking nations increase their consumption of wine and, conversely, wine-consuming nations shift towards beer. This article explores regional patterns of alcoholic beverage consumption within the United States. One purpose is to see if similar patterns of spatial convergence in consumption patterns can be observed within countries as have been documented in international comparisons. A more fundamental purpose is to explore the converse question and seek to better understand the persistent differences in alcoholic beverage consumption among groups. These issues are addressed using annual U.S. national and state-level data over four decades and, for the more recent period, supermarket scanner data at finer scales of geopolitical aggregation. Socioeconomic and other demographic variables appear to play significant roles in accounting for the spatial differences in consumption patterns, although the details vary across different models and data sets. The analysis of demand using less-aggregative data for a shorter time period reveals some shortcomings in the corresponding analysis based on state-level data over a longer time period, but with poorly measured prices. These findings might extrapolate to studies making international comparisons using national aggregate data. (JEL Classifications: D12, L66)

Persistent Patterns in the U.S. Alcohol Market: Looking at the Link between Demographics and Drinking

AbstractGlobal consumption patterns for alcoholic beverages are evolving, with some convergence in per capita consumption among nations, as traditionally beer-drinking nations increase their consumption of wine and, conversely, wine-consuming nations shift towards beer. In a forthcoming article (Hart and Alston, 2019), we explore regional patterns of alcoholic beverage consumption within the United States. One purpose is to see if similar patterns of spatial convergence in consumption patterns can be observed within countries as have been documented in international comparisons. A more fundamental purpose is to explore the converse question and seek to better understand the persistent differences in alcoholic beverage consumption among groups. These issues are addressed using annual U.S. national and state-level data over four decades and, for the more recent period, supermarket scanner data at finer scales of geopolitical aggregation. This proceedings article focuses on the analysis using supermarket scanner data. We find that socioeconomic and demographic variables appear to play significant roles in accounting for the spatial differences in consumption patterns. (JEL Classifications: D12, L66)

Analisis Perbandingan Pola Konsumsi Masyarakat Kota Jambi Sebelum, Sesaat dan Sesudah Bulan Ramadhan

This study aims to see the level of comparison of the consumption patterns of Jambi netizen before, during and after the month of Ramadan. The research approach uses descriptive qualitative analysis method of data triangulation consisting of interview data, observations and questionnaires by comparing consumption expenditure financing. This study used 140 respondents with the findings that 95% of respondents said they had increased consumption costs in the month of Ramadan. The comparison of Jambi Netizen’s consumption level before, when and after Ramadhan measured by the level of food and drink, clothing expenditure. Expenditure ini Ramadan month has increased from 41% -50% and 91% -100% compared to other months, while the clothing’s expenditure in the Ramadan month compared to other months has increased by the ranges from 150% -249% and 250% -349%. The differences in consumption patterns in ramadhan month compared to other months can be seen in the increasing number of people who shop in the market for on one day before ramadhan to prepare consumption needs in the month of Ramadan and H-10 during Ramadan to prepare for buying Lebaran clothes and consumption of Eid preparations. At the time of Ramadan there is a tradition of going home, on average, the respondents claim spent accommodation funds ranging from Rp. 1,000,000 to Rp. 2,500,000 and also adjusted to the distance to the hometown plus the purchase of consumption and souvenirs for the family in the hometown.

한･일 1인 근로자 가구의 소비성향 비교 연구

The purpose of this study is to identify the comparative differences in the patterns of consumption of single-person income households in both Korea and Japan. The analysis of the results led to the following conclusions. Firstly, there were no significant differences between the two countries on the expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages. However, the expenditure on such things as housing, water, electricity, culture, and recreation was found to be higher for Japan. In terms of all the other expenses, Korean single-person households were found to have a higher spending rate. Secondly, regarding the differences in consumption patterns, it was found that consumption related to social participation, leisure activity, and fashion is relatively higher in Korea. The following implications can be derived from these results: It appears that businesses should build a marketing strategy that fits the rapidly growing consumption patterns of single-wage-earning person households. Moreover, governments should reflect the needs of single- person income households in their policy-making decisions.

Socio-economic patterning of expenditures on ‘out-of-home’ food and non-alcoholic beverages by product and place of purchase in Britain

While most food is consumed at home, food eaten out-of-home plays an important role in diets and it has been associated with higher energy intake and higher body weight. Beyond prepared meals, there is limited understanding of what foods people buy out-of-home and where they buy them from. This study analyses out-of-home food purchases by food groups and food outlet types, and estimates socio-economic differences in these expenditure patterns. We used a nationally representative product-level dataset of expenditures (n=2,734,987) on foods and non-alcoholic beverages for out-of-home consumption for 9,704 respondents in Great Britain (June 2015-December 2017). Population weighted estimates of per capita weekly expenditures and shares of expenditure were derived for four outlet types and eight food groups. We used linear multi-level modelling to determine differences in expenditure patterns by socio-economic status (SES) characterised via occupational social grade. Out-of-home purchases make up 25-39% of total food and beverage expenditures. Mid- and high-SES respondents spent nearly twice as much (£17.76 and £15.11 weekly), compared to low-SES respondents (£9.69) for out-ofhome food consumption. A third of expenditures across SES (36-37%) were spent in venues other than restaurants or fast-food and takeaway outlets. Meals accounted for 60% of expenditures, but a third was spent on beverages (10-12% non-alcoholic cold beverages, 17-18% hot beverages) and 9-10% on snacks. Mid- and low-SES respondents had a greater share of expenditure in takeaway and fast-food outlets, supermarkets and convenience stores, and on cold non-alcoholic beverages. Overall, low-SES respondents spent less on out-of-home foods but the share of this expenditure across different foods or outlets varied less. While restaurants, fast-food and takeaway outlets were a major source of out-of-home purchases, a significant proportion was spent in other outlets. Policies targeting out-of-home consumption should therefore consider the full range of foods as well as the diversity of places where they are sold.

Differences Among Incidence Rates of Invasive Listeriosis in the U.S. FoodNet Population by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Pregnancy Status, 2008-2016.

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that disproportionally affects pregnant females, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Using U.S. Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) surveillance data, we examined listeriosis incidence rates and rate ratios (RRs) by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and pregnancy status across three periods from 2008 to 2016, as recent incidence trends in U.S. subgroups had not been evaluated. The invasive listeriosis annual incidence rate per 100,000 for 2008–2016 was 0.28 cases among the general population (excluding pregnant females), and 3.73 cases among pregnant females. For adults ≥70 years, the annual incidence rate per 100,000 was 1.33 cases. No significant change in estimated listeriosis incidence was found over the 2008–2016 period, except for a small, but significantly lower pregnancy-associated rate in 2011–2013 when compared with 2008–2010. Among the nonpregnancy-associated cases, RRs increased with age from 0.43 (95% confidence interval: 0.25–0.73) for 0- to 14-year olds to 44.9 (33.5–60.0) for ≥85-year olds, compared with 15- to 44-year olds. Males had an incidence of 1.28 (1.12–1.45) times that of females. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, the incidence was 1.57 (1.18–1.20) times higher among non-Hispanic Asians, 1.49 (1.22–1.83) among non-Hispanic blacks, and 1.73 (1.15–2.62) among Hispanics. Among females of childbearing age, non-Hispanic Asian females had 2.72 (1.51–4.89) and Hispanic females 3.13 (2.12–4.89) times higher incidence than non-Hispanic whites. We observed a higher percentage of deaths among older patient groups compared with 15- to 44-year olds. This study is the first characterizing higher RRs for listeriosis in the United States among non-Hispanic blacks and Asians compared with non-Hispanic whites. This information for public health risk managers may spur further research to understand if differences in listeriosis rates relate to differences in consumption patterns of foods with higher contamination levels, food handling practices, comorbidities, immunodeficiencies, health care access, or other factors.

High-resolution spatial distribution of greenhouse gas emissions in the residential sector

The development of high-resolution greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories is an important step towards emission reduction in different sectors. However, most of the spatially explicit approaches that have been developed to date produce outputs at a coarse resolution or do not disaggregate the data by sector. In this study, we present a methodology for assessing GHG emissions from the residential sector by settlements at a fine spatial resolution. In many countries, statistical data about fossil fuel consumption is only available at the regional or country levels. For this reason, we assess energy demand for cooking and water and space heating for each settlement, which we use as a proxy to disaggregate regional fossil fuel consumption data. As energy demand for space heating depends heavily on climatic conditions, we use the heating degree day method to account for this phenomenon. We also take the availability of energy sources and differences in consumption patterns between urban and rural areas into account. Based on the disaggregated data, we assess GHG emissions at the settlement level using country and regional specific coefficients for Poland and Ukraine, two neighboring countries with different energy usage patterns. In addition, we estimate uncertainties in the results using a Monte Carlo method, which takes uncertainties in the statistical data, calorific values, and emission factors into account. We use detailed data on natural gas consumption in Poland and biomass consumption for several regions in Ukraine to validate our approach. We also compare our results to data from the EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research), which shows high agreement in places but also demonstrates the advantage of a higher resolution GHG inventory. Overall, the results show that the approach developed here is universal and can be applied to other countries using their statistical information.

Pain Relief as a Motivation for Cannabis Use Among Young Adult Users With and Without Chronic Pain

This study aims to determine the rate of chronic pain in a community sample of young adult cannabis users, assess the extent to which pain relief is an important motivation for cannabis use, and explore differences in consumption patterns and problem behaviors between users with and without chronic pain. The study design was cross-sectional. Self-selected community-dwelling young adults (ages 18–29 years; n = 143) who regularly use cannabis completed an online survey. Results revealed that approximately 40% of the sample met the criteria for chronic pain, and pain relief was their primary motivation for use. There were no differences between groups with respect to frequency of use or estimated potency of their preferred strains; however, users with chronic pain reported using a wider variety of administration methods and a greater quantity of cannabis with each use. Users with chronic pain also reported more extensive histories of use, with younger age at initiation and longer duration of regular use. Despite riskier consumption patterns, there were no between-group differences in negative consequences owing to use after controlling for gender and educational status. On average, the total sample reported approximately 8 problems in the past 30 days owing to use. These findings suggest that chronic pain is commonly experienced among young adult cannabis users and pain relief is the primary motivation for users with pain. For some users, clinically significant chronic pain and pain-related interference persist despite heavy use. Cannabis users with and without chronic pain report experiencing several negative consequences owing to their use. PerspectiveThis article compares motivations for cannabis use and describes differences in consumption patterns among a community sample of young adult users with and without chronic pain. This information may be useful for providers who assess and treat pain in young adults, particularly in settings that have legalized recreational use.

Antibiotics in two municipal sewage treatment plants in Sri Lanka: Occurrence, consumption and removal efficiency

Abstract Most of the monitoring data on the occurrence of antibiotics in sewage treatment plants (STPs) have been reported from Europe, North America and some countries in Northeast Asia, while very limited data can be found in Southeast Asian countries. As a pioneering research in Sri Lanka, we collected 24 h composite wastewater samples at the influent and effluent of two municipal STPs for consecutive 7 days to investigate occurrence, consumption and removal efficiency of seventeen antibiotics. The STP was located in Colombo and Hikkaduwa, respectively, representing two kinds of communities (i.e. local and tourists) in Sri Lanka. The targeted antibiotics were extracted by solid-phase extraction method and detected on an Agilent HPLCMSMS (1290/6470QQQ). Results illustrated that the majority of the antibiotics can be always detected from both STPs, except for chlorotetracycine (CTC), doxycycline (DOX) and florfenicol (FF). Fluoroquinolones (FQs) were detected at highest concentrations with ciprofloxacin (CIP) being the dominant compound. Concentrations of CIP in the influent samples were in the range of 433–6010 ng/L. The consumption of antibiotics was estimated on the basis of influent mass load and catchment population data. We found difference in consumption patterns between the two served areas. Compared to local people in Colombo, tourists in Hikkaduwa appeared to take more antibiotics during the study period with the estimated daily dose of 0.25 g per 1000 persons. Moreover, macrolides accounted for a larger portion than FQs in Hikkaduwa, with azithromycin (AZM) being the most prevalent antibacterial agent. After comparison with an official report by Medical Supplies Division of Sri Lanka, we conjected that AZM was not commonly used among local people and it was mainly introduced by foreign arrivals. As for the removal efficiency, the activated sludge system of Colombo exhibited better elimination and more stable performance than the constructed wetland process of Hikkaduwa.

Analysis of the Consumption Patterns in Families with and without Elderly Members between 1987 and 2009 in the Metropolitan Regions of Brazil

The fast growth of the Brazilian elderly population is bringing new challenges for the local economy. In order to allow governments and markets to be prepared for this new growing demand, the objective of this paper is to analyze the differences in consumption patterns between families that are headed by the elderly and those that are not using microdata level from Brazilian household budget surveys for the years 1987/88, 1995/96, 2002/03, and 2008/09. Among the main results, there have been changes in the past 20 years for some consumer products and not for others for both family structures. We also find that families headed by the elderly spend more on pharmaceutics and health services than those headed by non-elderly. It was also observed that the people aged 60–70 presented a profile of consumer behavior that is quite similar to non-elderly individuals. This important finding suggests an improvement in recent health and changes in consumption habits for this age group, which is usually seen in developing countries such as Brazil as a demographic description by physical and psychological limitations.

Does Green Product Consumption Gendered? Investigating Among Millennials in an Emerging Market

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Living together with children and elderly: the impact of family structure on the consumption of migrants and residents in urban China

Using data from the first wave of the “China Family Dynamic Survey” conducted in 2014, this study compares the impact on consumption of the presence of children or elderly people in migrant households and to that in urban resident households, and then examines the extent to which lack of access to public services might explain the differences in consumption patterns that do exist. The results indicate that migrant households with infants and toddlers increase their consumption of healthcare services, while those with preschool children increase their consumption of educational services. Migrant households with elderly members significantly increase their consumption of healthcare services. The comparison of migrant households with urban resident households shows that there are considerable differences between migrant households and urban resident households in terms of how educational and healthcare expenditures are affected by the presence of children and elderly. The differences grow out of a huge gap in the accessibility of low-cost, subsidized public preschool education and government-funded health insurance programs.

No evidence of subgroups found in amphetamine consumers in Iran.

SummaryAmphetamine type substances are the second most commonly consumed illicit drug type and their use is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. This investigation set out to determine whether, similar to alcohol or nicotine addiction, subgroups of consumers can also be found in amphetamine addicts. 204 consumers of methamphetamine only (n = 50) or both methamphetamine and heroin (n = 154) have been investigated in Mashhad, Iran by means of “Lesch Alcoholism Typology”. No significant differences in consumption pattern or age of onset have been found between the different types. Many subjects, however, reported symptoms of anxiety (n=78) or depression (n = 129) prior to drug use. These findings highlight the need for high quality epidemiological studies further addressing this issue.

Results of a national survey of high-frequency fish consumers in the United States

Exposure to contaminants in fish may be associated with adverse health outcomes even as fish consumption is generally considered beneficial. Risk assessments conducted to support regulatory analyses rely on quantitative fish consumption estimates. Here we report the results of a national survey of high-frequency fish consumers (n = 2099) based on a survey population statistically representative of ~17.6 million U.S. individuals consuming three or more fish meals per week. The survey was conducted during 2013 using an on-line survey instrument. Total fish consumption averaged 111 g/day from market, restaurant and self-caught sources. Depending on the season, the incidence of individuals reporting consumption of self-caught species ranged between 10–12% of our high-frequency fish consuming demographic, averaging approximately 30 g/day and comprising 23% of total fish consumption from all sources of fish. Recreational or self-caught consumption rates vary regionally and are poorly understood, particularly for high-frequency consumers, making it difficult to support national-scale assessments. A divergence between sport-fishing and harvesting of fish as a food-staple is apparent in survey results given differences in consumption patterns with income and education. Highest consumption rates were reported for low income respondents more likely to harvest fish as a food staple. By contrast, the incidence of self-caught fish consumption was higher with income and education although overall consumption rates were lower. Regional differences were evident, with respondents from the East-South Central and New England regions reporting lowest consumption rates from self-caught fish on the order of 12–16 g/day and those from Mountain, Pacific and Mid-Atlantic regions reporting highest rates ranging from 44 to 59 g/day. Respondent-specific consumption rates together with national-level data on fish tissue concentrations of PCBs, MeHg, and PFOS suggest that 10–58% of respondents reporting self-caught fish consumption are exposed to concentrations of these contaminants that exceed threshold levels for health effects based on a target hazard index of one, representing 2.3 M to 19 M individuals. The results of this nationwide survey of high-frequency fish consumers highlights regional and demographic differences in self-caught and total fish consumption useful for policy analysis with implications for distributional differences in potential health impacts in the context of both contaminant exposures as well as protective effects.

Of lemurs and louse flies: The biogeochemical and biotic effects of forest disturbance on Propithecus edwardsi and its obligate ectoparasite Allobosca crassipes in Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar.

From alleles to ecosystems and landscapes, anthropogenic activity continues to affect the environment, with particularly adverse effects on biodiversity hotspots such as Madagascar. Selective logging has been proposed as a "win-win" conservation strategy, yet its effects on different components of biodiversity are still not fully understood. Here we examine biotic factors (i.e., dietary differences) that may be driving differences in biogeochemical stocks between disturbed and undisturbed forests. We present the stable nitrogen (δ15 N) and carbon (δ13 C) isotope composition of hair from the lemur Propithecus edwardsi and of whole bodies of its obligate ectoparasite, the louse-fly Allobosca crassipes, from sites in Ranomafana National Park (RNP) that are comparable except for the history of logging and subsequent forest regeneration. P. edwardsi and A. crassipes from the disturbed (i.e., heavily selectively logged) site are lower in 15 N and 13 C relative to P. edwardsi and A. crassipes from sites that were minimally selectively logged or not commercially logged at all. There is a ∼3‰ decrease in 15 N between disturbed and undisturbed sites that corresponds to a difference of nearly a full trophic level. Flowers from Bakerella clavata, a staple food source for P. edwardsi in disturbed habitats and a fallback food for P. edwardsi in primary forests, were also analyzed isotopically. B. clavata is δ15 N-depleted in both disturbed and undisturbed sites. Data from longitudinal behavioral surveys of P. edwardsi in RNP and other forests in eastern Madagascar point to significant differences in consumption patterns of B. clavata, with P. edwardsi in disturbed forests consuming almost twice as much of this plant. Depletion of 15 N in animal tissues is a complex issue, but likely the result of the interaction of physiological and ecological factors. Anthropogenic disturbance in RNP from selective logging has had both biotic and biogeochemical effects that are observable trophically.

PERBEDAAN POLA KONSUMSI BERDASARKAN STATUS ANEMIA IBU HAMIL

Anemia among pregnant women is still beeing a public health problem in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine differences in consumption patterns based on anemia status of pregnant women. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in eight community health centers in Jember with 128 pregnant women as subjects selected by stratified random sampling method from pregnant women’s cohort in each of the community health centers. Information about sociodemographics was obtained by interviewing, consumption patterns with Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and hemoglobin levels with Easy Touch GCHb (Bioptics Technology Inc., China). The prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Jember was 60,16% (95% CI: 51,76-68,56). From the result of bivariate analysis with t-test, it was found that significant difference in mean frequency of pregnant milk consumption between group of anemia and group was not anemia (p <0.001). Significant differences were also found on the average number of tofu consumption (p 0.007) and pregnant milk (p <0.001) between group of anemia and group was not anemia. In addition, this study found an average difference in the level of energy adequacy (p <0.001), protein (p <0.001), carbohydrates (p<0.001), vitamin C (p <0.001), vitamin B12 (p 0.001), copper <0.001) and iron (p <0.001) were significant between the anemia group and the non-anemic group. The average nutritional adequacy level in the group was not anemia greater than the anemia group. Fulfillment of nutrients during pregnancy is important to prevent anemia in pregnant women.Keyword: Anemia among pregnant women, consumption patterns

Remittances and household nutrition: evidence from rural Kilimanjaro in Tanzania

This paper examines the role of remittances in the livelihoods of households in developing countries. Previous studies have shown that remittances are mostly utilized for investment in estates, agricultural inputs or education; however, remittances may also be useful for smoothing consumption by poor rural households. Hence, we estimated the differences in consumption patterns for macronutrients and micronutrients between remittance recipients and non-recipients using data from Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. An instrumental variable strategy was adopted in econometric estimations of nutrient consumption to address issues of self-selection and endogeneity of net income and remittances. Furthermore, the instrumental variable quantile regression method was used to estimate the distributional effects of remittances. A major finding was that remittances increased investment in intake of nutrients such as proteins, vitamin A, vitamin C and calcium; these are nutrients that are vitally important for physical development of children and for improving the health of adults. Remittances did not have a significant effect on consumption of macronutrients such as carbohydrates and fats, or total calories.

Measuring Cost of Living for Ordinary Residents in Cities: A New Index

Cost of living is an important indicator to track and monitor basic living standards for cities. There is no reliable and consistent index available in the literature for comparing the cost of living across different major cities to guide policy analysis. Commercial cost of living surveys, while very useful in facilitating compensation decisions for expatriate managers, are inadequate as they do not account for differences in consumption patterns among cities and also do not consider differences in lifestyles between ordinary residents and expatriates across cities. In this context, this paper makes a pioneering attempt in the literature to come up with a comprehensive way to measure the cost of living for ordinary residents of 103 cities in the world. One of the features of the paper’s empirical methodology is that it makes a distinction between the cost of living for expatriates and ordinary residents. We focus on the results pertaining to ordinary residents in this paper.

Factors Affecting U.S. Consumer Expenditures of Fresh Flowers and Potted Plants

The floral industry has experienced declining sales in the past few decades, causing many to speculate as to the underlying causes. To identify consumers’ spending patterns for fresh flowers and potted plants, we extracted and analyzed quarterly expenditure interview data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1996 to 2013. Our analysis revealed consumption trends over time by age group, and compared the differences in expenditure patterns across states. Additionally, we employed the Heckman two-step model to estimate how flower consumption is affected by sociodemographic characteristics, geographic factors, housing status, and seasonal factors. The estimation results show that the source of declining demand can be attributed to the decrease in both number of flower purchasers and expenditure among purchasers. Many factors including age, marital status, gender, education, income, number of earners in household, population size of the residing city, house type, and number of rooms in the house affect the demand for fresh flowers and potted plants. Given that floral expenditure has been decreasing among consumers under 40 years of age for the past two decades, innovative marketing strategies to target this age cohort are essential for the floral industry’s success in the future.