Citizenship Differences Research Articles

The Role of Mixed Marriage Organizations in the Processing of Residence Permits for Foreign Nationals

This research aims to explain the role of mixed marriage organizations in the process of obtaining residence permits for foreign nationals. This research uses the normative juridical method, with data obtained from the identification and clarification of legal facts from mixed marriage organizations. In recent years, population migration between countries has continued to increase. Along with the times, more and more foreign nationals choose to live in Indonesia, one of which is due to mixed marriages. A mixed marriage is a marriage between two individuals who are subject to different legal systems in Indonesia, usually due to differences in citizenship, where one of the spouses is an Indonesian citizen. Foreign nationals married to Indonesian citizens are required to apply for a residence permit in Indonesia, such as a permanent residence permit (ITAP). To obtain an ITAP, the applicable requirements must be met according to the purpose of the application. This process includes applying for a status change from a limited stay permit (ITAS) for family unification to a permanent residence permit (ITAP). The Mixed Marriage Organization plays an important role in helping to resolve the various issues faced by families in mixed marriages. The organization carries out its activities through three main pillars: Advocacy, Socialization, and Consultation. This topic was chosen by the author because it has not been discussed in previous articles.

Regulations in Mixed Marriage: A Comparative Review Between the Marriage Legal System In Indonesia and the Marriage Legal System in Nigeria

According to Law Number 1 of 1974, a marriage is considered valid as long as it is carried out in accordance with religion or belief. Marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family based on God Almighty. Mixed marriage is a marriage between two people who are subject to different laws due to differences in citizenship. This study uses a normative legal research approach that utilizes primary and secondary legal materials in its analysis so that the legal data used is secondary data or data that is not obtained directly such as law books, academic journals, and official documents. This study aims to analyze mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreign citizens according to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and the marriage laws in force in Nigeria.

Mixed Marriages in Indonesia and Citizenship Issues: a Call for Dual Citizenship Reform For Children From Mixed Marriages

Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage Article 57 defines mixed marriages as marriage between two persons who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, due to differences in citizenship and one of the parties is a foreign national and one of the parties is an Indonesian national. While mixed marriages have occurred widely in Indonesia involving two people of different origins, religious beliefs, or ethics, the issue of citizenship arises when married couples involve two people of different nationalities. Some countries in the world allow instant citizenship by marriage. The State Republic of Indonesia acknowledges single citizenship under Law No. 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship. The main idea of this journal is to highlight the issues of citizenship of offspring from mixed marriages. While children of mixed marriages may have dual citizenship until the age of 18, what are the implications for their citizenship in the future? In the context of the state, how does the government see this as the nation’s future generation?

An International Civil Law Approach to the Legal Certainty of Same-Sex Marriage with Differences in Citizenship (Case Study of Ragil Mahardika and Fred Vollert Frederik)

The phenomenon of same-sex marriage is a phenomenon that is widely discussed in society. The marriage of Ragil Mahardika and Fred Vollert Frederik contains foreign elements when viewed from the perspective of the subjects who are citizens of different countries, Indonesia & Germany. Their marriage can be considered valid in Germany in accordance with the principle of "Lex Loci Celebrationis" which means that the law that applies to a marriage is in accordance with the law of the place where the marriage took place but cannot be said to be valid. If we refer to Indonesian state regulations, the benefit of this writing is to know for sure whether the marriage can be said to be valid or not. The research method used in this research uses normative juridical by studying and analyzing social phenomena that occur in society in order to understand the conditions and solutions to the problems that occur. This article was written about same-sex marriage to find out whether the marriage can be said to be legal or not.

Legal Protection of Children from Mixed Marriage Living in Indonesia

Marriage is a legal bond between a man and a woman for a long time. Mixed marriages are marriages between two people in Indonesia subject to different laws, due to differences in citizenship and one of the parties is a citizen of Indonesia. The research entitled Legal Protection of Children from Mixed Marriages Living in Indonesia was conducted to know how the status of children born from mixed marriages according to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Legal Protection for children about civil rights as a result of mixed marriages according to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Law Number 12 of 2016 concerning Citizenship. This study uses a normative juridical research method, which concludes that children born from mixed marriages get guaranteed legal certainty according to Law Number 12 of 2016 concerning Citizenship in terms of citizenship status because they have lived in Indonesia for at least 5 (five) consecutive years come along. Then the child also gets his civil rights, namely the right to know his origin, the right to get maintenance and education from his parents, the right to be represented in all legal actions inside and outside the court, and the right to take care of the child’s property, as well as the right to inherit. The results of this study are expected to provide legal protection for children about civil rights resulting from mixed marriages.

National Cultural Frames and Muslims’ Economic Incorporation: A Comparison of France and Canada

This article shows that differences in the economic incorporation of Muslims and other immigrant minorities in France and in Canada are mainly related to immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Differences in ethno-specific penalties due to national cultural frames — related to multiculturalism in Canada and secular republicanism in France — are small, affect only the second generation, and are related both to minority household patterns and to treatment in mainstream institutions. Using data on household incomes from two large-scale surveys (Trajectories and Origins in France 2008–2009 and the Canadian National Household Survey 2011) and taking account of cross-setting differences in Muslim and other minority origins, we model cross-generational economic trajectories reflecting the impact of immigrant selectivity, labor market structures, and welfare transfers. Within this framework, we examine four ways that cultural frames may affect minority economic disadvantage: the significance of religion relative to race, citizenship access, labor market discrimination, and minority household patterns, including employment of women in couples and intergenerational cohabitation. Across all minorities, we find a striking cross-national difference in intergenerational economic trajectories: flat in France and upward in Canada, plausibly reflecting institutional differences. Net of sociodemographic controls, both religion and race matter in each setting, and net Muslim disadvantage is similar in each. Citizenship differences have little impact. Labor market earnings discrimination appears similar. A small potential effect of cultural frames appears in second-generation Muslim households: in France, lower female employment rates reduce household incomes, while in English-speaking Canada, more frequent cohabitation with more affluent parents increases household incomes. Yet even these findings do not necessarily diminish the overriding significance of immigrant selectivity, labor market structure, and welfare transfers.

KEKUATAN HUKUM HASIL TES DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) TERHADAP STATUS ANAK DILUAR NIKAH YANG TIDAK DIAKUI OLEH AYAH BIOLOGISNYA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM PERDATA

Marriage is an important event that occurs in human life and is considered a sacred event and therefore relies heavily on religious elements in its continuity. Religiosity in marriage is reflected in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. According to Article 57 of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage (Marriage Law), what is meant by mixed marriage in this law is marriage between two people who in Indonesia are subject to different laws, due to differences in citizenship and one of the parties is an Indonesian citizen. However, in the event that the mixed marriage which is held abroad can be declared valid according to Indonesian law, within 1 (one) year after the husband and wife return to the territory of Indonesia, their marriage certificate must be registered at the Civil Registry Office where they live. as in the provisions of Article 56 paragraph 2 of the Marriage Law. This paper mainly discuss about the complexity and cause of mixed marriage in Indonesia

Implications of Mixed Marriage on the Probability of Murder in the Perspective of Law and Human Rights

This article examines the legality of mixed marriages in the context of different nationalities in terms of positive law in Indonesia and legal problems regarding mixed marriages where in fact every human being has the right to live in a family by holding the marriage. However, the validity of the marriage will be a dilemma because of differences in citizenship which often have an impact on the rights between the two, even in this case a crime is murder. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to find out the regulations in solving these problems by prioritizing law and human rights in order to create order and justice. The writing of this article uses normative law with a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of the study found that there were indicators of legal problems between husband and wife who had mixed marriages in the context of different nationalities. And the state's obligation to protect, respect, uphold and promote human rights and the enforcement of just law. So there are important things that need to be considered if there are Indonesian citizens who want to marry foreign nationals.

PERKAWINAN CAMPURAN DI INDONESIA DITINJAU DARI HUKUM ISLAM DAN HUKUM POSITIF

Abstract: Marriage is an inner and outer bond between a man and a woman in forming a sakinah mawaddah warahmah family. In the study of Islamic law studies in Indonesia, there is a discussion about mixed marriages. In the classical fiqh understanding, when faced with the term mixed marriage, the paradigm that emerges is interfaith marriage. Along with the development of the times and technology at this time, mixed marriages are not only limited to religious differences, further than that there are also mixed marriages due to differences in citizenship. Furthermore, this paper will discuss further about mixed marriages in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic law and positive law with all the problems that arise as a result of mixed marriages. Key word: Mixed Marriages, religious differences, differences in citizenship

Socioeconomic and citizenship inequalities in hospitalisation of the adult population in Italy.

BackgroundHigher levels of hospital admissions among people with lower socioeconomic level, including immigrants, have been observed in developed countries. In Europe, immigrants present a more frequent use of emergency services compared to the native population. The aim of our study was to evaluate the socioeconomic and citizenship differences in the hospitalisation of the adult population in Italy.MethodsThe study was conducted using the database created by the record linkage between the National Health Interview Survey (2005) with the National Hospital Discharge Database (2005–2014). 79,341 individuals aged 18–64 years were included. The outcomes were acute hospital admissions, urgent admissions and length of stay (1–7 days, > = 8 days).Education level, occupational status, self-perceived economic resources and migratory status were considered as socioeconomic determinants.A multivariate proportional hazards model for recurrent events was used to estimate the risk of total hospital admissions. Logistic models were used to estimate the risk of urgent hospitalisation as well as of length of stay.ResultsLow education level, the lack of employment and negative self-perceived economic resources were conditions associated with the risk of hospitalisation, a longer hospital stay and greater recourse to urgent hospitalisation. Foreigners had a lower risk of hospitalisation (HR = 0.75; 95% CI:0.68–0.83) but a higher risk of urgent hospitalisation (OR = 1.36; 95% CI:1.18–1.55) and more frequent hospitalisations with a length of stay of at least eight days (OR = 1.19; 95% CI:1.02–1.40).ConclusionsTo improve equity in access, effective primary, secondary and tertiary prevention strategies must be strengthened, as should access to appropriate levels of care.

PERKAWINAN CAMPURAN DAN DAMPAK TERHADAP KEWARGANEGARAAN DAN STATUS ANAK MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG DI INDONESIA

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract </em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Marriage was a very deep and strong as a liaison between a man and a woman in the form of a family or household. Mixed marriage is a marriage between two people in Indonesia are subjected to different laws, because of differences in nationality and one party of Indonesian nationality. This marriage means there will be loss of one nationality husband or wife, son and citizenship status of children.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><em></em></p><p><em>Perkawinan merupakan suatu ikatan yang sangat dalam dan kuat sebagai penghubung antara seorang pria dengan seorang wanita dalam membentuk suatu keluarga atau rumah tangga. </em><em>Perkawinan Campuran ialah </em><em>perkawinan antara dua orang yang di Indonesia tunduk pada hukum yang berlainan, karena perbedaan kewarganegaraan dan salah satu pihak berkewarganegaraan Indonesia</em><em>. Perkawinan ini berakibatkan akan hilangnya salah satu kewarganegaraan suami atau istri, status anak dan kewarganegaraan anak.</em><em></em></p>

Gender Differences in First Jobs for New US PhDs in the Mathematical Sciences

We take a long term look at initial employment trends for new doctorates with an eye towards gender, citizenship, and gender and citizenship differences by analyzing data from 1991-2015 AMS-ASA-IMS-MAA- SIAM Annual Surveys. The data show that the unemployment rate for women has been equal to or lower than the rate for men during most of the last quarter century. The one exception is that between 2001 and 2015 the unemployment rate for women who are not U.S. citizens was higher than the rate for non-citizen men. The unemployment rates are higher for males who are U.S. citizens than for non-citizen males in the last fifteen years, a puzzling trend. The data show that men from all pure math programs are considerably more likely than women to take jobs at the top-ranking and top-producing math departments. The data show women take jobs at departments in which the highest degree is a bachelor's degree at much higher rates and men take jobs in business and industry at considerably higher rates. We also find that men from the top-ranking or top-producing doctoral programs tend to be more likely to take jobs at academic institutions or research institutes at least on a par with their degreegranting institutions.

El enfoque flipped learning en estudios de magisterio: percepción de los alumnos

In this paper, we analyze the students' perception of a university teaching-learning strategy, with a flipped learning approach, in the development of the subject Orientacion educativa y plan de accion tutorial del Grado de Educacion Primaria. The 21st century skills proposed by Fullan (2013) and known as the six Cs (Character, Communication, Collaboration, Citizenship, Critical Thinking and Creativity) are used as a frame of reference. An experimental design of two groups, with a non-equivalent control group, has been used to analyze the students' perceptions of their learning in a conventional teaching environment and under a flipped environment based on m-learning. The differences found were statistically significant in all the analyzed dimensions, with favorable increases in the experimental methodology in all cases. The differences in Citizenship, Character, and Communication are of particular relevance. The analysis of the items reveals some difficulties in the functional literacy of students in the use of digital technology to improve their learning. Likewise, it is evident that the active methodologies improve, according to the perception of the students, the skills development, and learning. It is confirmed the hypothesis proposed in this study that the use of m-learning with a pedagogical approach centered on learning, with active methodologies, is a support that improves the development of the competences of the 21st century and, specifically, those described as the 6C's.

“Is it worth risking your life?”: Ethnography, risk and death on the U.S.–Mexico border

Every year, several hundred people die attempting to cross the border from Mexico into the United States, most often from dehydration and heat stroke though snake bites and violent assaults are also common. This article utilizes participant observation fieldwork in the borderlands of the US and Mexico to explore the experience of structural vulnerability and bodily health risk along the desert trek into the US. Between 2003 and 2005, the ethnographer recorded interviews and conversations with undocumented immigrants crossing the border, border patrol agents, border activists, borderland residents, and armed civilian vigilantes. In addition, he took part in a border crossing beginning in the Mexican state of Oaxaca and ending in a border patrol jail in Arizona after he and his undocumented Mexican research subjects were apprehended trekking through the borderlands. Field notes and interview transcriptions provide thick ethnographic detail demonstrating the ways in which social, ethnic, and citizenship differences as well as border policies force certain categories of people to put their bodies, health, and lives at risk in order for them and their families to survive. Yet, metaphors of individual choice deflect responsibility from global economic policy and US border policy, subtly blaming migrants for the danger – and sometimes death – they experience. The article concludes with policy changes to make US–Mexico labor migration less deadly.

Citizenship in young people's daily lives: differences in citizenship competences of adolescents in the Netherlands

The results of a nationwide study of the citizenship competences of adolescents in the Netherlands are presented from the perspective of democratic citizenship in this article. Citizenship competences are defined as the knowledge, skills, attitudes and reflection needed by young people in a democratic and multicultural society to adequately fulfil social tasks that are part of their daily lives. The Citizenship Competences Questionnaire was administered to 16,000 adolescents in either sixth or ninth grade. With the help of analyses of variance and partial correlations, background factors related to the students and the environment were analysed in conjunction with each other. The results showed significant differences in citizenship competences to depend upon the gender, age, cognitive level, socio-economic status and ethnic backgrounds of the adolescents in addition to the degree of urbanisation characteristic of their school environments. The findings are discussed in light of research previously conducted on the citizenship of young people.

Earnings Differences among the Mexican-Origin Population in the United States: Nativity and Citizenship Explanations

The authors "use data from the June 1986 Current Population Survey to investigate nativity and citizenship differences in earnings within the Mexican-origin population in the United States. There is no evidence of any ¿costs' of nativity or citizenship status. Rather, the existing variation appears to be more than explained by the distribution of earnings-related endowments. In fact, there is evidence that immigrants are better rewarded for their lower endowments. A possible explanation is that the Mexican-origin population is seen as homogeneous by employers, who therefore compensate individuals similarly, regardless of their respective endowments."