Average Deviation Research Articles

A comparative study of dosage strategies in HIPEC: BSA-based vs fixed dose methods.

832 Background: Peritoneal metastases commonly occur in ovarian, gastric, and colorectal cancers, significantly contributing to patient morbidity and mortality. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a promising approach for managing peritoneal surface cancers. This procedure involves cytoreductive surgery to remove visible tumors, followed by the perfusion of heated chemotherapy (41-42°C) directly into the peritoneal cavity. HIPEC addresses the limitation of systemic chemotherapy, which often fails to penetrate the peritoneal cavity effectively. HIPEC dosing may either be a flat-fixed dose or be calculated based on Body Surface Area (BSA). BSA can be determined using three methods: actual BSA (based on weight and height), ideal BSA (based on sex and height), and adjusted BSA (considering lean and fat mass). Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on 151 metastatic cancer patients at UVMMC. Patient BMI, weight, and height at diagnosis were collected to calculate BSA values (actual, adjusted, and ideal) for estimating a hypothetical chemotherapy dosage. Statistical analysis using SPSS involved linear mixed models and paired t-tests to compare Mitomycin-C dosages between a fixed dose (40 mg) and a BSA-derived dose (30 mg/m²). Results: The average dosage of Mitomycin-C differed significantly depending on whether the dose was calculated using actual, adjusted, or ideal BSA. The largest discrepancy in dosage was observed between the actual BSA method and the flat-fixed dose, with an average difference of 16 mg. The smallest difference in dose was between the adjusted and ideal BSA methods. When stratifying by BMI, the greatest variation in Mitomycin-C dosage was found among overweight and obese patients (BMI ≥ 25). For these patients, the average dosage difference between the flat fixed dose and the actual BSA dose was 20 mg. In comparison, in patients with a BMI under 18.5 (underweight) the actual BSA dose was comparable to the fixed dose. Conclusions: Different institutions utilize a variety of dosing strategies for the HIPEC procedure. Differences in BSA calculation methods and perfusate volumes (literature values of 2, 3 and 4 L is most common) contribute to the complexity of establishing standardized dosing. The significant dosing variations observed, especially in overweight and obese patients, are of concern, as 70% of the U.S. population has a BMI ≥ 25. Our study demonstrates significant variability in HIPEC chemotherapy dosing, especially among patients with higher BMI. The discrepancy between BSA-based methods and flat-fixed doses may impact treatment efficacy and toxicity. Standardizing dosing approaches is important to ensure consistent therapeutic outcomes and patient safety.

Sustainable passive radiation cooling transparent film for mobile phone protective screens

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is a promising approach to address energy, environmental, and safety issues caused by global warming, with high emissivity in a transparent atmospheric window and high reflectivity in the solar spectrum. However, most demonstrations of PDRC rely mainly on complex and expensive spectral selective nanophotonic structures, requiring specialized photonic structures that are both expensive and difficult to obtain. The superiorities of low-cost, abundant resources, renewability, and high value-added biomass resources prompt Gleditsia sinensis polysaccharides (GSP) to be used in thermal emission materials to explore further the characteristics of regulating object temperature within a specific range without any external energy consumption. The three-layer thermal emission film (PDMS3PG3/t4) obtained by the scalable scraping method has high transparency, hydrophobicity (114.2°), and super flexibility. The spectral variations of non-selective PDMS3PG3/t4 (1.0 wt% GSP, 800 μm thickness) in the 3–5 μm and 8–13 μm waveband ranges were discussed in detail, and high emissivities of 69.1 % and 92.2 % were obtained, respectively. PDMS3PG3/t4 was appointed a mobile phone screen film and experimented with a 4.9 °C average temperature difference below ambient temperature, materializing prime PDRC and desiring to broaden the passive cooling technology and reduce the global energy burden.

Detection of Extracochlear Electrodes Using Electrical Field Imaging (EFI).

To analyze the use of electrical field imaging (EFI) in the detection of extracochlear electrodes in cochlear implants (CI). Retrospective cohort study. Tertiary academic medical center. EFI patterns from 6 recipients with extracochlear electrodes were compared with 10 recipients with all intracochlear electrodes to identify differences in EFI patterns between these two groups. For the extracochlear group, EFI patterns were analyzed using two methods: visual inspection and calculation of the average impedance difference (AID) between specific EFI curves. These results were then compared with information from CT and plain film imaging, surgical notes, and audiology tests to confirm the placement of the electrodes in each recipient. An average AID of 0.06 kΩ was calculated from the EFI patterns for recipients with complete electrode insertion, whereas an average AID of 0.15 kΩ was calculated from the EFI curves measured for the extracochlear electrodes. Visual analysis of the EFI impedance curves for extracochlear electrodes showed a distinct separation from those measured for intracochlear electrodes. Based on AID analysis and visual inspection the EFI, patterns were in close agreement with the number of extracochlear electrodes detected based on either imaging, intraoperative surgical note, or audiological findings. EFI is a noninvasive, inexpensive, and time-efficient measurement that can be used to detect extracochlear electrodes and monitor electrode migration from the cochlea.

Avoiding causal fraud in the evaluation of clinical benefits of treatments for Alzheimer's disease.

Recent regulatory approvals of three amyloid-lowering monoclonal antibody therapies for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have triggered a polarizing debate in the field on the clinical meaningfulness of their reported effects. The question of how to define clinical meaningfulness for any treatment that has a modest effect size is important and will likely be subject to influence from interested stakeholders. We warn of claims of evaluating meaningful within-individual change from randomized parallel-group trials of AD treatments, sometimes purportedly assessed by a commonly recognized "responder" analysis approach, and explain why it is likely to mislead and should simply be avoided. The average between-group difference in score change is where the debate and research efforts should be focused to contextualize and evaluate the clinical meaningfulness of the true treatment effect. The statistical and communication principles we consider and would recommend are applicable to the evaluation of most interventions in medicine. HIGHLIGHTS: Dichotomized outcome analysis approaches purporting to evaluate within-individual meaningful change are highly likely to mislead. In our view, the most valid statistical approach to understanding the true treatment effect is to analyze the average between-group difference in outcome scores. The average between-group difference in score change is where the debate and research efforts should be focused to contextualize and evaluate the clinical meaningfulness of the true treatment effect.

Hyperbolic Paraboloid Free-Surface Breakwaters: Hydrodynamic Study and Structural Evaluation

This study investigates the potential of hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) shapes for enhancing wave attenuation and structural efficiency in Free-Surface Breakwaters (FSBW). A decoupled approach combining Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) and Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed to analyze hypar-faced FSBW performance across varying hypar warping values and wave characteristics. SPH simulations, validated through experiments, determine wave attenuation performance and extract pressure values for subsequent FEM analysis. Results indicate that hypar-faced FSBW produces increased wave attenuation compared to traditional flat-faced designs, particularly for shorter wave periods and smaller drafts. Furthermore, hypar surfaces exhibit up to three times lower principal stresses under wave loading compared to the flat counterpart, potentially allowing for thinner surfaces. The study also shows that peak-load static stress values provide a reasonable approximation for preliminary design, with less than 6% average difference compared to dynamic analysis results. In summary, this research presents hypar-faced FSBW as a promising alternative in coastal defense strategies, offering effective wave attenuation and structural efficiency in the context of rising sea levels and increasing storm intensities.

The Influence of Pro Evolution Soccer Game-Based Learning on Understanding Football Rules among Tenth Grade Students

The purpose of the study. This study investigates the impact of Pro Evolution Soccer on tenth-grade students' comprehension of football regulations at SMA Dharma Pancasila Medan. Materials and methods. The employed research methodology is experimental, utilizing a pretest-posttest framework devoid of a control group. The participant cohort includes 36 students, consisting of 17 males and 19 females. Data collection involved assessments of football rule comprehension pre- and post-intervention, facilitated by the Pro Evolution Soccer game. Results. Data analysis indicates a substantial effect on comprehension of football rules following the educational intervention utilizing the Pro Evolution Soccer game. This is supported by paired t-test findings, demonstrating that the posttest mean score (74.792) notably exceeds the pretest mean score (60.347), yielding an average difference of 14.4444 and a significance level (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The study concludes that Pro Evolution Soccer effectively enhances students' comprehension of football rules. Incorporating video clips into the learning approach further enriches students' understanding. The research advocates for the broader implementation of such innovative educational methods in physical education and sports to enhance learning quality and student motivation.

Are different photogrammetry applications on smartphones sufficiently reliable?

This study aimed to compare the accuracy of Qlone, Magiscan, and 3dMD with that of direct anthropometry (DA). The study involved 41 patients. Sixteen facial landmarks, including six individual and five paired points, were marked on each participant's face. Subsequently, 18 linear measurements were assessed using a 3dMD device (multicamera photogrammetry), Qlone, Magiscan smartphone applications (single-camera photogrammetry), and DA. The Qlone and Magiscan images were calibrated using a reference point 10 mm from the nasion during DA to ensure a 1:1 correspondence. Concerning the precision of the digital methods compared to DA, the mean intraclass correlation coefficient values of 3dMD, Qlone and Magiscan were 0.989, 0.980 and 0.982, respectively. Compared with DA, 3dMD achieved excellent trueness with the lowest average absolute differences in the measurements (highest value = 0.95 ± 0.62 mm). The highest values for Qlone and Magiscan were 1.51 ± 1.11 mm and 2.14 ± 1.69 mm, respectively. According to the number of parameters, the ranking of unreliable values (> 2 mm) was Magiscan (n = 46), Qlone (n = 35), and then, 3dMD (n = 4). Furthermore, reliability (less than 1 mm) was the highest for 3dMD (n = 517), followed by Magiscan (n = 457), and then, Qlone (n = 415). The 3dMD achieved excellent trueness with the lowest average absolute differences in the measurements. Based on statistical analysis, the trueness values of Magiscan and Qlone were close to that of 3dMD. To apply these smartphone applications clinically, more studies are necessary.

Neck vessels geometry and diameter change in patients with acute type A aortic dissection.

Branched prostheses are used to treat aortic arch with dissection. However, changes in the neck vessel geometry and diameter after dissection are not well known. We aimed to evaluate neck vessels geometry and changes in diameter with dissection. A total of 209 patients admitted to our hospital for acute type A aortic dissection, and we excluded patients with insufficient computed tomography image to evaluate neck vessels; as such 201 patients were included. We measured the neck vessels geometry with or without dissection, and additionally evaluated the pre- and postdissection neck vessel diameters in 16 patients for whom predissection computed tomography were available. The average differences between the non-dissected and dissected vessels were 3.0mm in proximal innominate artery (IA), 2.8mm in distal IA, 2.5mm in proximal left carotid artery (LCCA), 3.1mm in distal LCCA, 2.7mm in proximal left subclavian artery (LSA), and 1.9mm in distal LSA. The average pre- and postdissection diameters of the neck vessels were as follows: IA: 15.1 ± 2.6 and 16.7 ± 3.2mm (P = 0.002); LCCA: 10.7 ± 0.9 and 12.3 ± 1.2mm (P = 0.054); and LSA: 12.4 ± 2.5 and 12.8 ± 2.1mm (P = 0.32). In patients with acute type A aortic dissection, dissected neck vessels diameter is significantly larger than that of the non-dissected neck vessels diameter. However, the postdissection diameter changes in the neck vessels were mostly <2mm.

The Adoption Process to Technology Biosecurity and Vaccination in the Dispersal of Foot and Mouth Disease Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province

Adopting biosecurity and vaccination technology is one of the steps that can be taken to overcome and minimize FMD disease in beef cattle farming. This study aims to analyze the farmer's adoption of biosecurity and vaccination technology in the spread of FMD. The research was conducted from November to December 2023 in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The sample size was 99 farmers whose animals were infected or not infected with FMD. Data collection methods began with observation and interviews using a questionnaire. The data analysis used was qualitative descriptive analysis using a rating scale. Research variables in the adoption process include knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The results showed that the technology adoption process at the knowledge stage was categorized as moderate, the persuasion stage was categorized as high, the decision stage, the implementation stage, and the confirmation stage were categorized as moderate. The average difference from the stages of the technology adoption process of implementing biosecurity and vaccination as a whole is categorized as moderate with a score of 2.15. Keywords: Adoption technology, biosecurity, breeders, disease, vaccination, Bone Regency, farmer adoption.

Improved Cylinder-Based Tree Trunk Detection in LiDAR Point Clouds for Forestry Applications

The application of LiDAR technology in extracting individual trees and stand parameters plays a crucial role in forest surveys. Accurate identification of individual tree trunks is a critical foundation for subsequent parameter extraction. For LiDAR-acquired forest point cloud data, existing two-dimensional (2D) plane-based algorithms for tree trunk detection often suffer from spatial information loss, resulting in reduced accuracy, particularly for tilted trees. While cylinder fitting algorithms provide a three-dimensional (3D) solution for trunk detection, their performance in complex forest environments remains limited due to sensitivity to parameters like distance thresholds. To address these challenges, this study proposes an improved individual tree trunk detection algorithm, Random Sample Consensus Cylinder Fitting (RANSAC-CyF), specifically optimized for detecting cylindrical tree trunks. Validated in three forest plots with varying complexities in Tianhe District, Guangzhou, the algorithm demonstrated significant advantages in the inlier rate, detection success rate, and robustness for tilted trees. The study showed the following results: (1) The average difference between the inlier rates of tree trunks and non-tree points for the three sample plots using RANSAC-CyF were 0.59, 0.63, and 0.52, respectively, which were significantly higher than those using the Least Squares Circle Fitting (LSCF) algorithm and the Random Sample Consensus Circle Fitting (RANSAC-CF) algorithm (p &lt; 0.05). (2) RANSAC-CyF required only 2 and 8 clusters to achieve a 100% detection success rate in Plot 1 and Plot 2, while the other algorithms needed 26 and 40 clusters. (3) The effective distance threshold range of RANSAC-CyF was more than twice that of the comparison algorithms, maintaining stable inlier rates above 0.9 across all tilt angles. (4) The RANSAC-CyF algorithm still achieved good detection performance in the challenging Plot 3. Together, the other two algorithms failed to detect. The findings highlight the RANSAC-CyF algorithm’s superior accuracy, robustness, and adaptability in complex forest environments, significantly improving the efficiency and precision of individual tree trunk detection for forestry surveys and ecological research.

Construction and validation of a prediction model for arteriovenous fistula thrombosis in patients with AVF using Lasso regression.

The primary objective of this study is to develop and validate a high-risk model for Arteriovenous Fistula Thrombosis (AVFT) in patients undergoing autogenous arteriovenous fistula surgery for hemodialysis. Retrospectively, we collected general information, clinical characteristics, laboratory examinations, and dialysis-related factors from a cohort of 1465 patients who received continuous arteriovenous fistula surgery at the Hemodialysis Access Center of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital between January 2019 and June 2022. The patients were randomly divided into a training set and a validation set in a 2:1 ratio. The training set was utilized to select AVFT-related features using LASSO regression. A predictive model was constructed using logistic regression analysis, and its performance was assessed in the validation set. Through LASSO regression, we initially identified 13 candidate factors. Subsequently, based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) principle, the following factors were selected to construct the AVFT prediction model: monocytes_ratio, Fistula blood velocity, cystatin-c, homocysteine, parathormone, artery_dysfunction, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and d-dimer. The discrimination C-index of the model in the training set was 0.8767. For this training set, the sensitivity was 48.05% and the specificity was 96.84%. In the validation set, the model's discrimination C-index, as evaluated by the ROC curve analysis, was 0.7888. The sensitivity was 14.29%, and the specificity was 97.04%. We assessed the calibration of the model using calibration curves, obtaining a maximum absolute difference of Emax = 0.205 and an average absolute difference of Eave = 0.032. Furthermore, we evaluated calibration and accuracy using the Spiegelhalter Z-test, yielding an S:P ratio of 0.704. AVFT is a multifactorial outcome influenced by factors such as injury, inflammatory factors, blood glucose levels, blood velocity, coagulation, electrolyte metabolism, and vascular endothelial function.

Mothers' and Fathers' Experiences of Family Relations and Parenting During the First Year of Parenthood.

The first year of parenthood is considered to be a challenging period, associated with the transformation of family relations. The links between family relations and parenting are widely studied. However, in most research only a limited number of indicators is investigated, and there is a lack of data on the agreement between mothers' and fathers' evaluations of family relations. The aims of the present study were to explore (1) the structure and measurement invariance of marital relations and parenting constructs for mothers and fathers; (2) the associations among the measures of marital relations and parenting in mothers and fathers; (3) the agreement between mothers and fathers in their perception of marital relations, as well as cross-parent cross-measure associations of marital relations and self-rated parenting; (4) average differences between the parents in their perception of marital relations and parenting. The data from 352 Russian-speaking married couples participating in the Wave 3 of the Prospective Longitudinal Interdisciplinary Study (PLIS) were collected when the children were 9 months old. Seven measures of family relations (marital relations, grandparents' support) and nine measures of parenting were obtained. The statistical analyses included the exploratory factor analysis, assessment of measurement invariance, comparative and correlational analysis. The result showed that measures were organised into coherent factor-based groupings: (1) marital relations, (2) support from grandparents, (3) childcare and affection, and (4) harsh parental discipline. Six of 12 measures showed partial scalar invariance between mothers and fathers. Moderate within-measure correlations were observed between mothers' and fathers' assessments of family relations; and weak correlations-for parenting. Mother-father cross-measure correlations were moderate for family relations, but negligible for parenting. Small to moderate average differences between mothers and fathers were found for all measures. The results highlight the need to consider similarities and differences between mothers' and fathers' experiences in future research and practice.

Comparison of facial asymmetry assessment by frontal teleradiography and 3D imaging

The diagnostic approach to facial asymmetries is classically based, in addition to the clinical examination, on a cephalometric analysis carried out on a frontal radiography. Planning of orthognathic surgery requires a three-dimensional (3D) examination to visualize deformities. Nevertheless, the use of cephalometric analysis on 3D imaging remains clinically modest. The main objective of this study was to compare the cephalometric measures obtained from frontal radiographies and 3D imaging in patients with facial asymmetries. Frontal radiographies and 3D CT scans used for orthognathic surgery planning of 24patients with asymmetries were selected. Cephalometric points were manually placed on 2D and 3D images by an operator, twice at a 4-week interval. The asymmetry of the subjects was quantified from 12 measurements, then the data obtained in 2D and 3D was compared. Intra-examination repeatability has been calculated. 2D-3D average differences above 2mm were found in the quantification of mandibular, jugal and maxillary molar symmetry and in the measurements of mandibular symmetry. The 3D measures showed a better repeatability than the 2D measures. The 2D-3D variations observed could have a clinical impact in the diagnosis and management of patients with facial asymmetries. Other studies remain necessary to provide more clinical evidence of the benefits of 3D cephalometry.

Comparison of AAPM TG282 and Dance breast dosimetry models: Impact on estimates of average MGD for the United Kingdom breast screening programmes.

The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task group 282 (TG282) in collaboration with the European Federation for Organisations of Medical Physics (EFOMP) have developed a novel breast dosimetry model intended as a single international standard. To explore the impact of TG282 dosimetry on estimates of average Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) in the United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) Breast Screening Programmes (BSP). MGDs were estimated, using the TG282 dosimetry model, for the most recent UK NHSBSP dose survey. This dataset included MGDs estimated using the Dance dosimetry model for 439,916 Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) exposures of 111,132 women and 10,831 Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) exposures of 5,113 women. Direct comparisons of the two models were made and differences explored using this large-scale real world dataset. TG282 model MGDs were on average approximately 20% and 15% lower than Dance model values for FFDM and DBT respectively. For the UK National Diagnostic Reference Level (NDRL) breast thickness range of 50mm to 60mm inclusive differences were smaller at approximately 13% and 10% respectively. The difference between dosimetry models was shown to depend on the properties of the imaged population and X-ray equipment used. Average differences of up to 63.1% were observed at higher CBT values for FFDM. On average, the TG282 dosimetry model resulted in lower estimates for MGD in UK mammography. The differences were more pronounced for women with larger than average compressed breast thickness.

Circadian Modulation of Behavioral Stress Responses in Zebrafish Is Age-Dependent.

In the wild, stressors occur with varying likelihood throughout the day, leading animals to evolve plastic stress responses that exhibit circadian rhythmicity. In mammals, studies have revealed that the circadian plasticity of stress response may differ with age. However, such developmental effects have been largely overlooked in other vertebrate groups. In our research, we explored the presence of developmental variation in the daily pattern of behavioral stress response in a teleost fish model: the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We compared juvenile and adult individuals in two behavioral paradigms commonly used to analyze fish stress response, such as the open-field test and the diving test. Our comparisons were conducted every 4 h during a 24-h cycle to analyze daily variations. Significant daily rhythms were detected for almost all analyzed behaviors in both tests. In general, the analyses suggested a greater stress response in adults during the daytime and in juveniles during the night-time, although not all indicators aligned in this direction. Moreover, we found average differences in zebrafish behavior, suggesting that juveniles were more sensitive to stress. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering developmental variation in the circadian pattern of stress response in non-mammalian species like zebrafish.

Implementation Creative-Based Learning on Enhancing the Innovative Abilities of Education Students

This paper studies the classroom teaching mode under the category of innovative learning methods to improve the "innovative skills" scores of first-year education students in University. And learning is certainly different from the research of scientists; however, it also requires students to dare to get rid of the old, dare to make new, and dare to explore what they have learned with multiple ways of thinking. This study aims 1) to Use creativity-based learning to enhance the innovation skills of education major students. 2) to Compare the innovation skills of education major students before and after the implementation of creativity-based learning. This study mixed research method of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. An innovative research methodology was adopted, which is a comprehensive innovation project composed of components such as classroom activities, current teaching conditions, innovation topics, and questionnaires. The sample group consists of 100 first-year education major students from Chengdu Normal University in Chengdu, China, who were randomly selected through cluster sampling. The findings that the average score of students before learning training course was 98 points, and after learning training course, it increased to an average of 144 points, with an average difference of 56 points. The results indicate that after learning training course is better. In summary, the study on enhancing the innovative skills of education students through creative based learning demonstrated significant improvements

Real-world evaluation of the accuracy of the Viz.AI automated intracranial hemorrhage volume calculation tool

BackgroundAppropriate management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) requires rapid, accurate volume estimation. Viz.AI has developed an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered ICH calculation tool that may improve existing...

Thermoelectric system for cooling and air conditioning in passenger cars

Objective. The aim of the study is to develop a design of a thermoelectric system (TES) for cooling and air conditioning in the passenger compartment of a car, its calculation, analysis of parameters and electrical and thermal characteristics. Method. The study is based on the methods of natural and computational modeling of air conditioning and life support systems in order to find optimal solutions for efficiency, reliability and service life of low-temperature installations, machines and devices. Result. The TES has been calculated and its parameters have been determined. Dependencies describing the main characteristics of the TES and the TEM included in its composition have been obtained. The following dependence graphs have been constructed: changes in the average temperature in the volume of the vehicle cabin, as well as heat exchange systems over time, power, coefficient of performance, TEM supply voltage from the temperature difference between junctions for different values of the supply current, volt-ampere characteristic for different values of the temperature difference between junctions, change in temperature at the cold junction of the TEM from the supply current. The graphs are presented at a temperature of hot junctions of the TEM of 320 K. Conclusions. The parameters of the installation are defined: the number of TEM type TB-199-1.4-1.5 - 18 pcs., the operating power range of a single TEM is from 17 to 40 W with an average temperature difference between the junctions of 50 K, the supply current is from 2 to 6 A with a power consumption of 40 to 130 W, the cooling coefficient is from 0.17 to 0.7.

Gingival color with implant-supported fixed prostheses (ISFP) and the impact on esthetic outcomes.

To: 1) analyze possible differences in the CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue of the gingiva at the free gingival margin (FGM) and the middle zone of keratinized gingiva (MZ) between participants with an ISFP in the maxillary anterior region and participants with natural dentition and healthy gums; and 2) examine the perceptibility/acceptability of the differences in CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue and in overall color, using the Euclidean and CIEDE2000 formulae. The L*, a* and b* color coordinates were measured in 60 adult participants (30 with an ISFP and 30 with healthy teeth and gums) using a Spectroshade™ Micro spectrophotometer. From these coordinates, the changes in lightness (ΔL'), chroma (ΔC') and hue (ΔH') CIEDE2000 between the participants with and without an ISFP were quantified. The one sample t-tests were used to test whether there were significant changes in lightness, chroma and hue between the participants with and without an ISFP, and effect size was assessed with Cohen's d. The authors examined the differences in CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue, and the overall color differences between the participants in pairs (with ISFP-without ISFP), comparing results with the published perceptibility and acceptability thresholds. Statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.05) between participants with and without an ISFP in all color attributes at both zones, with all color attributes observed to be lower in the gingiva of participants with an ISFP. In both gingival zones, the ISFP had a large effect on lightness (Cohen's d > 0.8) and a medium effect on hue (Cohen's d between 0.5 to 0.8). The mean gingival color difference of participants with and without an ISFP was 8.72 units in the MZ and 9.60 units at the FGM, using CIEDE2000. CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue are significantly lower in participants with an ISFP, both at the FGM and the MZ, with particularly marked differences in lightness. The average color difference between healthy gingiva next to natural teeth and the gingiva adjacent to an ISFP is clinically unacceptable. Gingival color needs to be considered an indicator of success, given the potential unesthetic gray show-through of transmucosal abutments with ISFPs. Unacceptable color changes caused by poorly planned ISFPs can lead patients to demand treatment be repeated with more esthetic materials or mucogingival surgery to "camouflage" the discoloration.

Short-acting growth hormone supplementation for bone age and growth rate in children with idiopathic short stature: a meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of short-acting growth hormone (GH) supplementation on bone age and growth rate of children with idiopathic short stature.MethodsThe authoritative databases such as PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science were extensively searched through the systematic and comprehensive literature retrieval strategy to compile the clinical research data on the treatment of idiopathic short stature with short-acting GH. The study will be strictly screened to ensure that all enrolled research subjects are patients with idiopathic short stature, and the intervention method is defined as short-acting GH replacement therapy, and a reasonable control group is set, such as placebo treatment, to ensure the scientificity and comparability of research results. Outcome index data such as basic characteristics, sample size, follow-up time, and total effective rate of the included studies were extracted. In this study, RevMan 5.3, a professional statistical software tool, was used to systematically perform the meta-analysis process. Weighted average difference (WMD) was calculated as the primary outcome to evaluate the effect of bone age and growth rate, and the WAD in adverse reactions was considered as the secondary outcome.ResultsNine studies were included in the study, and 491 patients with idiopathic short stature were included in the study. The results of the meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference in bone age but a significant difference in growth rate when compared with the control group.ConclusionShort-acting GH supplementation can significantly improve the growth rate of children with idiopathic short stature, but has little effect on bone age.