Differences In Appreciation Research Articles

Differences in music appreciation between bilateral and single-sided cochlear implant recipients

ObjectiveTo compare changes in music appreciation after cochlear implant (CI) surgery for patients with bilateral and single-sided deafness (SSD). MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed on all adult CI unilateral or bilateral recipients from November 2019 to March 2023. Musical questionnaire subset data from the Cochlear Implant Quality of Life (CIQOL) – 35 Profile Instrument Score (maximum raw score of 15) was collected. Functional CI assessment was measured with CI-alone speech-in-quiet (SIQ) scores (AzBio and CNC). Results22 adults underwent CI surgery for SSD and 21 adults for bilateral deafness (8 sequentially implanted). Every patient group had clinically significant improvements (p < 0.001) in mean SIQ scores in the most recently implanted ear (Azbio (% correct) SSD: 14.23 to 68.48, bilateral: 24.54 to 82.23, sequential: 6.25 to 82.57). SSD adults on average had higher music QOL scores at baseline (SSD: 11.05; bilateral: 7.86, p < 0.001). No group had significant increases in raw score at the first post-operative visit (SSD: 11.45, p = 0.86; bilateral: 8.15, p = 0.15). By the most recent post-implantation evaluation (median 12.8 months for SSD, 12.3 months for bilateral), SSD adults had a significant increase in raw score from baseline (11.05 to 12.45, p = 0.03), whereas bilaterally deafened (7.86 to 9.38, p = 0.12) adults had nonsignificant increases. ConclusionsSSD patients demonstrate higher baseline music appreciation than bilaterally deafened individuals regardless of unilateral or bilateral implantation and are more likely to demonstrate continued improvement in subjective music appreciation at last follow-up even when speech perception outcomes are similar.

The impact of fitspiration comments on adult women’s body dissatisfaction and negative affect

The present study examined the impact of writing different types of comments in response to fitspiration (fitness inspiration) images on women’s body dissatisfaction and negative affect. Women (N = 256) from the general population (age range: 18 to 49) were randomized to write one of three types of comments on the same fitspiration images: appearance (comment on the woman’s appearance), functionality (comment on what the woman’s body can do), or background (comment on the image background). Participants completed measures of state body dissatisfaction and negative affect pre- and post-exposure and measures of appearance comparison and functionality appreciation post-exposure. After controlling for pre-body dissatisfaction due to a baseline difference among groups, there was no difference among groups in body dissatisfaction at post-exposure. Negative affect decreased from pre- to post-exposure across all groups, but there was no difference by group or interaction by time and group. The background group reported lower state appearance comparison than the appearance group. There were no group differences in functionality appreciation. Our results suggest that commenting on image backgrounds might decrease appearance comparison relative to making appearance comments and that writing comments on appearance, functionality, or the background in response to fitspiration may be beneficial for mood.

How do citizens define and value the rule of law? A conjoint experiment in Germany and Poland

ABSTRACT Democratic and rule of law backsliding are observed worldwide, but in Europe these tendencies are particularly salient as they endanger the entire European Union's cohesion. Poland, along with Hungary, has for years been perceived as a member state where the rule of law was in alarming decline. We attempt to understand what enabled this backsliding and to what extent differences in public perception of the rule of law can shed light on this issue. Specifically, we ask whether in Poland, as compared to Germany, the public values the rule of law less and whether it has a different understanding of what the rule of law is. Differences in appreciation of the rule of law could explain why it has been under threat in Poland, which otherwise successfully transitioned to a market economy. Interestingly, our quota representative conjoint survey experiments suggest that Germans and Poles value and define the rule of law very similarly. We show that the rule of law is valued much less by respondents who support populist parties and those who are less educated and more religious. Differences in valuation of the rule of law are determined by personal characteristics, rather than general differences between the two countries.

목회자 사모의 소진과 음악활용에 관한 연구

This research study investigates the utilization of music according to burnout among women who were currently active as the wives of pastors. A questionnaire, with a total of 62 items was created (ten about basic information, 14 about the current utilization of music in daily life, 22 about the perceptions of music utilization related to burnout, and 15 about burnout). Questionnaires were distributed and 194 were returned. After four were excluded for containing insufficient responses, 190 were analyzed. The findings are as follows: first, wives of pastors usually utilized church music such as CCM and hymns for self-consolation in the church; second, they perceived that music appreciation, songs, and instrument playing all had positive effects on their self-care to manage their burnout; finally, the study analyzed group differences in music utilization according to the degree of burnout and found no overall differences in music appreciation, but there were significant differences in the mood of singing and instrument playing. When selecting songs for burnout management, the group of high burnout perceived the importance of musical elements and themes more than the group of low burnout. The present study provides basic data to develop a music program for the management of burnout among the wives of pastors by examining their burnout and music utilization.

Ibn Atiyyahs Rejection of Lexical and Syntactic Theorization in Al-Muharrar Al-Wajiz An Analytical Study

Waraqah, the research is concerned with observing the conceptualizations rejected by Ibn Attia in his book (Al-Muharrir al-Wajeez fi Tafsir al-Kitab al-Aziz) and attempting to explain that rejection. This is done after collecting the conceptualizations, arranging them according to their occurrence in the interpretation, and dividing them into two parts: justified rejection and unjustified rejection. The research delves into a set of research questions that emerged from the research problem. The researcher assumes two opposing positions: first, Ibn Attia’s accuracy and his differentiation between the conceptualization under examination and the conceptualization being used, leading to his rejection of certain conceptualizations. Second, the assumption that Ibn Attia’s mandate is the reason for this rejection. He utilizes methodological tools, his knowledge of the origins of issues and their branches, and the distinctions between conceptualizations to either support one of them or combine them. At the end of the research, the researcher arrives at several results, including the most significant reasons for rejecting conceptualizations: verses supporting the best and sustained from the Arabic words, excluding the ugly and the odd; differences in guidance and appreciation, where Ibn Attia may choose a saying in one of the two examples without the other; consideration of the difference in type between the conceptualization under examination and the conceptualization being used; consideration of the moral difference and semantic contrast between the conceptualizations under examination and those being used. Additionally, some conceptualizations and their absence have an effect on the interpretation of verses, the meanings of structures, and the choice of interpretations possible in the linguistic context, while others have no effect on the meaning.

The Chinese version of the Functionality Appreciation Scale: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender and age

BackgroundFunctionality appreciation, as an important aspect of positive image, is associated with fewer body image disturbances, fewer disordered eating behaviors, and improved psychological well-being. However, it has been under-researched in Asian countries. The current work aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among four Chinese samples of different ages, and further examine measurement invariance and differences of the FAS across gender and age groups.MethodsExploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) were conducted to examine the factorial structure of the FAS among four Chinese samples of different ages, including middle school adolescents (n = 894, Mage = 12.17 years), high school adolescents (n = 1347, Mage = 15.07 years), young adults (n = 473, Mage = 21.95 years), and older adults (n = 313, Mage = 67.90 years). The measurement invariance of the FAS across gender and age was examined. Internal consistency reliability and construct validity were evaluated.ResultsThe FAS had a unidimensional structure and was invariant across gender and age groups. The FAS presented sound psychometric properties in all age groups by gender, with good internal consistency reliability [e.g., high Cronbach’s α values (.91 ~ .97)] and good construct validity (e.g., significant associations with body appreciation, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating). Moreover, group comparisons showed minimal gender differences in functionality appreciation. However, significant age differences were found in functionality appreciation, with older ages generally associated with higher functionality appreciation.ConclusionOverall, findings suggest that the FAS is a sound instrument to be used in the Chinese context. Furthermore, functionality appreciation was found to be higher in older adults than adolescents or young adults, suggesting the potential important role of aging in functionality appreciation.

Children's Appreciation of Different Artistic Genres: Representational, Non-representational, and Abstract

Making art and appreciating art are essential human behaviours. As the idiom goes, “beauty lies in the eye of the beholder” we find diverse opinions about art and differences in the experiences elicited through art by individuals. When one perceives art, the close association between sensory and perceptual processing results in aesthetic emotions and aesthetic judgement and helps him/her build meaning. Children’s appreciation of artworks can be categorised into the perceptual level, contextual level and analytical level of appreciation. The objective of the present study is to explore children’s levels of art appreciation. The study is conducted on 60 grade IX children (equal number of boys and girls) in the age group of 13-15 years with no arts education background. They are from rural and urban backgrounds located near Hyderabad in the state of Telangana. Children’s appreciation of artworks is elicited by showing them artworks belonging to three artistic genres: representational, semi-representational and abstract artworks. The results of gender-wise analysis of children’s appreciation according to three levels of appreciation indicate that boys and girls show a statistically significant difference only at the perceptual level of appreciation among representational artworks. For semi-representational artworks, boys and girls display a statistically significant difference at the contextual level of appreciation. On the other hand, in relation to abstract artworks, boys and girls display statistically significant differences in appreciation at perceptual, contextual, and analytical levels of appreciation. The research findings are a clear indication that teachers should encourage children to engage with, reflect upon and value their experiences with artworks and their beauty.

Fire frequency and vulnerability in California

Wildfires pose a large and growing threat to communities across California, and understanding fire vulnerability and impacts can enable more effective risk management. Government hazard maps are often used to identify at-risk areas, but hazard zones and fire experience may have different implications for communities. This analysis of three decades of fire footprints, hazard maps, and census and real estate data shows that communities with high fire experience differ substantially from communities with high fire hazard. High-hazard communities average higher incomes than low- and no-hazard communities; conversely, communities with high fire experience average lower incomes than those with little to no experience. Home values have grown more slowly in communities with high fire experience, translating to differences in total appreciation of $165M-$630M per year relative to communities with no fire experience. Warming over the remainder of the century could add tens of thousands of homes to high-experience zones. This relationship between income and fire experience may be a reflection of the impacts of repeated fires relative to mapped hazards or single fires, or it could point to a relationship between income and the success of fire prevention or suppression. The discrepancies between dimensions indicates that considering fire frequency can support efforts to equitably target risk management resources.

Gender Differences in Usage and Subjective Appreciation of an Online Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Wildfire Evacuees: Descriptive Study.

Based on the most common psychological difficulties of the evacuees from the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires in Alberta, Canada, a therapist-guided cognitive behavioral self-treatment was developed. This study aimed to explore how gender influences the usage and subjective appreciation of the RESILIENT online treatment. Our study included 81 English-speaking evacuees with significant posttraumatic symptoms, or with some posttraumatic symptoms accompanied by at least mild depression symptoms or subclinical insomnia, and who logged into the platform at least once. Various usage and subjective appreciation variables were analyzed, including number of completed sessions, number of logins, number of words per session, perceived efforts, perception of usefulness and intention to continue using the different strategies. No difference was detected in most objective usage indicators. The number of words written in sessions 7 and 10 was significantly greater for women than for men. Regarding subjective appreciation, men had a greater perception of having put strong efforts in the cognitive restructuring strategy, while women reported in a greater proportion that they wanted to continue using physical exercise as a behavioral activation strategy. Our study offers a first look into how women and men use online treatments, and what their preferences are.

Rural-urban differences in body appreciation and associations with life satisfaction in adults from Sabah, Malaysia

Studies of body appreciation have typically focused on measurement of the construct in urban populations and there remains very little research on body appreciation in rural communities. To fill this gap, the present study examined rural-urban differences in body appreciation in an adult Kadazan-Dusun sample from the state of Sabah in Malaysia. Participants from rural (n = 215) and urban (n = 219) locales in the West Coast administrative district of Sabah were asked to complete Malay versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and to provide their demographic details. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis evidenced both partial metric invariance (by allowing loadings for three items to vary) and partial scalar invariance (by freeing the intercept for one item) on the BAS-2. Between-group analyses indicated that rural participants had significantly greater body appreciation than urban participants overall. Additionally, urban men had significantly greater body appreciation than urban women, but there was no gender difference in the rural subsample. Finally, correlational analyses indicated that body appreciation was significantly associated with life satisfaction in both the rural and urban subsamples. The present results highlight the importance of further considering the phenomenology of body appreciation in rural communities.

Differences in Art Appreciation in Autism: A Measure of Reduced Intuitive Processing

Art appreciation reflects an initial emotional and intuitive response to artwork evaluation, although this intuitive evaluation can be attenuated by subsequent deliberation. The Dual Process Theory of Autism proposes that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have a greater propensity to deliberate and reduced intuition compared to matched controls. Evaluations of high- and low-quality artworks were undertaken by 107 individuals with a diagnosis of ASD and 145 controls. Controls consistently evaluated high-quality artworks to be much better quality than the low-quality artworks, reflecting intuitive processing. The ASD sample showed a reduced difference in evaluations between high- versus low-quality artwork, which reflects reduced intuitive processing and greater deliberative processing and is consistent with predictions by the Dual Process Theory of Autism.

Geslachtelijke geschiedschrijving? Een distant reading van de evaluatie van mannelijke en vrouwelijke auteurs in Nederlandse literatuurgeschiedenissen

Opinion pieces in newspapers and magazines and scholarly contributions alike are rife with indignant voices addressing the neglect or underestimation of women in high literature. While recent years have witnessed an upsurge in empirical, quantitative underpinning of the assumptions underlying this accusatory discourse, much of the extant literary research uses methods of close reading and critical discourse analysis. We argue that the field could benefit from more statistically informed additional studies that rely on distant reading methods. In this article, we look at Dutch literary histories published from the nineteenth century onwards. Using sentiment analysis and linear mixed-models we gauge the differences in appreciation of over 400 male and female authors, born between 1550 to 1850, and we look into longitudinal trends. Have literary historians been writing differently about female authors than about male authors? And has this changed over time? Our results indicate that, contrary to what is oftentimes suggested, women are associated with more positive words. Men, on the other hand, are associated with words higher in arousal and power. There is no visible trend over time, except for the power dimension: the gender gap has widened over the years.

A Review of the Nature and Development of Humor Appreciation and Considerations for Teaching Humor to Autistic Persons.

The development of humor is complex and heterogeneous within and across neurotypical and neurodivergent groups. Some autistics develop differences (not deficits) in humor appreciation, whereas others report difficulties "getting the joke" and identify this as in need of support. This is important because humor appreciation and comprehension are linked to psychological well-being and social success. This article describes the therapeutic potential for teaching humor comprehension to autistic persons and the benefit of broader education efforts to forge an understanding of the value of "different senses of humor." The nature and development of humor comprehension in neurotypical development and autism are reviewed. Considerations for whether and how to teach humor comprehension are offered that maximize goodness-of-fit, prioritize autistic autonomy, and promote the sharing and appreciation of different kinds of "funny."

Body Appreciation, Depressive Symptoms, and Self-Esteem in Pregnant and Postpartum Brazilian Women.

BackgroundDuring pregnancy and the postpartum period, women experience tremendous biopsychosocial changes in a short period of time. Poor body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem during the perinatal period may cause negative consequences for both the mother and the infant's physiological and psychological health. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem between the three gestational trimesters and the postpartum period.MethodsParticipants (N = 1,423 pregnant and postpartum Brazilian women), aged between 18 and 42 years old (M = 29.22; SD = ±5.72), answered questionnaires on body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. BMI was self-reported. Descriptive and nonparametric covariance analysis were performed, comparing women who were in the first, second, and third trimesters and the postpartum period.ResultsBody appreciation was significantly higher among women in the third trimester compared to those in the first and second trimester. However, it was lower for women in all three gestational trimesters than for those in the postpartum. There was no difference in self-esteem during pregnancy, but it was significantly lower in the postpartum group. Similarly, depressive symptoms did not vary through pregnant groups but it was significantly higher in the postpartum group.ConclusionsThe results showed that the postpartum period can be a difficult experience for women. They presented poor body appreciation and lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms compared to the pregnancy period. Therefore, it is necessary for public health policies to support women in this period, preserving their mental health and making this experience more positive.

Humor Structure Appreciation Scale: Analysis of the psychometric properties of the Czech version

Objectives. The aim of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of a Czech adaptation of the Humor Structure Appreciation Scale (HSAS) which measures appreciation of two structural dimensions of humor: incongruity-resolution (INC-RES), and nonsense (NON). Differences in humor structure appreciation were investigated between a Czech and a Macedonian sample, and measurement invariance was tested.Participants and setting. Two online studies were conducted. After a back-translation of the scale, the first proposal of the Czech version of the HSAS was given to 145 participants from the Czech Republic. In the second study, the HSAS-CZ was completed by a Czech sample of 346 subjects. A measure of the need for closure was also completed to assess construct validity. The Macedonian sample comprised of 562 subjects filled in only the original version of the HSAS.Results. Principal component analysis showed that the sum of variance explained by the two dimensions was 60.8%, and the factor loadings were satisfactory. The second study confirmed the factor structure of the scale. The results of the Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the two-factor model had an acceptable fit (RMSEA = .053 [.034, .072], CFI = .986, TLI = .981). The standardized factor loadings were high for INC-RES (λ = .62 to .79), as well as for NON humor (λ = .57 to 80). Initial construct validity was obtained. The HSAS-CZ scales were theoretically related to the need for closure. The jokes were found funnier by the Macedonian sample in comparison to the Czech by one third to one half standard deviation. Finally, a strict measurement invariance model comparing the Czech and Macedonian versions of the test showed an acceptable fit. However, significant differences were found in factor loadings as well as in residual variances.Limitations. The main limitation of the study is the use of convenience samples.

Gender Differences in Body Appreciation and Its Associations With Psychiatric Symptoms Among Chinese College Students: A Nationwide Survey.

BackgroundBody appreciation (BA hereafter), which reflects approval, acceptance, and respect for one's body while also rejecting media-promoted appearance ideals as the only form of human beauty, is an important aspect of positive body image. Much of the BA literature has been conducted on samples from Western nations but less is known about BA or its correlates in Asian cultural contexts wherein concerns with body image are also common. Toward addressing this gap, we examined gender differences in BA and its associations with common psychiatric symptoms (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidality) within a national college student sample from China.MethodThis cross-sectional, nationwide study was conducted between December 27, 2020, and January 18, 2021, based on snowball sampling. Aside from measures of demographics and background factors, Chinese versions of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), and a standard item on suicidal ideation and planning were administered to assess BA, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and suicidality, respectively.ResultsIn total, 2,058 college students (665 men, 1,393 women) in China were assessed. An analysis of covariance revealed that the men had a significantly higher average BA level than did women [F(1,2058) = 13.244, P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.193]. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed BA was negatively associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and suicidality within the entire sample (depressive symptoms, β = −0.129, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = −0.101, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.788 P = 0.020) and among women (depressive symptoms, β = −0.172, P < 0.001; anxiety symptoms, β = −0.131, P < 0.001; suicidality, OR = 0.639 P = 0.001) but not men.ConclusionChinese college women reported lower BA than their male peers did. Furthermore, among women but not men, elevations in BA corresponded with protective mental health experiences including lower levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and suicidality. Findings underscore the potential utility of including BA in mental health assessments of Chinese college students, especially women. Findings also provide foundations for continued research on interventions to increase BA among at-risk young women in China.

Differences in Body Appreciation and Functionality Appreciation Outside of and Directly Following Sport Among Collegiate Student-Athletes

The present study examined differences in body appreciation and functionality appreciation between student-athletes and nonathletes. Additionally, the present study assessed differences in these constructs among female and male athletes outside of their sport and directly following participation in their sport. Seventy-five student-athletes and 211 nonathletes from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university completed online measures, including the State-Based Body Appreciation Scale and Functionality Appreciation Scale. Student-athletes completed the same measures following a sport practice. Student-athletes reported higher levels of body appreciation and functionality appreciation compared to nonathletes. No differences in body appreciation were found among student-athletes outside of their sport compared to directly following participation in their sport; however, student-athletes reported higher levels of functionality appreciation after their sport practice. Implications for coaches and athletic staff are discussed, including placing a greater emphasis on body functionality rather than specific body ideals.

Mechanical Pruning and Soil Organic Amending in Two Terroirs. Effects on Wine Chemical Composition and Sensory Profile

The knowledge about the interaction between mechanical pruning and soil organic amending is still scarce. This study aimed to examine the effects of the interaction between these two practices on wine quality. Syrah grapes from two trial fields in Portugal subjected to two different pruning systems (mechanical pruning; hand spur pruning) and five different organic amendment treatments (control, biochar, municipal solid waste compost, cattle manure, and sewage sludge) were harvested and vinified for four years. Mechanical pruning significantly reduced wine alcoholic strength, pH, and total anthocyanins. Mechanical pruning and organic amendments, tendentially reduced wine total phenols and tannin power, known as an “estimation of the astringency potential of the wines”. Tasters found low but significant differences in global appreciation with the pruning system. Sludge tended to reduce wine global appreciation more than municipal solid waste compost and cattle manure, while biochar had no effect on tasters’ preference when compared to the control. There was strong relation between yield and tasters’ preference only above 6 kg/vine and 8 kg/vine depending on the terroir. Mechanical pruning tendentially has significant effects on wine quality when yield raises above a certain level. Thus, with this pruning system, the choice of the organic amendment and its amount must be done considering the destiny of the produced grapes. To the best of our knowledge, effects of the interaction of mechanical pruning with soil organic amending on wine quality are a novelty.

Positive body image among Polish elite athletes

Background: This study aimed to analyze factors differentiating body appreciation among Polish elite athletes. Material and Methods: Participants were athletes, both men and women (N=408), who completed questionnaire BAS-2. Results: In general, men had a better perception of their body than women (p&lt;0.01). Higher appreciation of the body was visible among women sprinters, opposite to volleyball players (p &lt;0.03). Indirect competition for women was connected to higher body appreciation (p&lt;0.05). Gender and individual/team sport also significantly differentiated appreciation of the body (p&lt;0.02). Furthermore, training frequency in a week differentiated body appreciation (p&lt;0.03), as well as characteristic of sports performance [indoor sports, and higher in water sports (p&lt;0.02)]. Conclusions: Results suggest that not only the common category of the sport type – aesthetic, technical, strength – differentiates the body image. Equally important for differences in body appreciation is also gender, sport discipline, and background of sport training: frequency per week, the character of competition (direct-indirect), individual/non-individual competition, or characteristic of sports performance.

These Boots Weren't Made for Walking: Gendered Discrepancies in Wearing Painful, Restricting, or Distracting Clothing.

Using the framework of objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts in Psychology of Women Quarterly 21(2): 173–206, 1997), the current studies explored how often women (vs. men) reported wearing clothing that is painful, distracting, and/or restricting (PDR clothing). Additionally, we examined differences in body surveillance (i.e., chronically monitoring the appearance of one’s body) and body appreciation between those who reported wearing various types of PDR clothing and those who did not. In both a sample of U.S. college students (n = 545) and a broader sample of U.S. adults (n = 252), results indicated that women were substantially more likely to wear PDR clothing than men. Across both samples, the largest differences between men and women were in wearing uncomfortable or painful shoes and in wearing clothing that is distracting because it requires ongoing monitoring or adjusting. Women and men with higher body surveillance were more likely to report wearing PDR clothing. Though some findings pointed toward a negative association between body appreciation and wearing PDR clothing, these results were inconsistent. Overall, results were consistent with the notion that the gendered nature of clothing might reflect and provoke chronic vigilance of the body’s appearance. Gendered differences in the extent to which clothing promotes comfort and movement vs. discomfort and distraction has clear implications for women’s quality of life.