Differences In Anxiety Scores Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Self-Efficacy, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress between Taekwondo and Physical Education Students

The purpose of this study was to compare self-efficacy, depression, anxiety, and stress between Taekwondo major students and students who as majoring physical education in college. A total of 80 data were collected from 49 Taekwondo major students and 31 physical education majoring students. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS windows Ver.20. descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Independent t-test was conducted to comparison each factors between the groups. The significance level was set at p<.05. The results of this study are as follows; First, there was no differences in self-efficacy between Taekwondo major group and physical education major group. Second, there was significantly difference in depression score of the following two groups. Third, there was significantly difference in anxiety score of the two groups. We insist that this study is a meaningful as the first study to comparing mental health between Taekwondo major and physical education majoring students.

Clinical effects of concentrated growth factor combined with plasma albumin gel in treating facial depressed scar

Objective: To explore the clinical effects of concentrated growth factor (CGF) combined with plasma albumin gel (PAG) in treating facial depressed scar. Methods: From January 2018 to June 2019, 14 patients in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University and 10 patients in Henan NO.3 Provincial People's Hospital with facial depressed scar who met the inclusion criteria were admitted, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed by the method of case-control study. Based on the method of treatment, 8 patients (4 males and 4 females) aged 28.50 (25.50, 31.50) years were enrolled in CGF alone group, 8 patients (3 males and 5 females) aged 32.00 (28.50, 35.00) years were enrolled in PAG alone group, and 8 patients (5 males and 3 females) aged 33.50 (29.00, 35.75) years were enrolled in CGF+ PAG group. Suitable amount of CGF, PAG, and CGF+ PAG (mixed at a ratio of 1.0∶1.0-1.0∶1.5) prepared from autologous blood were injected subcutaneously via a single or multiple entrance (s) into the depressed scar of patients in CGF alone, PAG alone, and CGF+ PAG groups respectively to fill up the concavity, once every 4 weeks for a total of 3 times. Before the first treatment (hereinafter referred to as before treatment) and 3 months after the last treatment (hereinafter referred to as after treatment), the Goodman & Baron Acne Scar Grading System was used for scar grading, and the difference was calculated; the Anxiety Self-Rating Scale was used to score anxiety, and the difference was calculated. The Visual Analogue Score was used to score pain immediately after the first treatment. By one, two, and three months after treatment, the patients' satisfaction to scar treatment was scored, and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale was used to score the scar improvement. Adverse reaction of patients after treatment was monitored. Data were statistically analyzed with Fisher's exact probability test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U test, Bonferroni correction, and Wilcoxon signed rank sum test. Results: (1) The scars of patients in the three groups were all graded 4.00 (4.00, 4.00) before treatment (χ(2) 0.05). By three months after treatment, compared with 2.00 (1.25, 2.00) of CGF alone group, the scar grades of patients in PAG alone group and CGF+ PAG group (3.00 (2.00, 3.00) and 1.00 (1.00, 1.00), respectively) had no significant change (Z=2.199, 2.003, P>0.05). The scar grade of patients in CGF+ PAG group was significantly lower than that in PAG alone group (Z=3.229, P 0.05). Compared with those before treatment, the anxiety scores of patients in CGF alone group, PAG alone group, and CGF+ PAG group were significantly reduced three months after treatment (Z=2.395, 2.527, 2.533, P 0.05). (3) The pain scores of patients in the three groups were similar immediately after the first treatment (χ(2)=0.400, P>0.05). (4) By one and two month (s) after treatment, the patients' satisfaction scores to scar treatment in the three groups were similar (χ(2)=2.688, 5.989, P>0.05). By three months after treatment, the patients' satisfaction score to scar treatment in CGF+ PAG group was significantly higher than that in PAG alone group (Z=2.922, P 0.05). Two months after treatment, the scar improvement scores of patients in CGF alone group and CGF+ PAG group were 2.00 (2.00, 2.75) and 2.00 (2.00, 2.00) points, respectively, which were significantly higher than 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) point of PAG alone group (Z=3.303, 3.771, P<0.01). Three months after treatment, the scar improvement score of patients in CGF+ PAG group was 3.00 (3.00, 3.00) points, which was significantly higher than 2.00 (2.00, 2.75) points of CGF alone group and 1.00 (1.00, 2.00) points of PAG alone group (Z=2.450, 3.427, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with those one month after treatment within the same group, the scar improvement scores of patients were significantly higher in CGF alone group and CGF+ PAG group two and three months after treatment and in PAG alone group three months after treatment (Z=2.828, 2.828, 2.530, 2.640, 2.121, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with that two months after treatment within the same group, the scar improvement score of patients in CGF+ PAG group was significantly higher three months after treatment (Z=2.449, P<0.05). (6) After injection, all patients in the three groups had slight redness and swelling at the needle prick point and no other adverse reactions. Conclusions: CGF combined with PAG can reduce the scar grading, anxiety of patients, and enhance patients' satisfaction and scar improvement in the treatment of patients with facial depressed scar. The combined CGF+ PAG injection, without significant adverse reactions, is better than single component injection and is worthy of clinical application.

The Effect of Lavender Aroma on Anxiety of Patients Having Bone Marrow Biopsy.

Introduction:Bone marrow biopsy is a common procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of hematologic diseases and tumors, which are associated with anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of lavender aroma on anxiety of patients having bone marrow biopsy. Materials and Methods:This study was performed on 80 patients referred to Vali-e-Asr Hospital for bone marrow biopsy. Samples were selected by convenience method and were assigned into intervention and control groups using randomized blocks of 4. Random sequence was generated by RAS software. Several drops of distilled water on a cotton ball was used in the control group and same amount of lavender essential oil on a cotton ball was used in the intervention group. Then, participants in both groups were asked to smell the cotton ball for 15 minutes and then, their anxiety level was measured immediately. The results were analyzed by SPSS software version 25 using covariance analysis and rank regression. Results:The results showed that, the mean scores of anxiety in the control and intervention groups were 6.3 ± 1.92 and 3.75 ± 1.05, respectively. There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between the two groups in terms of anxiety score.The results showed that there was a significant difference in anxiety score between two groups in terms of variables such as age, gender, physician experience, biopsy history and biopsy site (P <0.05). The results also showed no significant difference between the (p >0.05). Conclusion:The results of this study showed that bone marrow biopsy is associated with anxiety, and smelling of lavender aroma is effective in reducing anxiety in patients undergoing this procedure. This fragrance can be used by treatment team in hematology and oncology clinics to reduce anxiety caused by bone marrow biopsy.

Assessing the effectiveness of a pharmaceutical care service on the quality of life of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome living in war and non-war countries.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a serious health problem that affects women of all ages worldwide, including their quality of life (QOL). Interventions on lifestyle modification can be a suitable therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a PCOS pharmaceutical care service on QOL for women diagnosed with PCOS living in Syria (a country affected by war) and Jordan (non-war-zone country). PCOS women from both Syria and Jordan with age above 16 years were recruited in the study. Women randomly allocated into active group received an educational intervention by the pharmacist (via oral and written educational module) with special focus on diet and exercise. Women allocated to the control group did not receive the educational intervention. Both groups were followed for 4 months. Women in both groups completed the QOL questionnaire at both baseline and end of study. Multiple-regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with change in QOL scores across the study. PCOS women (n = 118) from both Syria (n = 60) and Jordan (n = 58) were recruited. Unlike control group patients, QOL was significantly improved in the active group at the end of the study for Syrian (102.75 vs 118.50, P < 0.001) and Jordanian women (95.31 vs 112.67, P < 0.001). Study group (active versus control) and difference in anxiety scores across the study were the only independent variables that showed association with the dependent variable, difference in QOL mean scores across the study period. A pharmacist led intervention on lifestyle modification delivered to PCOS women led to positive effects on QOL scores. The intervention was successful in Syria and Jordan. This highlights the significant role that pharmacists can play in improving the life of women with PCOS whether living in war or non-war-zone countries.

Effect of Exercise Interventions on Anxiety in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Evidence suggests that exercise can alleviate symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it is unclear whether exercise alleviates symptoms of anxiety, present in one-third of people with MS. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates whether exercise interventions are effective in reducing anxiety in people with MS. CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials Register were searched to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to March 30, 2018. The primary outcome was postintervention difference in anxiety scores between intervention and control groups. Using a restricted maximum likelihood random-effects model, standardized mean differences were pooled and heterogeneity was estimated. Risk of bias was assessed using an a priori modified Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. Four RCTs with 133 participants were included. Exercise type included walking, aerobic activities, and cycling. Intervention duration ranged from 8 to 26 weeks. The pooled standardized mean difference in anxiety score was -0.16 (95% CI, -0.50 to 0.19), without heterogeneity. Two studies had high risk of bias, and two had some risk of bias. Based on available RCT data, exercise does not seem to have an effect on anxiety in people with MS. These results should be interpreted with caution because studies had concerns of bias and small sample sizes, and anxiety was not the primary outcome measure. Future studies should exhibit sufficient reporting standards, alongside publishing protocols. There is opportunity to investigate the effect of exercise in people with MS experiencing clinically relevant levels of anxiety rather than in the general MS population.

Web-based versus home-based postnatal psychoeducational interventions for first-time mothers: A randomised controlled trial

BackgroundBesides physical and mental changes from childbirth, first-time mothers are also confronted with challenges associated with the demands of adapting to their roles as new parents. While positive effects of home-based psychoeducation intervention for mothers have been demonstrated, limited studies have developed and examined more accessible and cost-effective web-based psychoeducational interventions for mothers. ObjectiveTo examine the effectiveness of web-based and home-based postnatal psychoeducational interventions for first-time mothers during the early postpartum period. MethodsA randomized controlled three-group pre-test and post-tests experimental design was adopted. Data were collected over five months, from October 2016 to August 2017, in a public tertiary hospital in Singapore from 204 primiparas who were randomly allocated to the web-based psychoeducation group, the home-based psychoeducation group, or the control group. The measured outcomes included maternal parental self-efficacy, social support, psychological well-being, satisfaction with postnatal care, and cost-effectiveness evaluation. Data were collected at four time points: the baseline, and three post-tests at one month, three and six months post-delivery. ResultsWhen compared to the control group, the web-based intervention improved self-efficacy at post-test 1 (mean difference = 2.68, p = 0.028) and reduced postnatal depression at post-test 3 (mean difference = −1.82, p = 0.044), while the home-based intervention did not show significant effect on these two outcomes at all post-tests. Both web-based and home-based interventions helped mothers to get better social support at all post-tests than those in the control group. Mothers in both web-based and home-based intervention groups were more satisfied with the postnatal care than those in the control group at all post-test time points (except for web-based group at post-test 1). There were no differences in anxiety scores among the three groups. When compared to the home-based intervention, the web-based intervention showed noninferior effect on all outcomes at all post-tests. ConclusionThe web-based intervention had better effects on improving self-efficacy, social support, and postnatal depression, which should be introduced to first-time mothers for better postnatal care.

Pengaruh Clay Therapy terhadap Kecemasan Anak Usia Prasekolah yang Menjalani Prosedur Invasif di RSUD Al-Ihsan

Background. During hospitalization large number of invasive procedure recived by patient and preceived as threatening and anxiety experience. One of the invasive procedures that commonly done is the venous blood extraction. The children in preschool age preceived venous blood extraction as something that endanger the integrity of the body and lead to anxiety experience. To reduce the anxiety during the venous blood extraction, a nurse could perform a clay theraphy. The aim of this research is to ascertain the effect of clay therapy toward scoreof anxiety in preschool age children that undergoing venous blood extraction in RSUD Al-Ihsan.Methode. The study was quasi-experiment with nonequivalent control group posttest only. A total of 34 children who recieve venous blood extraction was assigned into 2 group, 17 children in control and 17 children in intevention. The children anxiety level measured using anxiety observation sheet before the procedure complete. Data were analyzed used independent t test for bivariate and logistik regresion for multivariate. Result Findings. The results show a significat difference in anxiety score between control group and intervention group with p-value 0,001 &lt; α 0.05 which means there is impact of clay therapy to level anxiety in preschool age children undergoing invasive procedure in RSUD Al-Ihsan. Conclusion. This research indicate that clay therapy may be used to reduce anxiety in children that undergoing venous blood extraction.

Different Clinical Expression of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Treatment.

Different Clinical Expression of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessment and Treatment.

Quantitative analysis of anxiety levels of nursing students studying bioscience in Australia.

Nursing students traditionally find bioscience difficult and anxiety provoking. This has important ramifications, as anxiety can hinder comprehension and lead to poor exam performance. The aim of the present study was to assess whether there was any difference between the anxiety levels of nursing students during their bioscience laboratory classes compared to their clinical laboratory classes. Students were recruited from a first year Bachelor of Nursing program. The self-report State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (short form) was administered at the start of all classes throughout the semester. Anxiety scores of students between the units were compared using paired t-tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to measure anxiety scores within units over time. There were no significant differences in anxiety scores in the bioscience and clinical classes; however, the students were significantly more anxious in the theory classes. These findings suggest that nursing students do not find the subject of bioscience any more anxiety provoking than other nursing subjects. Bioscience educators should continue to focus on the integration of bioscience with nursing practice, while broader anxiety-reduction strategies throughout the curriculum should be implemented.

Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.

Melatonin for the promotion of sleep in adults in the intensive care unit.

Examining variation across treatment clinics in cancer patients\u2019 psychological outcomes: results of a cross sectional survey

PurposeThe majority of research on psychological outcomes for cancer patients has focussed on the role of individual characteristics, and disease and treatment factors. There has been very little exploration of the potential contribution of the treatment clinic to these outcomes. This study explored whether there is variation among clinics in cancer patients’ psychological outcomes.MethodsCancer outpatients were recruited from 22 medical oncology and haematology clinics in Australia. Participants completed a pen and paper survey including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), as well as sociodemographic, disease and treatment characteristics.ResultsOf those eligible to participate, 4233 (82%) consented and 2811 (81% of consenters) returned the completed survey. There was no statistically significant variation in HADS depression scores across clinics. Some difference in anxiety scores derived from the HADS questionnaire between clinics (p = 0.03) was found with the percentage of between-clinic variation estimated to be 1.11%. However, once all demographic, disease and treatment predictors were adjusted for there was no statistical differences between clinics (percent of between-clinic variation = 0.53%; p = 0.1415).ConclusionsPsychological outcomes were not found to vary between clinics. Other sources of variation including patient characteristics may over-ride between-clinic variability, if it exists.

Effectiveness of Play on Anxiety among Hospitalized Children

A child is a unique individual; he or she is not a miniature adult, not a little man or woman. The childhood process is vital because of socialization process by the transmission of attitude, customs, and behavior through the influence of the family and community. Some children become sick and need hospitalization, Anxiety is the greatest stress imposed by hospitalization during early child hood. Play is one of the non-pharmacological therapy which act as an important part of life and foster the growth and development of child. Play also reduces anxiety of child during hospitalization. Quantitative research approach was selected with quasi experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Purposive sampling was used. Sample size was 50 that is 25 each in experimental group and control group. The researcher assessed the anxiety of hospitalized children using structured anxiety rating scale. After conducting a pretest for both experimental and control group, play was introduced to the experimental group. The experimental group received play for 30 min a day, for 3 days and no intervention was given to the control group. Post test was conducted on the third day using the same tool, to both the groups. The result shows that, in experimental group 38% of children had mild anxiety and 12% had moderate anxiety. In control group 44% children had moderate anxiety and 6% children had severe anxiety in the post test. It is found that the calculated t value is greater than table value. It was concluded that there was significant difference in anxiety score among hospitalized children in experimental group than the control group. The finding of the study suggest that play is an effective therapy in reducing anxiety of hospitalized children.

Effects of geranium aroma on anxiety among patients with acute myocardial infarction: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveThe is study examined the effects of geranium aroma on anxiety among patients with AMI. MethodsThis randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial recruited 80 patients with AMI through convenience sampling. The patients were allocated to geranium and placebo groups (n = 40 each) using stratified block randomization. On the second day of admission three drops of geranium essential oil and placebo were poured on absorbing patches attached inside the oxygen masks of the geranium and placebo groups, respectively. The patients were asked to inhale the aroma for 20 min a day on two consecutive days. Resultsall stages of the intervention, the two groups had a significant difference in anxiety scores, i.e. geranium aroma caused significantly greater reductions in the anxiety scores (P < 0.001). ConclusionInhalation aromatherapy with geranium essential oil is recommended as an easy-to-use, intervention to reduce anxiety among patients with AMI.

Perbedaan Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Bersalin Pada Kelas Ibu Hamil Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tulung

Abstract: Class Pregnant Women; Levels Of Anxiety. Anxiety is one of the main factors that influence whether or not an action smoothness of delivery. Pregnant women with sufficient knowledge proved to have a low risk of the occurrence of complications of childbirth. Educational intervention in the form of counseling mothers on maternal class. Purpose is to knowing the differences in levels of maternal anxiety on the class of pregnant woman in the Puskesmas Tulung. Type of quasi-experimental research design with a static group comparison. The population is pregnant women PHC Tulung region. Samples are 36 pregnant women who meet the criteria cadre, which consisted of 18 pregnant women who attend classes pregnant women and 18 pregnant women who donot attend classes pregnant women with purposive sampling technique. Respondents who attend classes maternal anxiety has a value of at least 6, the maximum value of 20 with an average of 15.4 and the majority of respondents (61.1%) had anxiety medium category. Those who do not attend classes anxiety mother has a value of at least 14, the maximum value of 27, with an average of 20.67 and a majority of respondents have anxiety was (88.9%). There are differences in the level of maternal anxiety that follows and that pregnant women do not attend classes in the Puskesmas Tulung, with significant differences in anxiety score (p value = 0.000).

Effect of evacuation and displacement on the association between flooding and mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional analysis of UK survey data

SummaryBackgroundExtensive flooding occurred during the winter of 2013–14 in England. Previous studies have shown that flooding affects mental health. Using data from the 2013–14 Public Health England National Study of Flooding and Health, we compared the prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder between participants displaced by flooding and those flooded, but not displaced, 1 year after flooding.MethodsIn this multivariable ordinal regression analysis, we collected data from a cross-sectional survey collected 1 year after the flooding event from flood-affected postcodes in five counties in England. The analysis was restricted to individuals whose homes were flooded (n=622) to analyse displacement due to flooding. The primary outcome measures were depression (measured by the PHQ-2 depression scale) and anxiety (measured by the two-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder [GAD]-2 anxiety scale), and post-traumatic stress disorder (measured by the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist [PCL]-6 scale). We adjusted analyses for recorded potential confounders. We also analysed duration of displacement and amount of warning received.FindingsPeople who were displaced from their homes were significantly more likely to have higher scores on each scale; odds ratio (OR) for depression 1·95 (95% CI 1·30–2·93), for anxiety 1·66 (1·12–2·46), and for post-traumatic stress disorder 1·70 (1·17–2·48) than people who were not displaced. The increased risk of depression was significant even after adjustment for severity of flooding. Scores for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder were higher in people who were displaced and reported receiving no warning than those who had received a warning more than 12 h in advance of flooding (p=0·04 for depression, p=0·01 for post-traumatic stress disorder), although the difference in anxiety scores was not significant.InterpretationDisplacement after flooding was associated with higher reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder 1 year after flooding. The amount of warning received showed evidence of being protective against symptoms of the three mental illnesses studied, and the severity of flooding might be the reason for some, but not all, of the differences between the groups.FundingNational Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Units (HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London, Environmental Change and Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, Public Health England.

Oxytocin as a treatment enhancer in anorexia nervosa

IntroductionNutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa (AN) is impeded by fear of food, eating and change leading to treatment resistance. Oxytocin exerts prosocial effects on anxiolysis, fear modulation, trust and brain plasticity.ObjectiveA placebo-controlled RCT examined the effects of self-administered intranasal oxytocin (IN-OT) in AN patients.AimTo ascertain whether single and repeated doses of IN-OT enhance treatment in AN.MethodsFemale AN patients self-administered twice daily 18IU IN-OT (n = 21) or placebo (n = 21) for 4–6 weeks during hospital treatment. Weight and BMI were measured at baseline and after treatment. The Eating Disorders Examination (EDE) was the primary outcome measure. Cognitive rigidity was compared between groups after four weeks repeated dosing. The effects of the first and last doses of IN-OT versus placebo, on salivary cortisol before a high-energy afternoon snack, were compared.ResultsWeight gain was similar in IN-OT and placebo groups. Only the EDE eating concern subscale score was significantly lower after 4–6 weeks (mean 35 days) of IN-OT (p = 0.006). Anticipatory levels of salivary cortisol fell from baseline after the initial dose in contrast to the placebo group where levels increased. After four weeks IN-OT, salivary cortisol was significantly lower (p = 0.023) overall with little anticipatory increase compared to placebo. There were no differences in anxiety scores. Cognitive rigidity was significantly lower in the IN-OT group (p= 0.043)ConclusionsSelf-administered IN-OT might enhance nutritional rehabilitation in AN by reducing eating concern and cognitive rigidity. Lower salivary cortisol before a high-energy snack, suggests reduction of fear rather than anxiety.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

RELAKSASI DAN TERAPI MENULIS EKSPRESIF SEBAGAI PENANGANAN KECEMASAN PADA DIFABEL DAKSA

Abstract: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of treatment in the form of muscle relaxation and emosional experience expressive writing therapy to reduce anxiety on the physically disabled people. The subjects were 8 students Balai Besar Rehabilitasi Sosial Bina Daksa. The subjects to be addressed such as muscle relaxation and expressive writing therapy. Data analysis method used is nonparametric statistical techniques by using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to test for differences in anxiety scores of the subject group pretest and posttest. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test results showed that muscle relaxation therapy and expressive writing therapy in lowering anxiety with p=0.012.Keywords: muscle relaxation, expressive writing therapy, anxiety, physically disabled people

Impact of informed consent on patient decisions regarding third molar removal.

We investigated whether the order in which patients learned about complication risks affected their anxiety about and willingness to undergo the removal of their third molar. In total, 171 patients (65 males, 106 females) were included in the study. The distributions of gender and the position of mandibular third molars were recorded. The Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to evaluate anxiety. Associations of anxiety with timing (pre/post), gender, and the order in which the information was presented in the consent form were analyzed. The most common angulations were horizontal (26.3%) and mesioangular (60.2%), and these were more common in women. All patients obtained significantly higher anxiety scores after reading the consent form. There was no significant difference in anxiety scores, according to the order of information. In total, 88 patients underwent surgery, whereas 83 postponed the extraction after reading the consent form. Women were significantly more anxious than men before the procedure. Patients showed lower anxiety levels after the procedure (P < 0.05). Increased anxiety was not associated with the order in which information was presented in the informed consent form. However, the informed consent form itself was a major contributor to increased patient anxiety. Further studies regarding the contents of consent forms and their effects on patient anxiety and decisions regarding third molar removal are needed.

Measuring Levels of Students' Anxiety in Information Seeking Tasks

This study measured information seeking anxiety among postgraduate students of the University of the Punjab, Lahore. Survey method using questionnaire was employed to conduct this investigation. The questionnaire consisting of an Information Seeking Anxiety Scale and demographic variables was administered in students, selected through convenient sampling procedure, for data collection. The results indicated that a large majority (n=207, 82.4%) of the respondents experienced more than low anxiety in the information seeking process. No significant relationship was found between age, gender, faculty and information seeing anxiety scores of these students. Conversely, there were significant differences in anxiety scores of students based on the program of study, stage of study, and computer proficiency. The results provide useful insights for guidance of information professionals dealing with reference and research services, especially those engaged in designing information literacy curricula and managing information literacy instructions.

Informatıon given by multımedıa: influence on anxıety about extractıon of impacted wısdom teeth

Dental fear is the fourth most common fear among the population. Well-informed patients seemed to be less anxious, and have the least anxiety before a planned procedure. Our aim was to find out the ideal way of information required by the patient before extraction of an impacted wisdom tooth. A total of 129 patients listed for extraction of impacted teeth were randomly allocated into three groups: control group (n=42); video dubbed by the surgeon (n=43); and silent video (n=44). Their sociodemographic variables and baseline anxiety scores were comparable, and each group was assessed for anxiety: (1) three days preoperatively, (2) after they had watched a video, (3) immediately preoperatively and (4) postoperatively. Assessments were made with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, The Dental Anxiety Questionnaire, and the Visual Analogue Scale for pain. There were no significant differences in anxiety scores among the scales before or after operation. The degree of anxiety was similar throughout the study in all groups. However, patients were more satisfied with the information when they had seen it on video, and said that they would prefer to be told about further procedures in the same way.