Differences In Water Intake Research Articles

Development of an In Vitro Methodology to Assess the Bioequivalence of Orally Disintegrating Tablets Taken without Water.

To assess the probability of bioequivalence (BE) between orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) taken without water and conventional tablets (CTs) taken with water, an in vitro biorelevant methodology was developed using the BE Checker, which reproduces fluid shifts in the gastrointestinal tract and drug permeation. In addition to the fluid shift from the stomach to the small intestine, the process of ODT disintegration in a small amount of fluid in the oral cavity and the difference in gastric emptying caused by differences in water intake were incorporated into the evaluation protocol. Assuming a longer time to maximum plasma concentration after oral administration of ODTs taken without water than for CTs taken with water due to a delay in gastric emptying, the fluid shift in the donor chamber of the BE Checker without water was set longer than that taken with water. In the case of naftopidil ODTs and CTs, the values of the f2 function, representing the similarity of the permeation profiles, were 50 or higher when the fluid shift in ODTs taken without water was set at 1.5 or 2 times longer than that of the CTs taken with water. The values of the f2 function in permeation profiles of pitavastatin and memantine ODTs were both 62 when the optimized experimental settings for naftopidil formulations were applied. This methodology can be useful in formulation studies for estimating the BE probability between ODTs and CTs.

Comparison of Two Reminder Interventions to Achieve Adequate Water Intake and Hydration in Women: A Pilot Study

Introduction: This pilot study examined the effectiveness of two different 5-week reminder interventions to achieve adequate water intake and hydration in women as well as the effects of body composition and self-efficacy on hydration. Methods: Twenty-two apparently healthy adult women were randomly assigned to the 64 oz. motivational water bottle group (n = 11), or the water reminder – daily tracker app group (n = 11). Body composition, predicted VO2max, and self-efficacy were assessed at baseline, post 5-week intervention, and after a 30-day follow-up period. Urine markers (color, specific gravity, and pH) were reported at baseline, weekly throughout the 5-week intervention, and the last 3 days of the 30-day follow-up period. During the interventions, participants self-reported daily step count, resting heart rate, water intake, and symptoms of dehydration. Results: Both 5-week reminder interventions successfully increased water intake by an average of 29% with a mean daily consumption of 72.05 + 18.75 ounces, meeting recommendations. Based on regression analysis, self-efficacy predicted daily water intake at the end of the 5-week intervention (p = 0.03). Urine markers of hydration classified several participants as dehydrated at the end of 5 weeks. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between BMI and Ucol at baseline (p = 0.05), week 5 (p = 0.05), and follow-up (p = 0.04), indicating that women with a higher BMI were more dehydrated. In hydrated participants, memory and ability to concentrate significantly improved (p = 0.019). Results indicated there were no significant differences in water intake and hydration between the two groups at baseline, week 5, and follow-up. Conclusions: Both 5-week interventions successfully increased water intake. However, based on urine markers of hydration women may be more prone to involuntary, chronic dehydration due to a higher body fat percentage.

Contributions of renal water loss and skin water conservation to blood pressure elevation in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We recently reported that skin vasoconstriction to suppress transepidermal water loss (TEWL) leads to hypertension in renal injury model rats with impaired urine concentration ability. In this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) from the perspective of renal water loss and skin water conservation. We compared the urinary concentration ability, body sodium and water balance, blood pressure, and TEWL in SHRs and control normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs). SHRs showed significantly higher urine volume and lower urinary osmolality than those of WKYs, while there were no significant differences in water intake, urinary osmolyte excretion, and plasma osmolarity between the groups. SHRs exhibited significantly higher blood pressure, skin sodium content, and lower TEWL compared with those is WKYs. Skin vasodilation, induced by elevating body temperature, increased TEWL in both SHRs and WKYs, and significantly reduced blood pressure in SHRs but not WKYs. These findings suggest that physiological adaptation can reduce dermal water loss in SHRs to compensate for renal water loss. Vasoconstriction required for successful cutaneous water conservation explains SHR hypertension. Renal concentration ability and skin barrier function for water conservation may become a novel therapeutic target for essential hypertension.

Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Catharanthus roseus and Its Cytotoxicity Effect on Vero Cell Lines.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a chronic and sometimes fatal condition which affects people all over the world. Nanotherapeutics have shown tremendous potential to combat chronic diseases—including DM2—as they enhance the overall impact of drugs on biological systems. Greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Catharanthus roseus methanolic extract (C. AgNPs) were examined primarily for their cytotoxic and antidiabetic effects. Methods: Characterization of C. AgNPs was performed by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The C. AgNPs were trialed on Vero cell line and afterwards on an animal model (rats). Results: The C. AgNPs showed standard structural and functional characterization as revealed by FTIR and XRD analyses. The zetapotential analysis indicated stability while EDX analysis confirmed the formation of composite capping with Ag metal. The cytotoxic effect (IC50) of C. AgNPs on Vero cell lines was found to be 568 g/mL. The animal model analyses further revealed a significant difference in water intake, food intake, body weight, urine volume, and urine sugar of tested rats after treatment with aqueous extract of C. AgNPs. Moreover, five groups of rats including control and diabetic groups (NC1, PC2, DG1, DG2, and DG3) were investigated for their blood glucose and glycemic control analysis. Conclusions: The C. AgNPs exhibited positive potential on the Vero cell line as well as on experimental rats. The lipid profile in all the diabetic groups (DG1-3) were significantly increased compared with both of the control groups (p < 0.05). The present study revealed the significance of C. AgNPs in nanotherapeutics.

A Pilot Randomized Trial to Compare Polyuria and Polydipsia during a Short Course of Prednisolone or Methylprednisolone in Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis.

Simple SummaryGlucocorticoids (a.k.a. steroids) are often used to treat allergic skin diseases in dogs, but they commonly cause side-effects, such as increased drinking (polydipsia) and urination (polyuria). Veterinarians have long believed that the steroid methylprednisolone causes less drinking and urination than prednisolone. We performed a clinical trial in which dogs with atopic dermatitis were treated either with prednisolone or methylprednisolone at the beginning of an elimination diet. After two weeks, the owners did not notice any significant increase in drinking. Most dogs had a reduction in the specific gravity (that is the density) of the urine, which signals a more diluted and abundant urine, but there was no significant difference between the two steroids for urine dilution. In conclusion, there were no significant changes in either drinking and urine dilution when giving prednisolone or methylprednisolone to allergic dogs for two weeks. A longer treatment duration or higher doses might give different results, however.Glucocorticoids are widely used to treat canine allergic disorders, but they frequently cause polyuria and polydipsia (PUPD). At equipotent dosages, oral methylprednisolone is believed to cause less PUPD than prednisolone. We performed a pilot randomized, open, parallel trial with 22 dogs with nonseasonal AD receiving either prednisolone or methylprednisolone at equipotent dosages, once daily for 14 days during the first phase of a restriction–provocation dietary trial. Before and on days 3, 7, and 14 after starting the glucocorticoids, owners estimated water consumption for 24 h. On the same days and before the glucocorticoid was given, owners collected the first-morning urine to determine the urine specific gravity (USG). There were no significant differences between the prednisolone and methylprednisolone groups on days 3, 7, and 14 when comparing the changes in water intake from baseline. Most dogs from both groups exhibited a slight reduction in USG during the study. Still, there was no significant difference in USG changes between the groups on any of these three reevaluation days. In conclusion, the administration of two weeks of oral prednisolone and methylprednisolone at equipotent anti-inflammatory dosages at the beginning of an elimination diet did not lead to significant differences in water intake and USG.

Changes in Serum High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein Concentrations According to Differences in Water Intake in Young Women

Water is essential for life; however, little is known about the precise amount of water intake that is beneficial for cardiovascular health. This study aimed to determine the impact of water intake amounts on cardiovascular disease (CVD) predictors. We reviewed 40 healthy women and divided them into four groups as follows: control, 1-L, 1.5-L, and 2-L water intake. The participants consumed the indicated amount of water daily. After 2 weeks, we evaluated the participants for changes in physiological conditions and CVD predictors. There was a significant decrease in waist circumference (WC) in all water intake groups except control group. The experiment showed no significant difference in the participants’ blood cell count; however, reduced mean platelet volume was observed in the 2-L intake group. Regarding lipid profiles, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased significantly in the 2-L intake group. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels decreased significantly in the 2-L intake group. Consuming >2 L of water daily may be more effective than consuming <2 L of water daily to reduce the risk of CVD. Therefore, this study suggests that drinking 2 L of water or more daily can help maintain a healthy life and prevent the onset of diseases in adults.

Lean Mice Show Sex‐Specific Effects of Early Life Stress on Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Renal Function

Early life stress (ELS) is associated with increases in body mass index and systolic blood pressure in adult life, leading to obesity and obesity-induced hypertension, major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previously, we have shown that Maternal Separation and Early Weaning (MSEW), a model that mimics the effects of ELS observed in humans, exacerbates hypertensive stimuli responses in male and female mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of the water and electrolyte homeostasis (WEH) at baseline in mice exposed to MSEW. Therefore, we determined water intake and excretion, plasma and urinary electrolytes, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and sodium transporters expression along the nephron in lean mice. MSEW litter pups were separated from dams from postnatal day (PND) 2 to 16, followed by early weaning on PND 17. Litters that remained undisturbed and were weaned on PND 21 served as controls. At weaning, mice were placed on a low-fat diet (LF, 10% Kcal from fat) for 12 weeks. Single mouse metabolic cages were used to measure water intake and urine excretion. GFR was measured using a transcutaneous technique. MSEW males fed a LF showed an increase in water intake compared to controls (4.14 ± 0.32 vs. 3.4 ± 0.36 mL/day respectively, P<0.05), urine excretion (1.01 ± 0.16 vs. 0.61 ± 0.07 mL/day, P<0.05), and potassium excretion (12.05 ± 2.48 vs. 7.29 ± 1.49 µmol/day/g BW, P<0.05). MSEW mice showed no differences in plasma sodium (165.16 ± 2.44 vs. 161.34 ± 2.67 mmol/L), plasma potassium (5.42 ± 0.19 vs. 5.86 ± 0.16 mmol/L) or sodium excretion compared to controls (3.65 ± 0.72 vs. 3.24 ± 1.43 µmol/day/g BW, respectively). In addition, MSEW males showed increased GFR compared to controls (1.12 ± 0.05 vs. 0.90 ± 0.03 mL/min/100g BW, P<0.05). Renal cortex NHE3 expression was increased in MSEW compared to control mice (7.74 ± 2.22 vs. 1.2 ± 0.25 2^ddCt, respectively, P<0.05) while NCC expression was decreased compared to controls (0.38 ± 0.13 vs. 1.25 ± 0.32 2^ddCt respectively, P<0.05). Yet, no significant changes between MSEW and control mice were found in renal transporters NKCC2 (0.91 ± 0.26 vs. 1.23 ± 0.29 2^ddCt, respectively), or in the ENaC subunits ENaCα (0.97 ± 0.09 vs. 1.12 ± 0.21 2^ddCt), ENaCβ (1.14 ± 0.13 vs. 1.14 ± 0.27 2^ddCt), and ENaCγ (0.88 ± 0.13 vs. 1.08 ± 0.17 2^ddCt). Lean female MSEW mice showed no significant differences in water intake, urine excretion, urinary potassium, GFR, or renal transporters expression. Both increased NHE3 and reduced NCC expression have been linked to a greater potassium waste. These results show that the MSEW effects on WEH in lean mice are sex-specific, where only male mice display hyperfiltration and alterations in specific renal transporters expression. Chronic hyperfiltration may result in kidney damage and over time, chronic kidney disease. This could be aggravated in animals exposed to a secondary stressor such as a high-fat or high-salt diet. Ongoing studies of plasma and urine osmolarity may provide insights into the potential mechanisms by which MSEW male mice show hyperfiltration in lean healthy and normotensive mice.

Behavioral, metabolic, and renal outcomes of 1-month isolation in adolescent male Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Social contact deficit is considered a stressful circumstance associated with various neural, hormonal, genetic, immune, and behavioral effects. A growing body of clinical and basic science evidence suggests that social isolation is linked to a higher risk of various neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. However, the impact of the deficit of social interaction on kidney function is not well established. The Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat is a classical model of salt-induced hypertension and associated kidney injury. In this study, we investigated the effect of 30 days of social isolation (SI) on blood and urine electrolytes and metabolic, physiological, and behavioral parameters in adolescent male Dahl SS rats fed a normal 0.4% NaCl diet. SI rats demonstrated increased behavioral excitability compared with rats kept in groups. We also observed increased food consumption and a decrease in plasma leptin levels in the SI group without differences in water intake and weight gain compared with grouped animals. No changes in the level of blood and urine electrolytes, 24-h urine output, creatinine clearance, and albumin/creatinine ratio were identified between the SI and grouped rats. These findings indicate that 30 days of social isolation of adolescent Dahl SS rats affects metabolic parameters but has no apparent influence on kidney function.

Some Negative Effects of Heat Stress in Feedlot Heifers May Be Mitigated via Yeast Probiotic Supplementation.

This study was designed to determine if supplementation of a combination live yeast and yeast cell wall product in feed could mitigate the negative impacts associated with heat stress (HS). Crossbred, phenotypically similar beef heifers (n = 32; BW = 385 ± 43 kg) were fed a standard finishing ration without (CON) or with a combination of a live yeast (1.5 g/hd/d) and yeast cell wall product (2.5 g/hd/d; YEAST; Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI). After 50 d of supplementation, heifers were transported to an environmentally-controlled facility and placed in individual bleeding stalls after indwelling jugular catheters and vaginal temperature (VT) loggers were inserted. Heifers were kept in thermoneutral (TN) conditions for 48 h [temperature-humidity index (THI) ~67; d 1–2] then were subjected to HS for 4 d (peak THI ~80; d 3–6). From d 2–6, hourly blood samples were collected for serum isolation from 1400 to 1800 h and again from 2200 to 0200 h which represented the daily targeted peak and nadir of THIs. A whole blood sample was collected twice daily at 1400 and 2200 h for complete blood counts (CBC). There was no difference in BW (P = 0.14) or ADG (P = 0.53) between the treatments during HS. Yeast-supplemented heifers exhibited reduced VT during HS compared to CON heifers (P < 0.01). There was no difference in water intake during the TN phase (P = 0.25); however, YEAST heifers consumed more water/h (P < 0.01) and had increased drinking bouts (P < 0.01) during HS compared to CON heifers. Respiration rates (RR) did not differ (P = 0.21) during TN, but YEAST heifers tended (P = 0.09) to have decreased RR during HS compared to CON heifers. There were no differences between treatments when evaluating CBC parameters (P ≥ 0.10). There was a tendency (P = 0.08) for greater cortisol in the CON than YEAST heifers during HS; however, glucose (P = 0.38) and NEFA (P = 0.70) concentrations did not differ. In summary, supplementation of live yeast and yeast cell wall products to feedlot heifers may mitigate some of the negative effects associated with HS in feedlot cattle as observed in decreased RR and VT and increased water intake.

SUN-256 Pure water intake and chronic kidney disease progression to end-stage

An adequate hydration seems to have a beneficial effect on the prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in the general population. In individuals with CKD, the associations between daily water intake and disease progression are unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between pure water intake and the risk for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) - requiring renal replacement therapy - in patients with moderate or advanced CKD. This study is based on 3032 patients from the national Chronic Kidney Disease-Renal Epidemiology and Information Network (CKD-REIN) that includes 40 nephrology clinics in France. Usual pure water intake at baseline (over a week) was assessed from patient interview. Cox models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of ESKD associated with water intake divided into 5 classes: <0.5, 0.5-1, 1-1.5, 1.5-2.0, ≥2.0 L/d. In a sub-group of patients with baseline 24h urine collection (N=1271), we assessed the impact of adjusting for osmole excretion on this association. Patients’ median (IQR) age was 69 (60-76) years and eGFR, 31.8 (23.1-41.2) ml/min per 1.73m²; 35% were women and 43% had diabetes. Median (IQR) pure water intake at baseline was 1.5 (1.0-2.0) L/day. There was no difference in water intake according to CKD stage (p=0.11). Percentages of patients according to the 5 water intake classes were 7, 29, 36, 18, and 11, respectively. An older age, female gender, lower BMI, lack of dietician visit, and cardiovascular history were associated with lower water intake whereas high educational level, and living in the South of the France were associated with higher water intake. Over a median follow-up of 3.0 years (IQR, 2.0-3.2), 480 patients progressed to ESKD. As compared to patients with medium water intake (1-1.5L/d), adjusted HRs[CI] for ESKD were 1.24[0.83-1.86], 1.20[0.95-1.52], 1.17[0.89-1.53] and 1.29[0.97-1.72] for water intakes of <0.5, 0.5-1, 1.5-2.0, and ≥ 2.0L/d, respectively. In the subgroup, adjusted HRs were somewhat stronger, 1.55[0.87-2.78]. 1.53[1.05-2.25], 1.36[0.88-2.08] and 2.45[1.56-3.85] for <0.5, 0.5-1, 1.5-2.0 and ≥ 2.0L/d, respectively, despite similar median water intake and ESKD rate than the overall population. Osmole excretion rate decreased with decreasing eGFR, but adjusting for this variable did not modify the association: 1.48[0.82-2.66], 1.51[1.03-2.21], 1.35[0.88-2.08], 2.44[1.56-3.84] for each water intake class compared to patients with medium water intake. This study did not show an association between baseline pure water intake and CKD progression to end-stage. Further analyses are needed taking longitudinal water intake into account.

Validation and Reliability of a Water Frequency Questionnaire to Estimate Daily Water Intake in Adults (P13-006-19)

ObjectivesInvestigators sought to: 1) evaluate the validity of a water frequency questionnaire (WFQ) to estimate mean daily water intake (WI) in adults through comparison to the gold standard, deuterium oxide (D2O) disappearance, and 2) evaluate reliability of WFQ to estimate WI. MethodsData collection occurred over three weeks, with validity of WFQ (vs. D2O) assessed during week one (W1) and reliability assessed between W1 and week three (W3). Healthy, free-living adults (n = 103; 51% female; 41 ± 14 y; BMI, 26.5 ± 5.5 kg·m–2) consumed D2O (0.1 g·kg–1 lean mass) at the start of W1 and provided urine samples immediately before ingestion, the following day, and at the end of the week to calculate total body water turnover (WTO). Seven day beverage consumption during W1 and W3 was retrospectively estimated using the WFQ. The WFQ included 17 beverage types with specified volumes (e.g., water (8 oz); soft drink (12 oz)) and nine frequency options ranging from ‘Never or less than 1 per week’ to ‘7+ per day’. Investigators converted beverage volumes to mL and calculated WI for each week. Food frequency questionnaires were also completed at the end of both weeks. Diets were analyzed with Nutritional Data System for Research software to estimate water intake from solid foods and metabolic water production by macronutrient oxidation. Water from food and macronutrient oxidation were subtracted from WTO to estimate WI via D2O. WFQ reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation (ICC) and Cronbach α, and validity was assessed via Bland-Altman plots. ResultsThe mean difference in WI between D2O (2902 ± 1321 mL·day–1) and WFQ (2589 ± 1560 mL·day–1) was –308 ± 166 mL (P = 0.065). No systematic bias was observed between methods (R2 = 0.032, P = 0.071) as 3% of WI variance was explained by differences between methods. WFQ WI was not different between W1 (2589 ± 1560 mL·day–1) and W3 (2441 ± 1334 mL·day–1, P = 0.135). Cronbach α = 0.8415 demonstrated high internal consistency in WI estimation. The ICC was 0.834 (95% CI: 0.754, 0.887), demonstrating good test-retest reliability of WFQ. ConclusionsIn conclusion, the WFQ produced reliable WI estimates that were comparable to the gold standard of D2O assessment. This questionnaire may be a practical and easy method for assessing water intake in adults. Funding SourcesThe study was funded by Danone Research.

Determining the Effect of Diet on Renal Health and Function in 2 Strains of Mice

Diet remains a key contributor to health and disease worldwide. However, diet is routinely overlooked or oversimplified in basic biomedical research. Most preclinical animal studies are performed in young mice fed a grain‐based chow diet that is supplemented to ensure adequate nutrition. Those studies that consider diet typically use commercially available formulas that significantly oversimplify the dietary patterns of “Western” societies. We have developed a novel “Americanized” rodent diet (AD) that is a more holistic representation of American dietary quality and was further adjusted based on mouse requirements. Our preliminary studies found mice consuming the AD differed in measures of renal function as compared to mice fed chow in two different strains. Therefore, in the current study we set out to determine if the AD deferentially influences renal health as compared to a commercially available “Western” diet (WD) in 2 strains of mice. All experiments were performed in accordance with protocols approved by the Liberty University IACUC and conform to the FASEB Statement of Principles for the use of animals in research and education. 3‐week old male mice of the C57Bl/6 or 129SvEv strains were purchased from Taconic and acclimated to the new environment and chow diet for 1‐week. After one week, mice were given ad libitum access to chow (18% protein), our AD, or WD for 8 weeks (n=6). The AD consists of a modified chow pellet and synthetic pellet formulated to match the reported 50th percentile of American intake for several nutrients. After 8 weeks, mice were placed in metabolic cages to quantify water intake and urinary excretion. Renal blood flow (RBF) was determined in these mice using contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography and blood pressure using a non‐invasive tail‐cuff method. Mice were then euthanized and kidney samples collected for histological assessment. All statistical analyses were performed using general linear models in SPSS, with “Diet” and “Strain” as the independent variables. Diet significantly influenced water intake (but not strain), with mice fed chow consuming 4–5mL of water per day, as compared to ~3mL/day observed in mice fed AD or WD (P&lt;0.001). After correcting for differences in water intake (water intake as a covariate), strain had a significant influence on urinary output, with the C57Bl/6 mice having a greater 24 hour urinary volume as compared to the 129 strain (P=0.02). Furthermore, mice fed the AD had significantly lower estimated RBF as compared to mice fed chow (P=0.03), with a marked reduction in inner medullary blood flow (P&lt;0.02) as compared to mice fed chow or the WD. Strain also tended to influence the effect of diet on systolic blood pressure (strain*diet P=0.07), with mice of the 129 strain fed the AD having the lowest blood pressure that was significantly different from mice fed chow (P=0.02). Taken together, our results suggest that diet (particularly the AD) significantly influences renal function and this effect is further influenced by mouse strain. These results suggest that preclinical animal studies should consider diet in a holistic manner and more research is needed to delineate the physiological mechanisms by which the AD directly impacts renal function.Support or Funding InformationLUCOM Intramural Grant #2018‐01This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Difference in water intake between persons with a history of cerebral infarction and healthy persons

Difference in water intake between persons with a history of cerebral infarction and healthy persons

Quantified water intake in laboratory cats from still, free-falling and circulating water bowls, and its effects on selected urinary parameters.

The study objectives were to determine if the method of water presentation (still [S], circulating [C] or free-falling [FF] bowl systems) influences daily water consumption in cats in a controlled environment, and whether differences in water intake affect urine relative super saturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate and struvite, urine specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (Uosmol) and urine volume. Sixteen healthy laboratory cats fed a dry diet were individually housed with urine collection systems. Each cat underwent a randomized 2 week crossover period with all bowl systems, allowing a 1 week acclimation period between each crossover. Water intake was measured daily by bowl weight, accounting for spillage and evaporation. USG and urine volume were measured daily, whereas other urinary parameters were measured at various time points throughout each 14 day crossover period. Fourteen cats completed the study. Average daily water intake (ml/kg/day), urine volume, USG and urine RSS for struvite and calcium oxalate were not significantly different between water bowls. Uosmol was significantly higher in C compared with S and FF bowl systems (P = 0.009 for both). Three individual cats demonstrated a significant water bowl preference (Cat 4: C >S, P = 0.039; Cat 10: FF >C, P = 0.005; Cat 11: S >C, P = 0.037). Overall, water bowl type had no appreciable effect on water intake. Uosmol was the only urinary parameter found to be significantly different, and was higher for the C bowl. The implication of this is unknown, considering water intake did not differ significantly between bowls. Alternative methods to increase water intake should be implemented beyond providing unique water bowls in patients where augmented water intake would be beneficial for disease management.

Environmental effects on water intake and water intake prediction in growing beef cattle.

Water is an essential nutrient, but there are few recent studies that evaluate how much water individual beef cattle consume and how environmental factors affect an individual's water intake (WI). Most studies have focused on WI of whole pens rather than WI of individual animals. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of environmental parameters on individual-animal WI across different seasons and develop prediction equations to estimate WI, including within different environments and management protocols. Individual daily feed intake and WI records were collected on 579 crossbred steers for a 70-d period following a 21-d acclimation period for feed and water bunk training. Steers were fed in 5 separate groups over a 3-yr period from May 2014 to March 2017. Individual weights were collected every 14 d and weather data were retrieved from the Oklahoma Mesonet's Stillwater station. Differences in WI as a percent of body weight (WI%) were analyzed accounting for average temperature (TAVG), relative humidity (HAVG), solar radiation (SRAD), and wind speed (WSPD). Seasonal (summer vs. winter) and management differences (ad libitum vs. slick bunk) were examined. Regression analysis was utilized to generate 5 WI prediction equations (overall, summer, winter, slick, and ad libitum). There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in WI between all groups when no environmental parameters were included in the model. Although performance was more similar after accounting for all differences in weather variables, significant (P < 0.05) seasonal and feed management differences were still observed for WI%, but were less than 0.75% of steer body weight. The best linear predictors of daily WI (DWI) were dry mater intake (DMI), metabolic body weights (MWTS), TAVG, SRAD, HAVG, and WSPD. Slight differences in the coefficient of determinations for the various models were observed for the summer (0.34), winter (0.39), ad libitum (0.385), slick bunk (0.41), and overall models (0.40). Based on the moderate R2 values for the WI prediction equations, individual DWI can be predicted with reasonable accuracy based on the environmental conditions that are present, MWTS, and DMI consumed, but substantial variation exists in individual animal WI that is not accounted for by these models.

Abstract 035: Fetal Growth Restriction is Associated with Spontaneous Gestational Hypertension in African Green Monkeys

Hypertensive pregnancy disorders, including gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE), are a major cause of worldwide maternal and fetal mortality. The only treatment for PE is delivery of the infant and placenta. Elucidating the cause of GH and PE is critical for improving diagnosis and therapy. This study provides the pregnant African Green Monkey (AGM; Chlorocebus aethiops sabeus ) as the first known nonhuman model of spontaneous GH with pathophysiological characteristics of PE. Here, maternal blood pressures, water balance, renal electrolyte excretion, and fetal birth weight are characterized in AGMs. Following ketamine sedation (15 mg/kg i.m.), systolic blood pressures (SBP) were obtained in AGMs using forearm plethysmography. Animals were defined as normotensive (NT; SBP &lt; 120 mmHg), hypertensive (HT; SBP ≥ 140 mmHg), or GH (SBP increased from non-HT to ≥15 mmHg in 3 rd trimester). Nonpregnant SBP for NT AGMs was 98.7 ± 3.7 mmHg (n = 18), for HT AGMs was 154.7 ± 5.7 mmHg (n = 6), and for GH AGMs was 111.3 ± 6.1 mmHg (n = 7). Third trimester SBP for NT AGMs was 102.9 ± 4.0 mmHg (n = 13), and for GH AGMs was 146.3 ± 4.6 mmHg (n = 7). SBP decreased by 5.2 ± 8.1 mmHg in NT pregnancies (n = 5) and increased 35.0 ± 8.1 mmHg in GH pregnancies (n = 6).There were no differences in water intake or 24-hour urinary Na + /K + excretions among AGMs regardless of group. Infant birth weight was lower in GH AGMs than that of NT AGMs (GH 233.1 ± 27.0 g, n = 5; NT 314.5 ± 16.7 g, n = 7; p&lt;0.05). These data show GH in the AGM is associated with fetal growth restriction, decreased late pregnancy SBP in controls, and increased SBP in GH, similar to human pregnancies. Future studies include examination of renal glomerular structure, placental histopathology and transcriptomics, protein excretions, and plasma PE biomarkers to further establish this animal as a spontaneous model of GH and possibly PE. The AGM, having diverged from the human lineage approximately 29 million years ago, has close genetic homology to humans. This evolutionary history has led to a shared organ physiology, circadian rhythmicity, upright posture, and complex familial and behavior systems with humans, making it a highly translational animal model of hypertensive pregnancy disorders critical to cardiovascular research.

Characteristics of Beverage Consumption Habits among a Large Sample of French Adults: Associations with Total Water and Energy Intakes.

Background: Adequate hydration is a key factor for correct functioning of both cognitive and physical processes. In France, public health recommendations about adequate total water intake (TWI) only state that fluid intake should be sufficient, with particular attention paid to hydration for seniors, especially during heatwave periods. The objective of this study was to calculate the total amount of water coming from food and beverages and to analyse characteristics of consumption in participants from a large French national cohort. Methods: TWI, as well as contribution of food and beverages to TWI was assessed among 94,939 adult participants in the Nutrinet-Santé cohort (78% women, mean age 42.9 (SE 0.04)) using three 24-h dietary records at baseline. Statistical differences in water intakes across age groups, seasons and day of the week were assessed. Results: The mean TWI was 2.3 L (Standard Error SE 4.7) for men and 2.1 L (SE 2.4) for women. A majority of the sample did comply with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adequate intake recommendation, especially women. Mean total energy intake (EI) was 1884 kcal/day (SE 1.5) (2250 kcal/day (SE 3.6) for men and 1783 kcal/day (SE 1.5) for women). The contribution to the total EI from beverages was 8.3%. Water was the most consumed beverage, followed by hot beverages. The variety score, defined as the number of different categories of beverages consumed during the three 24-h records out of a maximum of 8, was positively correlated with TWI (r = 0.4); and with EI (r = 0.2), suggesting that beverage variety is an indicator of higher consumption of food and drinks. We found differences in beverage consumptions and water intakes according to age and seasonality. Conclusions: The present study gives an overview of the water intake characteristics in a large population of French adults. TWI was found to be globally in line with public health recommendations.

Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) drinking preferences: do nipple drinkers compensate for behaviourally deficient diets?

When offered diets with hay adlibitum, rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) clearly prefer open dishes over nipple drinkers, but whether this preference also applies in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) is unsure. We tested the drinker preference of 10 guinea pigs when offered open dishes (OD) and nipple drinkers (ND) simultaneously and measured the amount of water consumed by each animal on four different diets (grass hay 100%, or as 10% of intake on diets of fresh parsley, seed mix or pelleted complete feed, respectively) on either of the drinking systems. All animals ingested the hay portion of the combined diets first. The amount of water consumed differed significantly between individual animals. Animals drank less water on parsley than on the other diets. Nine of 10 animals clearly preferred ND when having a choice, and eight of these drank more when on ND only. The difference between the drinking systems was not consistent across all diets: on hay, similar amounts of water were drunk when on OD or ND only. Differences in water intake were reflected in urine production. Because drinking from ND in guinea pigs involves jaw movements similar to those in chewing, the results could suggest that when motivation for oral processing behaviour is not satisfied by a diet, animals may respond in using ND beyond physiological water necessity. Whereas physiological water requirements are probably better investigated with other drinking systems due to a possible overestimation when using ND, offering ND to pet guinea pigs most likely offers a form of behavioural enrichment that at the same time may increase water intake and hence act as prophylaxis against urolithiasis.

Effect and Process Evaluation of a Cluster Randomized Control Trial on Water Intake and Beverage Consumption in Preschoolers from Six European Countries: The ToyBox-Study.

BackgroundWithin the ToyBox-study, a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention was developed to prevent overweight and obesity in European preschoolers, targeting four key behaviours related to early childhood obesity, including water consumption. The present study aimed to examine the effect of the ToyBox-intervention (cluster randomized controlled trial) on water intake and beverage consumption in European preschoolers and to investigate if the intervention effects differed by implementation score of kindergartens and parents/caregivers.MethodA sample of 4964 preschoolers (4.7±0.4 years; 51.5% boys) from six European countries (Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Poland, Spain) was included in the data analyses. A standardized protocol was used and parents/caregivers filled in socio-demographic data and a food-frequency questionnaire. To assess intervention effects, multilevel repeated measures analyses were conducted for the total sample and for the six country-specific samples. Based on the process evaluation questionnaire of teachers and parents/caregivers, an implementation score was constructed. To assess differences in water intake and beverage consumption by implementation score in the total sample, multilevel repeated measures analyses were performed.ResultsLimited intervention effects on water intake from beverages and overall beverage consumption were found. However, important results were found on prepacked fruit juice consumption, with a larger decrease in the intervention group compared to the control group. However, also a decline in plain milk consumption was found. Implementation scores were rather low in both kindergartens and parents/caregivers. Nevertheless, more favorable effects on beverage choices were found in preschoolers whose parents/caregivers and kindergarten teachers had higher implementation scores compared to those with lower implementation scores.ConclusionThe ToyBox-intervention can provide the basis for the development of more tailor-made interventions. However, new strategies to improve implementation of interventions should be created.

Effect of varying levels of bypass fat on digestibilities of nutrients and balances of N, P and Ca in lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes

Lactating Jaffrabadi buffaloes (24; first to fourth lactation and average body weight 650.0 kg) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each as per completely randomized design and allocated to 4 dietary treatments as T1,T2, T3 and T4. Experimental buffaloes were offered commercial concentrate mixture and cotton seed cake in equal proportion (50:50) to fulfil the protein requirements as per ICAR (1998) along with the basal diet of 10 kg seasonal green and mature pasture grass hay ad lib. Commercial bypass fat was provided to all experimental buffaloes at the rate of 150g per animal for first 15 days prior to parturition and at the rate of 0, 10g, 20g and 30g /kg milk yield in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively post partum. DMI, Per cent DMI and DMI/kg W0.75 of lactating buffaloes remained non significant among different treatment groups during entire experiment. Lactating buffaloes also showed non-significant differences in body weight and biometry during different phases of experiment. Differences in water intake (l/day, l/100kg B.W., l/kg W0.75 and l/kg DMI) by different levels of bypass fat supplementation were also non significant. Digestibility of the rations for DM, OM, CP, EE, CF and NFE were not significantly affected by addition of supplemental fat. Nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium balances were positive and non significant among different treatment groups. Plane of nutrition as per ICAR nutritional requirements for Indian buffaloes was comparable among different dietary treatments. Overall results indicates that bypass fat supplementation has positive but non significant effect on nutrient utilization in different groups.