Differences In Viscosity Research Articles

Unsteady-state CO2 foam injection for increasing enhanced oil recovery and carbon storage potential

The efficiency of CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery and carbon storage is limited by severe viscosity and density differences between CO2 and reservoir fluids and reservoir heterogeneity. In-situ generation of CO2 foam can improve the mobility ratio to increase oil displacement and CO2 storage capacity in geological formations. The aim of this work was to investigate the ability of CO2 foam to increase oil production and associated CO2 storage potential, compared to other CO2 injection methods, in experiments that deploy field-scale injection strategies. Additionally, the effect of oil on CO2 foam generation and stability was investigated. Three different injection strategies were implemented in the CO2 enhanced oil recovery and associated CO2 storage experiments: pure CO2 injection, water-alternating-gas and surfactant-alternating-gas. Foam generation during surfactantalternating-gas experiments showed reduced CO2 mobility compared to water-alternatinggas and pure CO2 injections indicated by the increase in apparent viscosity. CO2 foam increased oil recovery by 50% compared to pure CO2 injection and 25% compared to water-alternating-gas. In addition, CO2 storage capacity increased from 12% during pure CO2 injection up to 70% during surfactant-alternating-gas injections. Experiments performed at high oil saturations revealed a delay in foam generation until a critical oil saturation of 30% was reached. Oil/water emulsions in addition to CO2 foam generation contributed to CO2 mobility reduction resulting in increased CO2 storage capacity with foam. Cited as: Sæle, A., Graue, A., Alcorn, Z. P. Unsteady-state CO2 foam injection for increasing enhanced oil recovery and carbon storage potential. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2022, 6(6): 472-481. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2022.06.04

Dynamic behavior of miscible binary fluid mixtures in nanopores: Implications for CO2-enhanced oil flow in shale reservoirs

Dynamic behavior of miscible CO2-oil mixtures is the heart of CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage in shale reservoirs. However, the omnipresent nanopores not only raise the difference in CO2-reduced oil viscosity through thermodynamic effect from that of bulk condition but also add additional kinetic resistance resulting from a pore surface. In this work, a novel thermo-kinetic model is proposed to characterize the miscible mixtures flow in nanopores with involving changes in activation free energy induced by thermodynamic effect and kinetic effect, where the former is correlated with Helmholtz free energy by a modified Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state, while the latter is determined by a solid–fluid potential model with assuming a miscible mixture as a single pseudo-fluid. Subsequently, CO2-enhanced oil flow in nanopores and its deviation from bulk results are demonstrated. Moreover, the roles of different microscopic interactions are clarified, and the effects of a pore size, CO2 content as well as the strength of fluid-wall interactions are discussed. It is found that CO2 can simultaneously weaken the fluid–fluid interactions and fluid-wall interactions, jointly leading to a reduction in local fluid viscosity and an enhancement in oil flow. The increase in wall-oil affinity and CO2 content can strengthen the enhancement effect. Moreover, our results indicate that the relationship between enhancement effect and pore size strongly depends on the strength of interfacial interactions. For a nanopore with low wall energy (εs/kb < 10 K), a reduction in the enhancement factor is obtained with a decrease in pore size, while the opposite phenomenon is observed for a pore wall with a strong affinity to the oil. Our study lay a theoretical foundation for the reservoir simulation of CO2-EOR and CO2 storage in shale reservoirs.

Flow instabilities in fluid displacement through enlarged regions in annular ducts

This work presents numerical results of flow displacement and the instabilities that appear when a viscoplastic fluid is displaced by a Newtonian one in a vertical annular duct with an enlarged region. Hydrodynamic instabilities in displacement flows may be due to viscosity and density differences, inertia effects and geometry irregularities like eccentricity and variable cross sections. If one of the fluids is non-Newtonian, the situation can be more challenging due to the dependence of the rheology on the flow kinematics. The geometry analyzed is found in the well cementation process in the oil industry, where the drilling fluid (viscoplastic behavior) is displaced by a spacer fluid (Newtonian). The drilling fluid wash out must be perfect in order to guarantee the success of the cementation operation, thus preventing the collapse of the oil well. Situations with excessive wellbore enlargement can occur, hampering the removal of the drilling fluid and the establishment of a perfect zonal isolation. The numerical solution of the problem is obtained using the finite volume technique to solve the governing conservation equations of mass and momentum. The volume of fluid method is employed to deal with the multiphase problem. The aim of this study is to look at how the governing parameters affect the flow displacement pattern and efficiency inside the enlarged region, with the goal to optimize the displacement process. The results focus on real case scenario for unstable situations, and present new findings that helps understanding the role of viscous, inertia and buoyancy effects. • Instabilities in flow displacement in enlarged annular tubes. • Well cementation process in oil industry. • Viscous, inertia and buoyancy effects on the displacement efficiency. • Displacement of a yield stress fluid by a Newtonian one.

A Comparative Study of Xi's Tendon Gangrene (Nonischemic Type of Diabetic Foot) and Gangrene (Diabetic Foot Ischemic Type).

Background Diabetic foot gangrene refers to a lesion in which the tissue of the foot or lower extremities of diabetic patients is damaged, and the cause is the infection of peripheral blood vessels and neuropathy caused by diabetes. Objective To compare the related indexes of blood glucose, inflammation, blood viscosity, and peripheral neuropathy between the nonischemic diabetic foot and ischemic diabetic foot, the same and different characteristics of the two different types of diabetic foot in pathogenesis were discussed and studied. Methods A total of 122 patients with diabetic foot were selected from the Department of Vascular Medicine, Shanghai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, including 61 cases of ischemic type and 61 cases of nonischemic type. The differences in blood glucose, inflammation, blood supply, and peripheral neuropathy between the nonischemic diabetic foot and ischemic diabetic foot were compared to explore their different characteristics. Results The blood glucose index, inflammatory index, and plasma fibrinogen in patients with nonischemic diabetic foot were significantly higher than those in patients with ischemic diabetic foot (P < 0.05). The patients with ischemic diabetic foot were higher in age and blood lipid index than those with the nonischemic diabetic foot (P < 0.05), while having no significant difference in platelet count, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, and end products of glycation (AGEs). Conclusion The nonischemic diabetic foot is mainly infective necrosis, and the ischemic type is ischemic necrosis. The former occurs in the middle-aged and elderly with good blood supply between 40 and 60 years old, while the latter occurs in the elderly with the severe vascular disease over 60 years old. The blood glucose level of nonischemic patients is significantly higher than that of ischemic patients, but it has little to do with the course of diabetes.

Detecting inflammation in the diabetic mice with a fluorescence lifetime-based probe

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is only related to the molecular structure and energy level distribution of the probe, not to the fluorescence intensity. It is an efficient imaging method, because it is not susceptible to interference from the internal environment of biological samples. Diabetes, as a systemic metabolic disease, causes various degrees of inflammation in organs and tissues. As we all know, inflammation of organ and tissue will affect cellular viscosity increases. In this work, a new amphiphilic molecular probe YF-V with a stable structure, good selectivity, fluorescence lifetime response and low cytotoxicity was designed. Under the condition of high viscosity, the rotation of the rotor and the twisting intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) mechanism were inhibited, leading to the extension of the fluorescence lifetime. In the cellular level, YF-V could sensitively detect the dynamic viscosity changes of cells induced by glucose through FLIM. Meanwhile, YF-V is also successfully applied to observe the difference in viscosity between the tissues and organs of diabetic mice and normal mice, and take lead in the detection of organ damage in diabetic mice with different disease durations. This provides an efficient and intuitive method for evaluating organ damage and early diagnosis in diabetes.

Sedimentation behavior of suspensions in milliflow reactors

The increasing industrial interest in performing heterogeneous solid–liquid reactions in tubular reactors requires control over sedimentation and accurate data on the solid velocity in order to optimize residence time distribution. In this research, concentration profiles, velocity profiles and the minimum suspension speed of non-interacting solids in milliflow reactors are determined via image analysis and particle image velocimetry. First, the five different flow regimes are identified. Then, the minimum suspension speed, ensuring a homogeneous/pseudo-heterogeneous flow regime is observed to be between 0.7 and 1 m/s depending on liquid and solid properties. Reducing the liquid viscosity and density difference, decreases the minimum suspension speed. Based on the free settling velocity, the Reynolds number to avoid sedimenting of particles can be calculated. The identification of minimum suspension speed and Reynolds number were found to be the determining factors enabling broader application of heterogeneous solid–liquid reactions in milliflow reactors, in academic and industrial environments.

Stir, Shake or Blend: A Comparison of Methods Used to Reduce Viscosity of Blenderized Tube Feedings.

Blenderized tube feeding (BTF) refers to formula composed of whole foods and purees, blended to a consistency that can be administered through an enteral feeding device. BTFs have a higher viscosity than conventional enteral formulas and may be mixed with extra liquid to aid in administration via an enteral feeding device. This study compared changes in viscosity of commercially available BTF s when stirred, shaken, or blenderized. The International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative flow test was used to provide an objective level of viscosity. Our results indicate that the method chosen to thin BTFs results in significant differences in viscosity and varies depending on the percent of water by volume added to the formula as well as the presence of additional non-food ingredients such as synthetic supplements. We conclude that the method used to thin BTFs should be taken into account when a consistent viscosity level is desired.

Physico-chemical characterization of aspirated and simulated human gastric fluids to study their influence on the intrinsic dissolution rate of cinnarizine

To elucidate the critical parameters affecting drug dissolution in the human stomach, the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) of cinnarizine was determined in aspirated and simulated human gastric fluids (HGF). Fasted aspirated HGF (aspHGF) was collected from 23 healthy volunteers during a gastroscopic examination. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) pH 1.2, fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF), and simulated human gastric fluid (simHGF) developed to have rheological, and physico-chemical properties similar to aspHGF, were used as simulated HGFs. The IDR of cinnarizine was significantly higher in HCl pH 1.2 (952 ± 27 µg/(cm2·min)) than in FaSSGF pH 1.6 (444 ± 7 µg/(cm2·min)), and simHGF pH 2.5 (49 ± 5 µg/(cm2·min)) due to the pH dependent drug solubility and viscosity differences of the three simulated HGFs. The shear thinning behavior of aspHGF had a significant impact on the IDR of cinnarizine, indicating that the use of FaSSGF, with viscosity similar to water, to evaluate gastric drug dissolution, might overestimate the IDR by a factor of 100–10.000, compared to the non-Newtonian, more viscous, fluids in the human stomach. The developed simHGF simulated the viscosity of the gastric fluids, as well as the IDR of the model drug, making it a very promising medium to study gastric drug dissolution in vitro.

Physical Properties and Storage Stability of Buton Rock Asphalt Modified Asphalt.

Buton Rock Asphalt (BRA) refers to the natural rock asphalt natively produced on the Buton island of Indonesia. It is often used as a modifier to enhance the performance of asphaltpavement. However, the segregation of BRA in BRA-Modified Asphalt (BRA-MA) has restricted its application. This study aims to investigate how the particle size and content of BRA affect the physical properties and storage stability of BRA-MA. Penetration, softening point, viscosity, and viscosity-temperature susceptibility (VTS) were analyzed. The evaluation method of storage stability was discussed and determined. The segregation of BRA in BRA-MA of static storage and transportation process were simulated and tested. The results suggest that the softening point and viscosity were positively correlated to BRA content and inversely determined by particle size. Penetration, VTS, and ductility were reduced due to the decline in particle size and increment of BRA content. The index of segregation value based on viscosity difference showed better statistical and quantitative significances than the softening-point difference in evaluating the storage stability. The particle size and content of BRA are positively correlated to the segregation of BRA-MA. Both the storage temperature and time were positively correlated to the segregation of BRA-MA. We prove that the relationship between specific surface area and segregation are power functional. BRA-MA with BRA whose 50% particle sizes are lower than 13.6 μm showed low segregation in transportation.

Influence of density and viscosity on deformation, breakage, and coalescence of bubbles in turbulence

The interaction between turbulence and deformable interfaces occurs in many environmental phenomena and industrial applications, from bubble generation in breaking waves, to combustion and atomization processes. We use direct numerical simulations to unveil the complex interaction among turbulence, interfaces, and bubble properties, namely density, viscosity, and surface tension. We observe that while density differences have a negligible effect on breakage and coalescence of bubbles, viscosity differences play a key role in the interactions among bubbles and between bubbles and turbulence.

Effect of Early Electroacupuncture Combined with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) on Pain Perception and Dysfunction in Patients after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA).

Objective A retrospective case-control study was performed to observe the effect and clinical significance of early electroacupuncture combined with enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) on pain perception and dysfunction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods About 100 patients who diagnosed with TKA from February 2019 to April 2021 were enrolled in our hospital. The patients were arbitrarily assigned into control group and study group. The former group was cured with electroacupuncture in the early stage, and the latter group was intervened on the basis of early electroacupuncture combined with the concept of ERAS. The curative effect, the time of getting out of bed for the first time after operation, the time of postoperative rehabilitation, postoperative rehabilitation cost, pain score and knee joint function score, range of motion (ROM) of knee joint, low shear of whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen level, and postoperative complications were compared. Results There exhibited no statistical difference in clinical data. In terms of the treatment effects, there were 27 cases of markedly effective, 22 cases of effective, and 1 case of ineffective in the study group, and the total effective rate was 98.00%; in the control group, 15 cases were markedly effective, 28 cases were effective, and 13 cases were ineffective, and the total effective rate was 86.00%. Compared to the control group, the total effective rate of the study group was higher (P < 0.05). And the first time to get out of bed and the postoperative rehabilitation time in the study group were lower. Compared to the control group (10113.42 ± 524.83) yuan, the postoperative rehabilitation cost in the study group (12401.71 ± 530.77) yuan was higher. In terms of the scores of VAS and HSS, there exhibited no remarkable difference before treatment (P > 0.05). After treatment, the VAS score lessened and the HSS score augmented the study group VAS score (1.76 ± 0.28); the score in the control group was lower compared to the control group (3.45 ± 0.36), and HSS scoring (83.48 ± 11.23) points higher compared to the control group (65.82 ± 10.44) points (P < 0.05). The ROM of knee joint augmented successively at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 8th week after treatment comparison between groups, the ROM of the knee joint in the study group at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 8th week was (49.47 ± 3.60)°, (64.38 ± 5.32)°, (86.93 ± 6.72)°, and (104.20 ± 9.11)°, is higher compared to the control group (46.53 ± 3.41)°, (61.52 ± 5.20)°, (78.42 ± 6.45)°, and (98.77 ± 8.67)° (P < 0.05). One day after operation, there exhibited no remarkable difference in whole blood viscosity low shear, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen level (P > 0.05). However, there exhibited no remarkable difference in plasma viscosity and fibrinogen level at 1 day and 7 days after operation (P > 0.05). Seven days after operation, the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen in the study group were lower (P < 0.05). The probability of postoperative complications was compared. In the study group, there were 2 cases of limb swelling and pain, 1 case of joint stiffness, and no swelling and pain complicated with deep venous thrombosis, and the total incidence was 6.00%. In the control group, there were 5 cases of limb swelling and pain, 3 cases of joint stiffness, and 3 cases of swelling and pain complicated with deep venous thrombosis, with a total incidence of 22.00%. The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was lower (χ2 = 5.317 P < 0.05). Conclusion Early electroacupuncture combined with ERAS is of positive significance to the patients after TKA, which can reduce the pain, enhance the function of the knee joint, and promote the ROM of the knee joint, and can effectively shorten the first time out of bed and postoperative rehabilitation time and reduce whole blood viscosity low shear, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen level, but the overall rehabilitation cost is high, and clinical application should be combined with the actual situation of patients.

Influence of process variables on shoe polish viscosity

Valourisation of non-biodegradable wastes into value added products like shoe polish can indeed be an effective tool for waste management and climate change mitigation. However, having appropriate shoe polish viscosity is important for customer satisfaction as too thick or too thin shoe polish may not result in desired customer satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of process variables (water repellant nature, process temperature, carbon black source and particle size, as well as, composition type and quantity) on shoe polish viscosity. The viscosity values of the various samples of shoe polish produced using carbon black pigments from batteries, pyrolytic rubber tyres, plastic bottle and water sachets wastes were determined. From the results obtained, it could be observed that shoe polish samples that had almost the same value of dynamic viscosity (η = 0.2389) with that of the commercial Kiwi shoe polish included the shoe polish with used vegetable oil as water repellant and the shoe polish with dye sourced from discarded batteries and plastic bottle wastes but with particle sixe of 0.80 mm. On comparison of the viscosity values of other shoe polish samples with that of the Kiwi shoe polish, it was observed that all shoe polish samples evaluated for all the distinctive process variables except temperature had comparable viscosity with that of Kiwi shoe polish. The real difference in viscosities of the shoe polish samples was observed when the process temperature was below 60 °C. This indicates that temperature as a process variable is the main determining factor regarding the viscosity of the shoe polish samples.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Kestabilan Fisik Krim Ekstrak Biji Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum L.) Menggunakan Variasi Emulgator

Black papper seed extract has known for its antivitiligo potential. The addition of black papper seed extract was predicted can influence the physical stability of the cream. Therefore, this research was aimed to test the physical stability of cream contained black papper seed extract in varity of emulgator there is tween® 60-span® 60, tween® 80-span® 80, novemer®, dan viscolam®. Physical stability test using the cycling test method by storing the preparation at 4 ° ± 2 ° C for 24 hours and then storing it at 40°±2°C) for 24 hours. The storage time at these two different temperatures is considered as one cycle and carried out for 12 days. The stability parameters were organoleptic observations, homogeneity, dispersion, pH, viscosity and cycling test results. The results showed that there were differences in organoleptic values, pH, viscosity, homogeneity and dispersibility. The most stable cream was obtained, namely the cream formula using emulgator Tween® 60-span® 60, had a good organoleptic value, cream type m/a, pH 5.10, viscosity 46,800 cPs, spreadability 4.2 cm2, homogeneous cream . The results of this study indicate that black pepper seed extract cream can be formulated into a stable cream preparation.

Reorientation dynamics of microswimmers at fluid-fluid interfaces

We show that a microswimmer trapped thermodynamically at fluid-fluid interfaces experiences a torque arising from the hydrodynamic boundary condition at the interface. This turns force dipoles corresponding to pullers perpendicular and pushers parallel to the interface. We demonstrate that in the general case, when there is a viscosity contrast across the interface, the steady state orientation is given by the interplay between the torques arising from the force dipoles and the self-propulsion which is sensitive to the viscosity difference between the two fluids.

Symmetry breaking of a parallel two-phase flow in a finite length channel

We experimentally and numerically study the stability of a parallel two-phase flow in a finite length channel. Although the channel is symmetric and the fluids are flowed at the same flow rate, the interface between the fluids becomes unstable locally near the exit junction and prevents complete separation of the two fluids. The instability leads to shedding of droplets of one phase into the other with a period that is inversely proportional to the flow rate. We show how even a small difference in viscosity between the two fluids and the details of the exit geometry can affect this instability.

Highly concentrated micellar casein: Impact of its storage stability on the functional characteristics of process cheese products

Micellar casein is a novel dairy protein ingredient that can be used in process cheese product (PCP). PCP is a dairy food prepared by blending dairy ingredients with nondairy ingredients and then heating the mixture with continuous agitation to produce a homogenized product with an extended shelf-life. The objective of this work was to study the effect of storage of concentrated micellar casein (CMC) on the functionality of PCP. Three treatments of CMC (CMC; CMC + NaCl= CMC + 1% sodium chloride; CMC + NaCl + NaCit = CMC + 1% sodium chloride and 1% trisodium citrate) were prepared and stored for 60 d at 4 °C. The functionality of PCP was determined by measuring the end apparent viscosity, hardness, and melting temperature. This trial was replicated three times. The PCP made with different treatments of CMC during storage had an approximate range of 47.0–48.0% moisture and 5.7–5.8 pH (P < 0.05). The addition of sodium chloride and trisodium citrate to CMC during storage resulted in differences (P < 0.05) in the end apparent viscosity, hardness, and melting temperature of PCP. However, the storage of CMC did not show any differences (P > 0.05) in the functionality of PCP.

Programmable droplets: Leveraging digitally-responsive flow fields to actively tune liquid morphologies.

Stimulus-responsive materials enable programmable and adaptive behaviors. Typical solid-phase systems can only achieve small deformations for applications where shape transformations are beneficial or required. Liquids, in contrast, can self-assemble and achieve very high strains in a multifluid environment. Here we report liquid droplet formation by tuning flow potential within a confined fluidic cell. We digitally inject small volumes of liquid-pigment into an otherwise-transparent liquid layer, generating macroscopic droplet assembly over large areas constrained between closely-spaced plates. Droplet morphology is actively controlled by modulating outlet conditions to tune flow fields. Pattern stability is maintained through control over injection rate, interfacial viscosity difference, and interfacial surface tension. We demonstrate time-dependent droplet formation and migration to achieve spatially-tunable optical properties. Applied as a multi-cell array, we imagine this liquid mechanism will enable scalable pattern dynamics for active shading and visual display technologies.

Density, surface tension, and viscosity of Co-Cr-Mo melts measured using electrostatic levitation technique

Co-Cr-Mo (CCM) alloys, which are used in biomedical implants, are currently produced by additive manufacturing, for which accurate modeling of the process is required to attain the desired thermophysical properties of the melts. For the purpose of modeling, the density, surface tension, and viscosity of two CCM melts of distinct carbon content (0.05 and 0.25% by mass) were measured using an electrostatic levitation technique. The temperature dependence of both density and surface tension of the melts were assumed to be linear, whereas that for viscosity was assumed to have Arrhenius form, from which the activation energy corresponding to the viscous flow of each CCM melt was obtained. Using the Szyzkowski model along with our present and previous results, the influence of the partial pressure of oxygen on the surface tension of the two CCM melts was evaluated. No substantial difference in surface tension and viscosity between these melts was found.

Rheological Behavior Patterns in Artificial Tears.

Rheological patterns were objectively calculated considering the first and last viscosity, besides the difference of viscosity with a specific shear rate. Shear thinning, shear thickening, thixotropic, and Newtonian behavior patterns were found. This study aimed to describe, in an objective way, the rheological behavior of several artificial tears. Seventy-eight artificial tears were included in this experimental analytical study. Its viscous behavior was measured using a cone-plate rheometer. An ascending and descending measurement range was defined for the shear rate from 1 to 1000 s-1 and vice versa. Hysteresis was calculated with the initial and final difference of viscosity. The rheological behavior pattern was calculated as the viscosity difference for the shear rate between 100 and 1000 s-1. Four rheological patterns with different magnitudes were found: shear thinning, shear thickening, thixotropic, and Newtonian. The viscosity of artificial tears always depends on the shear rate. It is possible to find two patterns simultaneously depending on the shear rate. These rheological patterns could serve to optimize the treatment with lubricants for different conditions of the ocular surface. In vivo studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical significance of these findings.

Comparative rheological study on hybrid nanofluids with the same structure of MWCNT (50%)-ZnO(50%)/SAE XWX to select the best performance of nano-lubricants using response surface modeling

In engineering topics, knowing about the behavior of fluids has always been important and can play an important role in advancing the industry. Therefore, in recent years, many scientific and research fields have addressed this issue. In this study, for the first time, the rheological behavior of hybrid nano-lubricants containing same percentage of ZnO and MWCNT nanoparticles in SAE50, SAE40 and 5W50 base fluids are statistically and comprehensively investigated. Analysis shows that the studied nano-lubricants follow non-Newtonian behavior in all conditions. By adding nanoparticles to 5W50 base oil at a volume fraction of φ = 1% (highest φ) and temperature of T = 5 °C, the viscosity increased about + 30%, which is the highest viscosity increase among the studied nano-lubricants. On the other hand, MWCNT-ZnO (50:50)/SAE50 nano-lubricant at T = 25 °C had a viscosity difference of − 43.10, which is a significant reduction in viscosity. In addition to the experimental results, the response surface methodology (RSM) applied and a Quartic model was used to model the viscosity behavior with an accuracy of R-Squared = 0.9996 in the form of a mathematical correlation. The range of deviation was − 3.82 % < MOD < 4.40 % and the 22.15 % highest sensitivity was occurred at φ = 1% and T = 50 °C. Competitive comparison and determination of one of the studied nano-lubricants as optimal and desirable nano-lubricants, can have applications such as cooling and lubrication in industries that are face with energy loss due to oil pumping, prevent friction between parts, and brings economic cost savings.