Use Of Different Strategies Research Articles

Politeness Strategies Employed by Arab EFL And Malaysian ESL Students in Making Request

In communication, speakes tend to have a polite conversation using appropriate strategies, the aim of this study is to examine the politeness strategies used by Arab and Malaysian students in making request. Also, to reveal the similarities and differences of the request strategies employed by the students. The data of the study were collected qualitatively using interview as a data collection instrument. Six post-graduate students were interviewed, three Arab and three Malay living in Malaysia. The study adopted Blum-Kulka, House, & Kasper, (1989) as a theoretical framework to analyse the data. The results of the study showed that Malay respondents used more indirect strategies (hints, query preparatory, hedged performative). while Arabs respondents tend to use an explicit form and direct request strategies (want statements, hints). The students use of different strategies might be attributed to the different cultural backgrounds.

Modified Gaussian models applied to the description and deconvolution of peaks in chiral liquid chromatography

The description of the profiles of chromatographic peaks has been studied extensively, with a large number of proposed mathematical functions. Among them, the accuracy achieved with modified Gaussian models that describe the deviation of an ideal Gaussian peak as a change in the peak variance or standard deviation over time, has been highlighted. These models are, in fact, a family of functions of different complexity with great flexibility to adjust chromatographic peaks over a wide range of asymmetries and shapes. However, an uncontrolled behaviour of the signal may occur outside the region being fitted, forcing the use of different strategies to overcome this problem. In this work, the performance of the LMG (Linear Modified Gaussian), PVMG (Parabolic Variance Modified Gaussian), and PLMG (Parabolic-Lorentzian Modified Gaussian) models is compared with variants obtained by combination of the modified Gaussian models with an equation that adds an exponential tail and with other functions that limit the growth of the independent variable. The behaviour of the approaches is checked through the simultaneous fitting of enantiomeric peaks showing a wide range of characteristics, obtained in the separation of drugs with chiral activity by liquid chromatography using enantioselective columns. The study is also carried out with the purpose of performing the deconvolution of the peaks of the enantiomers, when these are not completely resolved, in order to evaluate the enantiomeric fraction.

Hippocampal Subregion Transcriptomic Profiles Reflect Strategy Selection during Cognitive Aging.

Age-related cognitive impairments are associated with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to defined neural systems; however, studies examining multiple regions of the hippocampus fail to find links between behavior and transcription in the dentate gyrus (DG). We hypothesized that use of a task requiring intact DG function would emphasize molecular signals in the DG associated with a decline in performance. We used a water maze beacon discrimination task to characterize young and middle-age male F344 rats, followed by a spatial reference memory probe trial test. Middle-age rats showed increased variability in discriminating two identical beacons. Use of an allocentric strategy and formation of a spatial reference memory were not different between age groups; however, older animals compensated for impaired beacon discrimination through greater reliance on spatial reference memory. mRNA sequencing of hippocampal subregions indicated DEGs in the DG of middle-age rats, linked to synaptic function and neurogenesis, correlated with beacon discrimination performance, suggesting that senescence of the DG underlies the impairment. Few genes correlated with spatial memory across age groups, with a greater number in region CA1. Age-related CA1 DEGs, correlated with spatial memory, were linked to regulation of neural activity. These results indicate that the beacon task is sensitive to impairment in middle age, and distinct gene profiles are observed in neural circuits that underlie beacon discrimination performance and allocentric memory. The use of different strategies in older animals and associated transcriptional profiles could provide an animal model for examining cognitive reserve and neural compensation of aging.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hippocampal subregions are thought to differentially contribute to memory. We took advantage of age-related variability in performance on a water maze beacon task and next-generation sequencing to test the hypothesis that aging of the dentate gyrus is linked to impaired beacon discrimination and compensatory use of allocentric memory. The dentate gyrus expressed synaptic function and neurogenesis genes correlated with beacon discrimination in middle-age animals. Spatial reference memory was associated with CA1 transcriptional correlates linked to regulation of neural activity and use of an allocentric strategy. This is the first study examining transcriptomes of multiple hippocampal subregions to link age-related impairments associated with discrimination of feature overlap and alternate response strategies to gene expression in specific hippocampal subregions.

The Effects of Different Strategies on the Painful Procedure Management, and the Physiological Parameters in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Background: Since preterm infants are subjected to numerous painful and stressful procedures, various strategies reducing the effects during and after painful procedures are required; we aimed to review the effectiveness of the use of different strategies as a primary or adjunctive treatment on the painful procedures, and the physiological parameters in preterm infants. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, English databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMBASE were systematically searched without any time limitation up to February 2019. The search keywords were (Aromatherapy OR Olfactory OR Amniotic Fluid OR Milk or odor) AND (Pain OR Venipuncture). Results: Finally, four articles were included. The first study conducted on four groups indicates that the pain profile score and the crying time slightly differed during and after the heel prick procedure. In the second study, having pricked the heel, the breast milk group in comparison with the formula milk group embodied the lower premature infant pain profile (PIPP) score. According to the third study, both the vanilla and the breast milk odors groups indicated soothing effects on the premature infants during sampling; and only the breast milk odor is the soothing factor affecting the infants after the sampling termination. The fourth study found that the infants, who were exposed to their own mother’s milk odor, when compared with the control group, encompassed the lowest median PIPP score during venipuncture. Conclusion: Amniotic fluid, the mother’s milk, vanilla and the mother’s odor were determined as reduction and enhancement factors affecting painful procedures and physiological parameters in preterm infants, respectively.

‘Wet’ eldercare facilities: three strategies on the use of alcohol and illicit substances

ABSTRACT Wet eldercare facilities constitute a type of harm reduction arrangements where goals of abstinence are abandoned in favour of goals of increased wellbeing for older people with long-term substance use disorder. The fact that residents are acknowledged as being active in their substance use results in challenges; harmful activities are witnessed by the staff in a context that has actually been created by a social service agency. The aim of this article was to explore what professionals in wet eldercare facilities considered problematic in relation to residents’ consumption of alcohol and illicit substances and what strategies they used to address these ‘problems’. Particular attention was paid to approaches and strategies that addressed the challenge of being present at a facility where destructive behaviour and consumption of alcohol and illicit substances were part of everyday life. Data for the study consists of 12 interviews with managers and staff at five eldercare facilities with different sizes, organizational styles, and approaches. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify strategies that were used to handle the presence of alcohol and drugs under a ‘cap of acceptance’ deemed to be necessary for a wet eldercare facility. Three main strategies were identified and referred to as a) looking away, b) intervention and prohibition and c) intervention and distribution. In the final analysis, findings were brought into a typology for strategies, based on the two variables of acceptance and control, and the use of different strategies was critically discussed.

ALUNOS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA NA ESCOLA REGULAR: RELATOS DE PROFESSORES DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a percepção de docentes de Educação Física de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana, no Rio Grande do Sul, acerca da inclusão de alunos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) na escola regular. Nesse contexto, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito professores de Educação Física que possuem alunos com TEA. A interpretação das informações ocorreu por meio da análise temática de conteúdo. A partir dos relatos dos professores, identificaram-se aspectos da participação dos alunos com TEA nas aulas de Educação Física escolar: tendência em seguir rotinas, incluindo atividades, materiais e pessoas; melhor engajamento em atividades exploratórias e de manipulação de objetos no Ensino Infantil; maior participação em atividades com etapas previamente definidas no Ensino Fundamental. As estratégias docentes incluem atentar para as particularidades das crianças com TEA, traçando-se objetivos e métodos condizentes com as necessidades e potencialidades individuais. Atividades e objetos próprios da rotina de cada aluno foram citadas como forma de se estabelecer o engajamento inicial nas aulas, seguidas pelo uso de distintas estratégias, a fim de se promover a inclusão nas aulas em igualdade aos pares sem deficiência. A mediação por pares foi mencionada, suscitando benefícios à turma de alunos. Ademais, o trabalho interdisciplinar foi referido como indispensável à efetiva Educação Inclusiva. Conclui-se que as características apresentadas pelos alunos com TEA nas aulas de Educação Física, levam os professores a buscarem estratégias que lhes permitam favorecer o ensino e a aprendizagem destes, sendo as habilidades sociais amplamente evidenciadas nesse processo.
 Recebido em: 20/01/2020
 Reformulado em: 12/03/2020
 Aceito em: 12/03/2020

Young Korean EFL Learners’ Reading and Test-Taking Strategies in a Paper and a Computer-Based Reading Comprehension Tests

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether young Korean students learning English as a foreign language (EFL) engage in similar processes when responding to reading comprehension questions delivered in two different test-presentation modes: paper and computer. It examined the relationship between the two modes and test-takers’ reading comprehension strategies, as well as the degree to which the test-takers’ reading proficiency moderates this relationship. Eighty-four Korean middle school EFL learners took both paper-based and computer-based reading comprehension tests and filled out a questionnaire of reading and test-taking strategies as well as a background questionnaire and a posttest survey. Results revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the participants’ scores on the reading tests delivered on paper and computer, and there were very few statistically significant differences in strategy use between the two modes. On the other hand, there were clear differences in the strategies used by learners with different levels of English reading proficiency. Despite the similarities in test performance and strategy use between the two modes, the majority of participants preferred taking the test on paper and reported difficulties with the computer mode – a finding that might be due to the participants’ lack of familiarity with reading English on a computer screen.

Recent Achievements in Development of TiO2-Based Composite Photocatalytic Materials for Solar Driven Water Purification and Water Splitting.

Clean water and the increased use of renewable energy are considered to be two of the main goals in the effort to achieve a sustainable living environment. The fulfillment of these goals may include the use of solar-driven photocatalytic processes that are found to be quite effective in water purification, as well as hydrogen generation. H2 production by water splitting and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water both rely on the formation of electron/hole (e−/h+) pairs at a semiconducting material upon its excitation by light with sufficient photon energy. Most of the photocatalytic studies involve the use of TiO2 and well-suited model compounds, either as sacrificial agents or pollutants. However, the wider application of this technology requires the harvesting of a broader spectrum of solar irradiation and the suppression of the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. These limitations can be overcome by the use of different strategies, among which the focus is put on the creation of heterojunctions with another narrow bandgap semiconductor, which can provide high response in the visible light region. In this review paper, we report the most recent advances in the application of TiO2 based heterojunction (semiconductor-semiconductor) composites for photocatalytic water treatment and water splitting. This review article is subdivided into two major parts, namely Photocatalytic water treatment and Photocatalytic water splitting, to give a thorough examination of all achieved progress. The first part provides an overview on photocatalytic degradation mechanism principles, followed by the most recent applications for photocatalytic degradation and mineralization of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC), such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides with a critical insight into removal mechanism, while the second part focuses on fabrication of TiO2-based heterojunctions with carbon-based materials, transition metal oxides, transition metal chalcogenides, and multiple composites that were made of three or more semiconductor materials for photocatalytic water splitting.

A Novel Approach for Optimizing the Supply Chain: A Heuristic-Based Hybrid Algorithm

Managing the distribution of goods is a vital operation for many companies. A successful distribution system requires an effective distribution strategy selection and optimum route planning at the right time and minimum cost. Furthermore, customer’s demand and location can vary from order to order. In this situation, a mixed delivery system is a good solution for it and allows the use of different strategies together to decrease delivery costs. Although the “distribution strategy selection” is a critical issue for companies, there are only a few studies that focus on the mixed delivery network problem. There is a need to propose an efficient solution for the mixed delivery problem to guide researchers and practitioners. This paper develops a new “modified” savings-based genetic algorithm which is named “distribution strategy selection and vehicle routing hybrid algorithm (DSSVRHA).” Our new algorithm aims to contribute to the literature a new hybrid solution to solve a mixed delivery network problem that includes three delivery modes: “direct shipment,” “milk run,” and “cross-docking” efficiently. It decides the appropriate distribution strategy and also optimal routes using a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles at minimum cost. The results of the hybrid algorithm are compared with the results of the optimization model. And the performance of the hybrid algorithm is validated with statistical analysis. The computational results reveal that our developed algorithm provides a good solution for reducing the supply chain distribution costs and computational time.

Neural Correlates of Strategy Switching in the Macaque Orbital Prefrontal Cortex.

We can adapt flexibly to environment changes and search for the most appropriate rule to a context. The orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) has been associated with decision making, rule generation and maintenance, and more generally has been considered important for behavioral flexibility. To better understand the neural mechanisms underlying the flexible behavior, we studied the ability to generate a switching signal in monkey PFo when a strategy is changed. In the strategy task, we used a visual cue to instruct two male rhesus monkeys either to repeat their most recent choice (i.e., stay strategy) or to change it (i.e., shift strategy). To identify the strategy switching-related signal, we compared nonswitch and switch trials, which cued the same or a different strategy from the previous trial, respectively. We found that the switching-related signal emerged during the cue presentation and it was combined with the strategy signal in a subpopulation of cells. Moreover, the error analysis showed that the activity of the switch-related cells reflected whether the monkeys erroneously switched or not the strategy, rather than what was required for that trial. The function of the switching signal could be to prompt the use of different strategies when older strategies are no longer appropriate, conferring the ability to adapt flexibly to environmental changes. In our task, the switching signal might contribute to the implementation of the strategy cued, overcoming potential interference effects from the strategy previously cued. Our results support the idea that ascribes to PFo an important role for behavioral flexibility.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We can flexibly adapt our behavior to a changing environment. One of the prefrontal areas traditionally associated with the ability to adapt to new contingencies is the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo). We analyzed the switching related activity using a strategy task in which two rhesus monkeys were instructed by a visual cue either to repeat or change their most recent choice, respectively using a stay or a shift strategy. We found that PFo neurons were modulated by the strategy switching signal, pointing to the importance of PFo in behavioral flexibility by generating control over the switching of strategies.

The “fixed” pie perception and strategy in dyadic versus multiparty negotiations

Mixed-motive negotiations are strategically, socially, and motivationally complex. Theorists argue that multiparty negotiations exacerbate these complexities leading to inefficient outcomes. In contrast, we propose that multiparty negotiators respond to the complexities of their negotiation context by using strategy differently than dyadic negotiators and that one reason why is that they arrive at the negotiation table with weaker fixed pie perceptions than dyadic negotiators. Results across three studies showed that multiparty negotiators had weaker fixed pie perceptions compared to dyadic negotiators. Multiparty negotiators also engaged in more integrative strategic behavior and used more complex complementary and structural sequences of behavior than dyadic negotiators. These differences in use of strategy helped multiparty negotiators achieve Pareto efficient outcomes equal to those of dyads. To obtain a conservative estimate of the effect size of context on fixed pie perceptions, we conducted an internal meta-analysis of our file drawer.

Getting stuck in writing: exploring elementary students’ writing self-regulation strategies

ABSTRACT To understand the self-regulatory strategies children used while writing, we asked 780 elementary school students in the United States, “What do you do when you get stuck in your writing?” Using an inductive approach to content analysis, we analysed their responses to an open-ended item on a survey on student motivation for patterns of self-regulatory behaviour. We examined how their responses differed according to gender, grade level, achievement, and writing self-regulation aptitude. Overwhelmingly, students described strategies like reviewing prewriting, brainstorming, and help-seeking– strategies proven effective for improving writing performance. Chi-square analysis revealed female, upper-grade level, and high-achieving students were significantly more articulate in reporting their strategies. Descriptive analysis revealed these students also reported regulating their behaviours and emotions such as taking a break or persisting at the task. There were no differences in strategy use based on self-regulation scores. We conclude with implications for writing self-regulation theory, research, and practice.

Strategies to Relieve Patients' Preoperative Anxiety Before Anesthesia: Experiences of Nurse Anesthetists

PurposeTo investigate nurse anesthetists' experiences of strategies that alleviate adult patients' preoperative anxiety before anesthesia administration. DesignThe study has a qualitative approach wherein the data were collected through semistructured interviews. The study included interviews with six active nurse anesthetists with at least 5 years of experience who worked in a hospital in southern Sweden. MethodsCritical incident technology was used to analyze the data. FindingsFour different categories emerged: behavior of nurse anesthetist, preoperatively providing information, diverting attention to create security, and medicine as an alternative. ConclusionsAwareness can increase the use of different strategies by both new and experienced nurse anesthetists, as well as by nurses in preoperative units, which in turn alleviates patient anxiety about anesthesia. This may result in a better perioperative experience for the patient.

Símbolos em propagandas de cigarros na década de 70 (1970-1979)

The objective of the work is to analyze the symbols present in cigarette advertisements in the 70's, making a quantitative survey of the symbols shown in these advertisements. The use of different strategies is verified, with predominance in the use of imaginary associations, especially associations with heterosexual couples, sophistication in clothing, extreme sports and food.

Reward-Based DSM Program for Residential Electrical Loads in Smart Grid

There is a positive attitude towards the use of different strategies for engaging in demand response (DR) programs in energy markets through the innovation and trend of smart grid technologies. In this paper, a reward-based approach is proposed that enhances the involvement of customers in the DR program by assuring the customer’s comfort level. Most of the previous works considered limited controllable loads like thermal loads for demand side management (DSM). In this approach thermal and all active electrical loads are considered for the analysis. Comfort indicator is used for the analysis which is an important parameter for measuring comfort of each resident. This technique significantly reduces the utility reward cost and maximizes the user satisfaction level compared with existing approach. The numerical example considered in this work illustrates the fruitfulness of the proposed approach. This problem is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) and solved by using CPLEX solver in General Algebraic Modelling Software (GAMS).

Diferentes estratégias didáticas no ensino de ciências

Este artigo trata-se de um relato de experiência sobre uma das atividades desenvolvidas no Curso de Mestrado em Ensino de Ciências na Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA durante a disciplina Instrumentação para o Ensino de Ciências. O uso de diferentes estratégias pode auxiliar o docente nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem, além de incentivar os alunos a debaterem questões importantes sobre Ciências em sala de aula. A utilização de textos informativos e vídeos educativos são importantes instrumentos para desenvolver a capacidade de leitura e interpretação de um sujeito autônomo no percurso de sua própria aprendizagem. O emprego de estratégias didáticas ao ensino de Ciências, além de atrair mais a atenção dos alunos ao tema discutido em sala de aula, é considerado como alternativa essencial para se alcançar resultados importantes na compreensão do conteúdo ensinado, melhorando assim a aprendizagem dos alunos.

Strategy diversity in early mathematics classrooms

Strategic processes are a form of procedural knowledge in which a child knows how to enact a given strategy that improves their capability in problem solving or learning. The solution strategies children use are critical components of their learning, especially in mathematics. Children vary substantially in their knowledge and use of different strategies, and much research has focused on intraindividual strategy variability. However, we do not know if classrooms that evince a broader variety of strategies across children are related to higher mathematics achievement. We investigated the diversity of arithmetical strategies within classrooms and examined the relations between strategy diversity and mathematical achievement as children moved from preschool to kindergarten and first grade. These analyses were applied to data from a large-scale experiment involving 1305 children from 42 schools and 106 classrooms. We created and applied a new method of measuring classroom strategy diversity and related this measure to children’s concurrent and subsequent math achievement. We found that early strategy diversity was strongly related to achievement, but in subsequently, less diversity was so related. We compared these results to the predictions of three theoretical categories and found that our results mainly supported one.

Individual and age differences in block-by-block dynamics of category learning strategies.

The present experiment examined individual and age differences in the dynamics of category learning strategies. Participants learned categories determined by a disjunctive rule with relational features through a feedback training procedure. During training, participants responded to strategy probes following each block to provide online assessment of the extent to which rule- and exemplar-based strategies were used throughout the training period. We introduced this measure as an alternative to model-based approaches to assessing individual differences in strategy use during training. Following training, participants classified ambiguous transfer objects that were assumed to distinguish between earlier use of rule- and exemplar-based learning strategies. We included this measure to obtain a relatively objective index of strategy use during training. Next, participants provided global ratings of their use of rule- and exemplar-based strategies during training. Results showed that strategy preferences expressed on the final training block predicted categorisation of ambiguous transfer objects better than global strategy reports. In addition, we utilised the block-by-block strategy reports to investigate the dynamics of learners' strategy preferences over the course of training. The findings revealed greater fluidity in strategy preferences for both younger and older adults than has been previously documented in the category learning literature. The novel block-by-block strategy reports in conjunction with the transfer-based approach allowed for a more nuanced examination of individual and age differences in strategy use and categorisation performance.

Who resists belief-biased inferences? The role of individual differences in reasoning strategies, working memory, and attentional focus.

A common explanation for individual differences in the ability to draw rule-based inferences, when a putative conclusion suggests a competing belief-based inference, is that the ability to do so depends on working memory capacity. In the following studies, we examined the hypothesis that the ability to draw rule-based inferences in belief bias tasks can also be explained by individual differences in reasoning strategies and in the related attentional focus. The dual-strategy model differentiates counterexample and statistical strategies that involve different information-processing styles. In the first study (N = 139), participants completed a working memory task (operation span), a strategy diagnostic questionnaire, and a belief bias task. The results showed that individual differences in strategy use predicted performance in the belief bias problems over and above any effects of working memory capacity, with counterexample reasoners producing rule-based inferences more often than statistical reasoners. In the second study (N = 196), an eye-tracking methodology was used as a process-tracing technique to investigate attentional differences between the two strategies. On problems showing a conflict between rule-based and belief-based information, counterexample reasoners demonstrated longer fixation times on the premises than did statistical reasoners, thus providing direct evidence that individual differences in strategy use reflect different processing styles. These results clearly indicate that individual differences in strategy use are an important determinant of the way that people make inferences when rule-based and belief-based cues are both present.

Language Strategies to Reduce Anxiety of At-risk Children Deprived of Parental Care

The present study examines language impact on anxiety in at-risk children deprived of parental care. Bulgarianchildren without parents (n=40) divided into 3 age groups (aged 7-10; aged 11-14; and aged 15-17) embedintervention accomplished by four volunteers using four interaction strategies: normal voice and positive language;high tone and positive language; normal tone and negative language, and high tone and negative language.Surveillance has been conducted subjecting anxiety reactions of children measured in 10 indicators: diffidence,dependence, dissatisfaction, reliance, insecurity (for self-assessment anxiety); inadequacy, inactivity,non-communication, inability to seek help, and lack of empathy (for interpersonal anxiety). The present study resultsdemonstrate that linguistic signs have higher influence than paralinguistic cues on children’s behaviour and the useof negative language would increase anxiety in children to a greater extent when the tone is normal while raising thetone would enhance self-assessment and interpersonal anxiety of children with emotional disorders. Balanced use ofnegative and positive language combination with a different tone in different situations would increase socialfunctioning of the child. The use of different strategies for interaction by specialists – with normal and high tone,encouragement or reprimand should be tailored to the specifics of the child as well as to the relevant skills to bedeveloped.