Differences In Respiratory Function Research Articles

Determining the respiratory functions and isometric strength differences among recreational athletes and non-athletes: a cross-sectional analysis

Understanding the differences in respiratory functions and isometric strength between recreational athletes and non-athletes has a significant importance in the fields of Sports science, exercise physiology, and performance enhancement. The purpose of this study was to determine the respiratory functions and isometric strength differences among recreational athletes and non-athletes. A cross-sectional design was selected for this research with 16 recreational athletes and 16 non-athletes. Respiratory functions were assessed using spirometry tests, measuring parameters such as forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Isometric strength was measured by a handheld dynamometer for dominant and non-dominant hands. The results of the study showed a significant difference between recreational athletes and non-athletes for respiratory function parameters (FVC = t-3.00, p-.006 & FEV1= t-2.221, p-.011), whereas PEFR is insignificant (t-218, p-.219). The isometric strength is also significant between recreational athletes and non-athletes (Dominant arm = t—3.039, p-.005 & non-dominant arm= t-.255, p-.001). The study findings revealed significant differences in respiratory functions and isometric strength between recreational athletes and non-athletes, and there was a significant relationship between parameters. Athletes typically exhibit remarkable isometric strength due to their consistent engagement in activities designed to enhance muscle function. Future research should give priority to conducting long term studies that directly compare the effects of different sports disciplines on respiratory functions and isometric strength. Keywords: Isometric Strength, Pulmonary Functions, Forced Vital Capacity, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, FEV1, Recreational Athletes.

Detection of dynamic lung hyperinflation using cardiopulmonary exercise testing and respiratory function in patients with stable cardiac disease: a multicenter, cross-sectional study.

Many patients with heart disease potentially have comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, there are not enough opportunities for screening, and the qualitative differentiation of shortness of breath (SOB) has not been well established. We investigated the detection rate of SOB based on a visual and qualitative dynamic lung hyperinflation (DLH) detection index during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and assessed potential differences in respiratory function between groups. We recruited 534 patients with heart disease or patients who underwent simultaneous CPET and spirometry (369 males, 67.0 ± 12.9 years) to scrutinize physical functions. The difference between inspiratory and expiratory tidal volume was calculated (TV E-I) from the breath-by-breath data. Patients were grouped into convex (decreased TV E-I) and non-convex (unchanged or increased TV E-I) groups based on their TV E-I values after the start of exercise. Among the recruited patients, 129 (24.2%) were categorized in the convex group. There was no difference in clinical characteristics between the two groups. The Borg scale scores at the end of the CPET showed no difference. VE/VCO2 slope, its Y-intercept, and minimum VE/VCO2 showed no significant difference between the groups. In the convex group, FEV1.0/FVC was significantly lower compared to that in the non-convex group (69.4 ± 13.1 vs. 75.0 ± 9.0%). Moreover, significant correlations were observed between FEV1.0/FVC and Y-intercept (r=-0.343), as well as between the difference between minimum VE/VCO2 and VE/VCO2 slope (r=-0.478). The convex group showed decreased respiratory function, suggesting a potential airway obstruction during exercise. A combined assessment of the TV E-I and Y-intercept of the VE/VCO2 slope or the difference between the minimum VE/VCO2 and VE/VCO2 slopes could potentially detect COPD or airway obstruction.

Effects of 6 weeks of step aerobics training on pulmonary functions among female students with sedentary lifestyle

Background: Sedentary lifestyle is among the leading cause of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases over the globe. Aerobic conditioning is among the beneficial intervention to improve pulmonary function and manage the complications caused by sedentary life style. Objective: To determine the effects of step aerobics training on pulmonary function among female students with Sedentary Lifestyle. Methods: This RCT was conducted in Margalla Institute of Health Sciences from February to July 2019. Nonprobability convenient sampling was employed to collect sample of 80 students, randomly allocated into groups (40 per group) by coin toss method. Group A performed step aerobics and Group B performed cycling for 6 weeks. Pulmonary function test (FVC, FEV1, PEF) and 3-minute step test was performed at baseline, after 2, 4 and 6 weeks in both groups. Heart rate and oxygen saturation was monitored pre and post exercise. Results: The mean age of Group A is 22.43±2.49 and Group B is 21.80±2.04. Results showed statistically significant difference in respiratory function between groups. Significant improvement of respiratory function was observed in group A which performed aerobics program as compared to group B. The level of significance was set on p <0.05. Conclusion: Step aerobics is considered beneficial in improvement of pulmonary functions and is a good alternative for conditioning program for female adults. Cycling also improved pulmonary function but the progress was slow as compared to step aerobics which showed quick impact in improving pulmonary function test. Clinical Trial Number: NCT04051788

수업 중 마스크의 종류와 착용유무가 집중력과 호흡기능에 미치는 영향

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of mask type and wearing during class on concentration and respiratory function.
 Methods: A total of 90 college students were included in this study. These participants were divided into three groups: group 1, no mask (n=30); group 2, dental mask (n=30), and group 3, KF94 mask (n=30). Respiratory function tests were performed in all groups, as well concentration ability test before and after 2 hours of class. All data were analyzed using SPSS window version 22.0.
 Results: The difference in respiratory function according to the mask type and wearing was statistically significant in FVC, FEV1, and concentration ability except for FEV1/FVC (p<.05). As a result of post-hoc analysis, FVC, FEV1, and concentration ability values were significantly lower in the group not wearing a mask (p<.05). FVC, FEV1, and concentration ability were significantly lower when wearing KF94 than when wearing a dental mask (p<.05).
 Conclusion: It was found that the more masks with a high blocking grade, the greater the decrease in concentration. Therefore, it is recommended not to wear a mask or wear a low-blocking-grade mask in order to maintain concentration on the class, except for cases with underlying diseases or low health risks in conducting face-to-face classes in the future.

Respiratory function rehabilitation in individuals with Covid-19: swimming exercise

Background and Study Aim. Understanding the impact of swimming exercises on post-Covid-19 respiratory function is crucial for optimizing recovery strategies in affected individuals. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of 8-week swimming exercises on respiratory function parameters in adult individuals who have had Covid-19 disease. Material and Methods. Sixteen male students, aged 19-21, voluntarily participated in the study. Eight participants were assigned to the experimental group (EG), and eight to the control group (CG), all of whom were students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences at the University. The EG underwent an 8-week swimming exercise program conducted at the Bingöl Youth and Sports swimming pool (25 meters), three days a week. The CG was not involved in any exercise regimen. Pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEF) were conducted using a Cosmed Pony FXdel 2016 spirometer, one day before and one day after the exercise program for both EG and CG. Data analysis was performed using Independent Samples and Paired Samples T tests in SPSS 25, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results. A statistically significant increase in respiratory FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and PEF function values was observed in the experimental group (EG) after the exercise intervention (p < 0.05). This increase was observed when comparing these values to their pre-exercise measurements. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in respiratory function results before and after exercise in the control group (CG) (p > 0.05). Conclusions. The findings of this study highlight the therapeutic potential of an 8-week swimming exercise program in significantly enhancing respiratory function among adult individuals who have previously contracted Covid-19. These results offer valuable insights for the development of post-Covid-19 rehabilitation protocols, emphasizing the importance of regular exercise, such as swimming, in the recovery process.

Effect of tablet tilt positioning on ergonomic risks and respiratory function

The static posture associated with continuous tablet use can lead to musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and upper extremities as well as respiratory function disorders. We hypothesized that 0-degree tablet placement (flat on a table) would affect ergonomic risks and respiratory function. Eighteen undergraduate students were divided into two groups (n = 9 per group). In the first group, the tablet was placed at a 0-degree angle, whereas in the second group, it was placed at a 40- to 55-degree angle on a student learning chair. The tablet was used continuously for 2 h for writing and internet use. Rapid upper-limb assessment (RULA), craniovertebral angle, and respiratory function were assessed. There was no significant difference in respiratory function, including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV1/FVC, between the groups (p = 0.09) or within groups. However, there was a statistically significant between-group difference in RULA (p = 0.001), with the 0-degree group having a greater ergonomic risk. There were also significant within-group differences between pre- and posttest. The CV angle differed significantly between groups (p = 0.03), whereby the 0-degree group had poor posture, as well as within the 0-degree group (p = 0.039), though not within the 40- to 55-degree group (p = 0.067). Undergraduate students who place their tablets at a 0-degree angle face increased ergonomic risks and higher potential for developing musculoskeletal disorders and poor posture. Thus, elevating the tablet and instituting rest intervals may prevent or decrease the ergonomic risks among tablet users.

Prevalence of pleural injury in an extrapleural approach to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and association of pleural injury with postoperative respiratory function

BackgroundThe prevalence of pleural injury during surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using an extrapleural approach and the association of pleural injury with postoperative pulmonary function remain unclear. We sought to determine the prevalence of pleural injury associated with an extrapleural approach to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and to determine any difference in respiratory function between patients with or without pleural injury. MethodsData from consecutive patients with scoliosis of the thoracolumbar/lumbar spine who underwent anterior spinal fusion using an extrapleural approach were assessed in this retrospective study. We had diagnosed and treated pleural injury according to our algorithm. Pre- and postoperative values of pulmonary function tests and postoperative change rates were compared between patients with and without pleural injury. FVC, %FVC, FEV1.0, and FEV1.0% were evaluated from pulmonary function tests. ResultsWe included data from 51 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (45 female and 6 male) with a mean age of 17.2 ± 3.5 years in this retrospective study. The group with pleural injury comprised 31 patients and the group without 20. Therefore, the prevalence of pleural injury during an extrapleural approach was 61%. We found no significant differences in preoperative FVC, %FVC, FEV1.0, and FEV1.0% between the groups. We found no significant differences in FVC, %FVC, FEV1.0, and FEV1.0% between the groups at 3 months or 1 year postoperatively. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in the postoperative change ratio of FVC, %FVC, FEV1.0, and FEV1.0% between the groups. ConclusionThe prevalence of pleural injury associated with an extrapleural approach to scoliosis was 61%. Pleural injury was not associated with a decrease in postoperative pulmonary function in patients with scoliosis treated using an extrapleural approach.

Acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure after treatment with lower tidal volume ventilation facilitated by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal: long-term outcomes from the REST randomised trial

IntroductionLower tidal volume ventilation, facilitated by veno-venous extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (vv-ECCO2R), does not improve 90-day mortality in patients with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (AHRF). The aim of this analysis...

The effect of scoliosis surgery on pulmonary function in spinal muscular atrophy patients: review of the literature and a meta-analysis.

To determine the effect of surgical instrumentation on pulmonary function after surgery. A literature review was performed to identify articles reporting on the effect of scoliosis surgery on the pulmonary function in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Data for each patient were extracted from included studies, and a meta-analysis was performed using the values of forced vital capacity (FVC) before and after surgery. A total of 127 articles were reviewed, and ten articles were selected for data extraction according to inclusion criteria. The results of the meta-analysis showed no difference in respiratory function pre-operatively and at last follow-up. Four out of ten studies demonstrated similar results and five studies reported a decrease in pulmonary function after surgery. Only one study showed improvement in lung function. At the moment, there is insufficient evidence in the literature to support that spinal surgery can improve respiratory function. According to our meta-analysis study, vital capacity remains either unchanged or the rate of deterioration is decreased after surgery. Nevertheless, these are both considered favorable outcomes taking into account the natural course of the disease with progressive deterioration of pulmonary function over time.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with autoimmune diseases.

IntroductionThe occurrence of autoimmune diseases (AIDs) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients is widely reported, but little is known about the associated clinical phenotype. This study aims to evaluate the clinical features and prognosis of ALS patients with AID.MethodsThis retrospective study was based on the ALS Registry dataset of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2013 to 2020. Clinical features and inflammatory biomarkers at registration were compared between ALS patients with coexisting AIDs and those without (controls). The medical records of immunotherapy were also collected. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model were used to study the survival of ALS patients.ResultsThere are 26 (1.6%) ALS patients with AIDs in our database. The ALS patients with AIDs had older ages at onset and poorer respiratory function than controls (p<0.05). After propensity score matching by sex, onset age, and disease duration, the difference in respiratory function remained significant between groups. We found no differences in overall survival between ALS patients with and without AIDs before and after matching (p = 0.836; p = 0.395). Older age at onset, rapid disease progression, and lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were associated with shorter survival (p<0.05). Among ALS patients with AIDs, 8 (30.8%) had a history of immunotherapy and showed slightly prolonged survival compared with those without immunotherapy, but the results did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.355).ConclusionsPatients with coexisting ALS and AIDs had older onset age and poorer respiratory function but similar overall survival than those with pure ALS.

Comparison of respiratory function, physical function, and activities of daily living among community-dwelling patients with respiratory and non-respiratory disease.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in respiratory function, physical function, and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) between respiratory and non-respiratory patients using community-based home rehabilitation. [Participations and Methods] Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), upper and lower limb muscle strength, and ADL were compared in two groups: a respiratory disease group including respiratory patients and those with respiratory comorbidities, and a non-respiratory disease group. Cutoff values were determined for items that showed significant differences between groups. [Results] There were no significant differences between the two groups in assessments other than MPT. MPT was significantly lower in the respiratory disease group, with an MPT cutoff value of 10.1 sec and an area under the curve of 0.74. [Conclusion] Use of the MPT cutoff value may help to determine whether respiratory function is impaired in patients with respiratory disease.

The influence of early thoracic fusion on the pulmonary function of patients with idiopathic scoliosis in the early period of the second growth peak with different Risser signs

BackgroundPrevious reports confirmed early spinal fusion may compromise pulmonary function and thoracic development in skeletal immature patients with scoliosis. However, the different effects in patients with various Risser signs remain unknown. This study aimed to compare the influence of early thoracic fusion on pulmonary function and thoracic growth in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) with closed triangular cartilage (TRC) and different Risser signs.MethodsThirty-six patients with IS and a closed TRC were retrospectively selected and divided into the low Risser (LR, Risser sign ≤2, 22 patients) and high Risser (HR, 2<Risser sign≤4, 14 patients) groups. Patient age, Risser sign, main Cobb angle, thoracic kyphosis, and fusion levels were recorded. Perioperative and minimum of 2-year follow-up pulmonary function and thoracic diameters were compared between both groups.ResultsThere were no differences in patients’ general characteristics between two groups. The preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were 2.06±0.43 L and 2.50±0.49 L, respectively, in the LR group, and 2.31±0.49 L (p = 0.067) and 2.74±0.56 L (p = 0.122), respectively, in the HR group. While these values significantly increased postoperatively, to 2.62±0.46 L (p < 0.001) and 3.09±0.69 L (p < 0.001), in the LR group, they remained unchanged in the HR group [2.53±0.56 L (p = 0.093) and 2.70±0.98 L (p = 0.386), respectively]. The FEV1/FVC in both groups was >80% before and after surgery. The T1-T12 and anteroposterior thoracic diameter significantly increased after surgery in both groups, while the maximum inner chest diameter only increased in the LR group at the final follow-up. However, there were no significant differences in respiratory function and thoracic data between both groups.ConclusionFor patients with IS, early fusion did not deteriorate pulmonary function or thoracic development in TRC-closed patients whose Risser sign was ≤2 compared with those with a Risser sign >2.

Mitochondrial Function in Oxidative and Glycolytic Bovine Skeletal Muscle Postmortem

Meat quality is traditionally associated with anaerobic metabolism due to cessation of the oxygen supply post-mortem. However, mitochondrial (mt) function early postmortem may affect the development of meat quality characteristics, such as adenosine triphosphate levels and pH decline. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate mt function ex vivo during the first 24 h postmortem in muscles with differences in mt content. Samples from longissimus lumborum (LL) and diaphragm (Dia) were taken from steers (n = 6) at 1, 3, and 24 h postmortem and frozen to determine citrate synthase (CS) activity and mt protein expression (immunodetection) or were fresh-preserved for high-resolution respirometry. Integrative oxygen consumption rate (picomoles per second per milligram of tissue) was measured and normalized to CS activity as a proxy for mt content (intrinsic mt function, picomoles per second per unit CS). CS activity (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and mt protein expression (P &amp;lt; 0.001) were greater in Dia, which was reflected in mt respiration. Muscle type affected (P &amp;lt; 0.001) integrative leak respiration and was greater in mt from Dia; oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) was also greater in Dia and influenced by time postmortem (muscle × time: P = 0.01). Intrinsic leak and OXPHOS were affected by muscle and time (muscle × time: P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively), with the most pronounced differences at 24 h postmortem. Stimulation of OXPHOS by cytochrome c as an indicator of outer mt membrane integrity was influenced by muscle and time postmortem (muscle × time: P = 0.03); it was greater in mt from LL. Despite intrinsic differences in respiratory function at 24 h, mt from both muscles were intact and coupled at 1 h postmortem. Reduced content and respiratory function in mt from LL are associated with early fragmentation, which could impact protease activation and subsequently meat quality.

One-year longitudinal study on spinal kyphosis and respiratory function in community-dwelling older Japanese adults who require long-term care or support.

[Purpose] To clarify the effects of longitudinal changes in older adults by evaluating the relationship between changes in spinal kyphosis and respiratory function over time in patients with certified need of care in the long-term care insurance system. [Participants and Methods] We included 57 older adults (28 males and 29 females) aged ≥65 years who were identified as requiring long-term care or support. The participants were community-dwelling individuals undergoing ambulatory rehabilitation. We assessed the longitudinal changes in spinal kyphosis index, respiratory function and muscle strength, and body composition over 1 year. [Results] The spinal kyphosis index was 10.5 at the first measurement and 14.6 at 1 year after the first measurement, showing a significant increase. We did not detect any significant differences in respiratory function and muscle strength, or body composition. [Conclusion] This 1 year longitudinal comparison suggests that the spinal kyphosis indexes were high, and the respiratory function and trunk muscle mass remained unchanged. Therefore, the relationships were negligible.

Exercise as a substitute for traditional airway clearance in cystic fibrosis: a systematic review

BackgroundExercise and traditional airway clearance techniques (ACTs) are both routinely recommended for people with cystic fibrosis (CF), with some people using exercise as a substitute for traditional ACTs. The effectiveness...

Mucus plugs and bronchial wall thickening on three-dimensional computed tomography in patients with unexplained chronic cough whose sputum yielded filamentous Basidiomycetes.

This study was conducted in order to identify imaging features on three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) of unexplained chronic cough (UCC) patients with positive sputum cultures for filamentous Basidiomycetes (f-BM). UCC outpatients who had been given various questionnaires for cough, pulmonary function tests, and fungal cultures of sputum were evaluated. Multidetector row CT (MDCT) was performed for three-dimensional CT analysis of the lungs. Retrospective analysis was carried out with three groups: f-BM culture-positive group, other fungal culture-positive group, and culture-negative group. The Kruskal-Wallis test, analysis of variance, Fischer exact test, χ2 test, Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc method were used for statistical analysis. Of the 50 patients, 3 were excluded and the remaining 47 were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in respiratory function or clinical characteristics among the three groups. The common features on high-resolution CT (HRCT) included tree-in-bud (TIB) pattern, multiple centrilobular nodules, and bronchial wall thickening. Bronchiolar mucus plugs were detected in 7 (15%) of 47 cases. Bronchiole wall thickness and %FEV1 appeared to be slightly correlated (p = 0.033, r = 0.357). The bronchiole walls were significantly thicker when mucus plugs were found (p = 0.010). Bronchiolar walls were the thickest and the score of mucus plugs was the highest in patients with f-BM culture-positive sputum (p = 0.008). Imaging findings for identifying f-BM culture-positive fungus-associated chronic cough (FACC) patients include high mucus plug scores and bronchiolar wall thickening on three-dimensional CT. • Three-dimensional computed tomography helps clinicians assess patients with unexplained chronic cough and identify those with fungus-associated chronic cough. • A retrospective single-center study showed that computed tomography images in patients with filamentous Basidiomycetes cultured from sputum had mucus plugs and bronchiolar wall thickening. • UCC patients with sputum cultures positive for filamentous Basidiomycetes may have fine airway lesions that could not be detected without three-dimensional computed tomography.

Socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction Childhood and adolescence seem to be a critical time for respiratory health, as during this period the foundations for development and growth are laid, and adverse life factors such as disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances were associated with lung function poorer growth and faster decline. Therefore, this study aimed to summarise the evidence on the association between socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function in children and adolescents. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Pubmed, ISI-Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from inception up to 24th March 2017. Original studies addressing the association between socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function early in life (i.e. including children and adolescents less than 25 years of age) were investigated. Two investigators independently evaluated articles, applied the exclusion criteria, and extracted data. A meta-analysis of the standardized mean difference in respiratory function between adolescents from different socioeconomic circumstances was also conducted using a random effects model. Between-study heterogeneity was quantified using I-squared statistics. Results Disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances were significantly associated with a reduction in respiratory function indices during childhood and adolescence, observed in 21 of the 31 included studies. The meta-analysis showed a significant difference of −0.26 litres (95% confidence intervals: −0.38; −0.15) in forced expiratory volume in first second between children and adolescents from disadvantaged versus advantaged socioeconomic circumstances. Conclusion Children and adolescents from disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances presented a significant reduction in respiratory function. This information help to explain the social patterning of respiratory diseases during adulthood and older ages and might contribute to inform policies to prevent respiratory health inequalities from early ages.

Sex Differences in Histomorphology of the Human Carotid Body

Knowledge of sex differences in the histomorphology of the carotid body is important in understanding observed differences in respiratory function and disorders. There are few studies on sex differences in the carotid body. This study therefore aimed at describing these differences in the histomorphology features of the human carotid body. Thirty six random carotid bodies from cardiovascular disease free individuals (20 male, 16 female) obtained during autopsy at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi were studied. Specimens obtained within 48 hours of death were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and processed routinely for paraffin embedding. Seven micron thick serial sections were stained with H&E, Mason’s trichrome and examined with light microscope. Stereology was done to determine area occupied by parenchyma, stroma and vasculature. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13.0. The student’s t test was used to compare sex differences. The data are represented using tables and macrographs.

Sex differences in respiratory function.

An overview of sex-related differences in respiratory function and their possible clinical implications http://ow.ly/106m30jqOSW

An Examination of the Physical Parameters and Respiratory Function of Child Gymnasts

This study examines the physical parameters of child gymnasts. A total of 39 children, 24 females and 15 males, with a mean age of 5.75±1.08, participated in the study voluntarily. Their heights and weights were measured. A 10-meter sprint test to measure acceleration and speed, a flexibility test, and a hand reaction test was done. Respiratory function forced vital capacity (FVC), the first second forced expiration volume (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), skin calibration off body fat composition (BFC) tests were also conducted. SPSS 22.0 software was used for the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and frequency analysis were used to determine the distribution of the variables. The t-test was conducted in independent groups to determine the differences in physical parameters and respiratory functions by gender. The difference between the groups was significant for BFC, but not significant for other physical parameters, and there was no significant difference in respiratory function by gender.