Differences In Protein Patterns Research Articles

Temporal and differential proteomic profile of molecular mediators associated with chronic and acute wound healing.

The underlying pathophysiology of nonhealing chronic wounds is poorly understood due to the changes occurring at the gene level and the complexity arising in their proteomic profile. Here, we elucidated the temporal and differential profile of the normal and diabetic wound-healing mediators along with their interactions and associated pathways. Skin tissues corresponding to normal and diabetic wounds were isolated at Days 0, 3, 6, and 9 representing different healing phases. Temporal gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real-timePCR. Concurrently, differential protein patterns in the wound tissues were identified by Nano LC-ESI-TOF mass spectrometry and later confirmed by Western blot analysis. Gene ontology annotation, protein-protein interaction, and protein pathway analysis were performed using DAVID, PANTHER, and STRING bioinformatics resources. Uniquely identified proteins (complement C3, amyloid beta precursor protein, and cytoplasmic linker associated protein 2) in the diabetic wound tissue implied that these proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic wound. They exhibit enhanced catalytic activity, trigger pathways linked with inflammation, and negatively regulate wound healing. However, in the normal wound tissue, axin 1, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor were identified, which are involved in proliferation, angiogenesis, and remodeling. Our findings demonstrate the correlation between elevated gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin(IL)-1β, and identified mediators: aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator, 5'-aminolevulinate synthase 2, and CXC-family, that inflicted an inflammatory response by activating downstream MAPK, JAK-STAT, and NF-κB pathways. Similarly, in normal wound tissue, the upregulated IL-4 and hepatocyte growth factor levels in conjunction with the identified proteins, serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, played a significant role in the cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulus, dermal epithelialization, and cell proliferation, processes associated with the repair mechanism. Furthermore, Western blot analysis indicated elevated levels of inflammatory markers and reduced levels of proliferative and angiogenic factors in the diabetic wound.

Protein Biomarkers for the Identification of Forensically Relevant Human Hair from Different Body Parts in Intimate Contact Cases.

Correctly identifying the human hair anatomic location found at crime scenes can link biological sample donors with the actual crime event, thus providing significant insight into the crime scene reconstruction. Forensic proteomic studies on human hairs can facilitate the development of new biomarkers for hair identification while compensating for the limitations of the conventional morphologic hair comparison and DNA analysis. Herein, the LC-MS/MS platform was used to find differentially expressed protein biomarkers in hairs from different body sites. The findings indicated that a total of 296 protein biomarkers with statistically significant differences in body sites were initially identified, and hair samples from the scalp, pubic, and armpit parts were distinguished from each other, which were validated by multiple bioinformatic methods. Fewer differences in protein patterns between armpit and pubic hairs while larger differences between hair and armpit as well as pubic hairs provided reasonable evidence of sexual or close intimate contact in crimes. This study lays the foundation for the development of a more reliable strategy to distinguish human hairs of various body areas from Chinese and will also support microscopic hair comparison analysis and assist in the proper handling of legal proceedings in relative cases by judicial officers, deserving special attention and further in-depth investigation. The MS proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the iProX partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD038173.

The serum of COVID-19 asymptomatic patients up-regulates proteins related to endothelial dysfunction and viral response in circulating angiogenic cells ex-vivo

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already caused 6 million deaths worldwide. While asymptomatic individuals are responsible of many potential transmissions, the difficulty to identify and isolate them at the high peak of infection constitutes still a real challenge. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 provokes severe vascular damage and thromboembolic events in critical COVID-19 patients, deriving in many related deaths and long-hauler symptoms. Understanding how these processes are triggered as well as the potential long-term sequelae, even in asymptomatic individuals, becomes essential.MethodsWe have evaluated, by application of a proteomics-based quantitative approach, the effect of serum from COVID-19 asymptomatic individuals over circulating angiogenic cells (CACs). Healthy CACs were incubated ex-vivo with the serum of either COVID-19 negative (PCR −/IgG −, n:8) or COVID-19 positive asymptomatic donors, at different infective stages: PCR +/IgG − (n:8) and PCR −/IgG + (n:8). Also, a label free quantitative approach was applied to identify and quantify protein differences between these serums. Finally, machine learning algorithms were applied to validate the differential protein patterns in CACs.ResultsOur results confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 promotes changes at the protein level in the serum of infected asymptomatic individuals, mainly correlated with altered coagulation and inflammatory processes (Fibrinogen, Von Willebrand Factor, Thrombospondin-1). At the cellular level, proteins like ICAM-1, TLR2 or Ezrin/Radixin were only up-regulated in CACs treated with the serum of asymptomatic patients at the highest peak of infection (PCR + /IgG −), but not with the serum of PCR −/IgG + individuals. Several proteins stood out as significantly discriminating markers in CACs in response to PCR or IgG + serums. Many of these proteins particiArticle title: Kindly check and confirm the edit made in the articletitle.pate in the initial endothelial response against the virus.ConclusionsThe ex vivo incubation of CACs with the serum of asymptomatic COVID-19 donors at different stages of infection promoted protein changes representative of the endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory response after viral infection, together with activation of the coagulation process. The current approach constitutes an optimal model to study the response of vascular cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and an alternative platform to test potential inhibitors targeting either the virus entry pathway or the immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

House and cave edible bird’s nest: Characteristics and quality of sterilised beverages containing the selected bird’s nest

SummaryEdible bird’s nests (Bnest) collected from house and cave of eight provinces in the southern part of Thailand were characterised. Bnest from different locations had differences in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and energy‐ dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy patterns but there was no distinctive difference in protein patterns. Crystallinity values of cave‐Bnest from Phatthalung province (PL‐C) and house‐Bnest from Songkhla province (SK‐H) (38.79% and 35.52%, respectively) were higher than those of other samples. PL‐C and SK‐H samples had different thermal behaviours, as determined by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both samples were used for the production of Bnest beverage using the retort process (121 °C for 11 min). Colour, soluble solid content, drained weight, and sterility were determined in both beverages. Average L*‐value and soluble solid content of SK‐H were higher than those of PL‐C (P < 0.05). Higher a* and b*‐values and drained weight were found in the latter. However, aerobic/anaerobic mesophiles and thermophiles were not detected in both samples. The beverage containing PL‐C generally showed higher acceptability for all attributes, especially appearance, texture, and overall likeness (P < 0.05), than that with SK‐H. Therefore, the habitat, where bird’s nest was collected, had a marked influence on the characteristics of both dried nest and resulting sterilised bird’s nest beverages.

Interaction of magnetic silica nanoparticles with food proteins during in vitro digestion

The aim of the present work was to investigate the interaction of nanoparticles (NPs) with proteins during the digestion of selected food matrices. To accomplish this, magnetic silica NPs were added to skimmed milk powder (SMP), peanuts, and tofu, and the mixtures were subjected to in vitro digestion. The proteins and peptides present in the digesta, with and without NPs, and in the protein corona (PC) of NPs at the different digestion stages (oral, gastric, and intestinal) were characterised and identified with gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoretic results revealed no differences in protein patterns between the control and NPs containing digesta at all digestion stages. At the end of simulated intestinal digestion, no intact food proteins were detectable, either in the food or on the NPs. At this stage, exclusively, digestive enzymes originating from pancreatin were present in the digesta and bound to NPs. Digestion-resistant peptides were detected in the digests of all studied food matrices, independently of NP presence. Moreover, on the PC of NPs digestion-resistant peptides, especially longer ones, were exclusively present after gastric and intestinal digestion stages from SMP and peanuts, but not from tofu, indicating that the PC composition was influenced by the food matrix.

The effect of heating factors on the properties of heat-induced surimi gel under ohmic heating

Ohmic heating (OH) is a method that heat is generated within the food due to its electrical resistance, resulting in a relatively linear heating rate and uniform temperature distribution. Because surimi-based paste contains water and salts, the conductivity is sufficiently good for the ohmic effect. Gelation induced by OH greatly depends on heating conditions such as heating speed, heating time, or electrical conductivity. However, the detailed information obtained is quite limited. Therefore, in order to clarify how ohmic heating affects the physical properties of surimi gel under OH, gels from croaker surimi (SA grade) were obtained using different heating conditions (heating speed, heating time, or salt concentration - electrical conductivity). Furthermore, the gels heated by ohmic heating were compared with the gel obtained by conventional water-bath heating. The results showed that, at the same heating rates, higher salt concentration generated better surimi gels for croaker surimi. Gels cooked ohmically at a slow heating rate performed significantly better than those cooked at a fast heating rate or heated conventionally in a water bath. There was little discernible difference in protein pattern between gels heated by OH and conventional water bath heating at fast heating rates with two different salt concentrations. The results also indicated that holding time at target temperature showed no effect on the gel. These results suggested that the properties of heat-induced surimi gels by OH are affected by not only heating speed but also holding time at maximum temperature and salt content.

Effects of lysine and arginine on the properties of low-salt mince gel from striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus).

Effects of basic amino acids, lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg), at different levels (0%, 0.5%, and 1%, based on mince weight) on properties of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) mince gel containing low salt (LS) and high salt (HS) were investigated. Without Lys or Arg addition, HS gel had the higher textural properties including hardness, chewiness, as well as cohesiveness than LS gel (P<0.05) and the highest values were achieved when 1% Arg was incorporated in both LS and HS gels (P<0.05). Arg had no effect on acceptability of mince gel. However, whiteness was decreased in HS gel when Arg was applied. Autolysis of gel was lower in HS gel containing Arg. No differences in protein patterns among all gel samples were found. Addition of Arg could increase the gelling ability of both LS and HS mince during heating as evidenced by higher storage modulus (G') and viscous modulus (G″). Mince gel added with Arg had orderly interconnected structure and their microstructure was finer than that without Arg. Therefore, Arg could be used in LS gel from striped catfish mince, in which quality of gel was equivalent to HS counterpart. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Basic amino acid, especially arginine (Arg) with guanidinium group, could increase repulsive force between protein molecules at low-salt concentration (0.5%). This resulted in high solubilization of muscle proteins, whereas gel formation or gel strength was higher than that containing high salt (2.5% to 3.5%). Thus, Arg could be used for production of fish mince gel containing low salt with lowered health risk.

Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase-1 regulates gastric cancer stem-like properties and promotes tumour metastasis via Hippo/YAP pathway

BackgroundStearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) is reported to play essential roles in cancer stemness among several cancers. Our previous research revealed significant overexpression of SCD1 in primary gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs), with its functional role still unknown.MethodsWe stably established three primary GCSCs by sphere-forming assays and flow cytometry. Protein quantification and bioinformatics analysis were performed to reveal the differential protein pattern. Lentivirus-based small-interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown and pharmacological inhibition approaches were used to characterise the function and molecular mechanism role of SCD1 in the regulation of GC stemness and tumour metastasis capacity both in vitro and in vivo.ResultsSCD1 was found to increase the population of GCSCs, whereas its suppression by an SCD1 inhibitor or knockdown by siRNA attenuated the stemness of GCSCs, including chemotherapy resistance and sphere-forming ability. Furthermore, SCD1 suppression reversed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reduced the GC metastasis probability both in vitro and in vivo. Downregulation of SCD1 in GCSCs was associated with the expression of Yes-associated protein (YAP), a key protein in the Hippo pathway, and nuclear YAP translocation was also blocked by the SCD1 decrease.ConclusionsSCD1 promotes GCSC stemness through the Hippo/YAP pathway. Targeting SCD1 might be a novel therapeutic strategy, especially to suppress GC metastasis and sensitise chemotherapy.

Identification of differential protein recognition pattern between Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria lovaniensis

Many pathogenicity factors are involved in the development of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) caused by N. fowleri. However, most of them are not exclusive for N. fowleri and they have not even been described in other non-pathogenic Naegleria species. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify differential proteins and protein pattern recognition between Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria lovaniensis using antibodies anti-N. fowleri as strategy to find vaccine candidates against meningoencephalitis. Electrophoresis and Western blots conventional and 2-DE were performed for the identification of antigenic proteins and these were analyzed by the mass spectrometry technique. The results obtained in 2-DE gels and Western blot showed very notable differences in spot intensity between these two species, specifically those with relative molecular weight (rMW) of 100, 75, 50 and 19 kDa. Some spots corresponding to these molecular weights were identified as actin fragment, myosin II, heat shock protein, membrane protein Mp2CL5 among others, with differences in theoretical post-translational modifications. In this work, we found differences in antigenic proteins between both species, proteins that could be used for a further development of vaccines against N. fowleri infection.

Allergenic properties of Polish nectar honeys.

Small amounts of protein can be found in honey, including well known allergen sources, such as plant pollen and honeybee secretions. Despite this, there are few case reports describing allergic reactions following the consumption of honey. The aim of this study was to examine the allergenic properties of nectar honey collected throughout the entire beekeeping season from different provinces in Poland. The immunoreactive properties of 20 Polish nectar honeys were analysed using the sera of IgE pollen allergenic patients (n = 5). The botanical origins and pollen of the anemophilous plants in the studied honeys were identified through palynological analysis. The significant differences in the protein content between the five varieties of honey and the differences in protein pattern and pollen profiles were observed. All of the honey samples contained immunoreactive fractions reacting with IgE present in the sera of patients allergenic to different pollens. Although honey allergies are reported relatively rarely, all the tested samples of Polish nectar honeys contained many protein fractions which reacted with the IgE antibodies of allergenic patients. In all samples, the immunoreactive protein band with a molecular weight around 60 kDa, probably secreted by bees, was present. The results do not allow the immunoreactive fractions characteristic for particular honey varieties to be identified.

Early changes in the urine proteome in a rat liver tumour model.

BackgroundUrine, as a potential biomarker source among body fluids, can accumulate many early changes in the body due to the lack of mechanisms to maintain a homeostatic state. This study aims to detect early changes in the urinary proteome in a rat liver tumour model.MethodsThe tumour model was established with the Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cell line (W256). Urinary proteins at days 3, 5, 7 and 11 were profiled by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Compared with controls, differential proteins were selected. Associations of differential proteins with cancer were retrieved.ResultsAt days 3, 5, 7 and 11, five, fifteen, eleven and twelve differential proteins were identified, respectively. Some of the differential proteins were reported to be associated with liver cancer. This differential urinary protein pattern was different from the patterns in W256 subcutaneous, lung metastasis and intracerebral tumour models.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that (1) early changes in urinary proteins can be found in the rat liver tumour model; (2) urinary proteins can be used to differentiate the same tumour cells grown in different organs.

Physiological and biochemical responses of soybean (Glycine max L.) to cysteine application under sea salt stress

BackgroundShortage of water is a major problem facing Egypt; thus, it becomes necessary to use non-traditional sources of water such as saline water in irrigation. Overcoming the adverse effects of saline water and enhancing plant tolerance to salinity stress is the main challenge for increasing plant growth and productivity. Using a natural compound such as cysteine amino acid has an important effect in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress on different plant crops.Materials and methodsTwo pot experiments were carried out during two successive summer seasons to study the beneficial role of cysteine (0, 20, and 40 mg/l) in enhancing growth, some metabolic process, and seed yield quality and quantity of soybean plant grown under salinity stress (0, 3000, and 6000 mg/l).ResultsSalinity stress (3000 and 6000 mg/l) caused decreases in soybean growth criteria (plant height, number of branches and leaves/plant, dry weight of leaves and stem/plant), photosynthetic pigments and some element contents (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)), and seed yield and yield components (number of pods/plant, weight of pods/plant and number of seeds/plant) as well as oil%. Meanwhile, proline, H2O2 and MDA contents, and superoxide dismutase activity were gradually increased by increasing salinity level. On the other hand, cysteine treatments improved growth and yield of soybean plant either irrigated with tap water or saline water. Cysteine treatments could alleviate the adverse effect of salinity stress on growth and yield of soybean plant through increasing photosynthetic pigments; proline content; N, P, and K contents; superoxide dismutase and catalase activities; and oil% accompanied by decreases in H2O2 and MDA contents as compared with their corresponding controls. In addition, cysteine treatments and/or salinity stress exhibited differences in protein pattern from 112 to 19 kD molecular weight. The appearance of new protein bands reflected the expression of cysteine treatments and salinity stress.ConclusionCysteine treatments had a beneficial role in alleviating the adverse effect of salinity stress on soybean plant. Forty milligrams per liter of cysteine was the most effective treatment in enhancing salinity tolerance of soybean plant.

Dynamic urinary proteomic analysis in a Walker 256 intracerebral tumor model.

BackgroundPatients with primary and metastatic brain cancer have an extremely poor prognosis, mostly due to the late diagnosis of disease. Urine, which lacks homeostatic mechanisms, is an ideal biomarker source that accumulates early and highly sensitive changes to provide information about the early stage of disease.MethodsA rat model mimicking the local tumor growth process in the brain was established with intracerebral Walker 256 (W256) cell injection. Urine samples were collected on days 3, 5, and 8 after injection, and then analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsIn the intracerebral W256 model, no obvious clinical manifestations or abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals were found on days 3 or 5; at these time points, 9 proteins were changed significantly in the urine of all eight tumor rats. On day 8, when tumors were detected by MRI, 25 differential proteins were identified, including 10 that have been reported to be closely related to brain metastasis or primary tumors. The differential urinary proteome was compared with those from the subcutaneous W256 model and the intracerebral C6 model. Few differential proteins overlapped, and specific differential protein patterns were observed among the three models.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that early changes in the urine proteome can be detected in the intracerebral W256 model. The urinary proteome can reflect the difference when tumor cells with different growth characteristics are inoculated into the brain and when identical tumor cells are inoculated into different areas, specifically, the subcutis and the brain.

Hydro-thermal priming enhance seed germination capacity and seedling growth in sugar beet

Seed priming improves seed performance in many crop species. In this study, the influence of hydrothermal priming on seed parameters of sugar beet is investigated in both laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, the treatments consist of a combination of cultivars (Arya and Shokoofa), hydro-priming at two temperatures (10 and 15 °C) for 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 hours. Germination traits and seedling growth were measured for determination of optimum hydro-thermal priming. Also, the protein pattern in the optimum hydro-thermal priming treatments and unprimed seeds were compared by electrophoresis. In the field experiment, the percentage and rate of emergence of primed and unprimed seeds were measured. Results showed that hydro-thermal priming had a positive effect on final germination percentage, mean germination time and uniformity of germination. Optimum hydro-thermal priming time and the temperature were 6 and 10 hours at 15 °C for Shokoofa and Arya cultivars respectively. Hydro-thermal priming increased the seed emergence percentage in the field by 15%. There was no significant difference in protein pattern between primed and unprimed seeds. In general, hydro-thermal priming not only increases sugar beet seed germination in the laboratory but also has a more positive effect on the emergence in the field condition.

Protein Carbonylation Pattern Is Altered in Myelodisplastic Syndromes

* A.R. and M.L. have contributed equally. INTRODUCTIONMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disease that arises from the expansion of mutated hematopoietic stem cells. Oxidative stress could play an important role in the pathology of MDS since a correlation has been observed between high ROS levels and decreased survival in MDS patients. In addition, the oxidation of proteins leads to their aggregation, change and conformational changes that can cause the loss of their functions. Due to alteration of the proteome has been described in patients with MDS, in this study we considered the discovery of protein carbonylation to analyze its oxidation pattern. In addition, as the oxidative stress signaling pathways can regulate the cell cycle through p53, we analyzed p21, an important p53 target during the stress response. Finally, the possible benefit of treatment with Deferasirox as antioxidant therapy was studied. METHODSCarbonylation pattern was analyzed in the different cell lines (n = 14, 6 MDS, 4 reactive controls and 4 MDS + DFX) by immunohistochemistry by derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and detection with anti-DNP antibodies. The degree of protein carbonylation was studied, also by derivatization and detection with anti-DNP, in primary cells of erythroblasts expanded for 11 days, by one-dimensional and two-dimensional electrophoresis (n = 16; 7 MDS, 6 controls, 2 reactive controls and 1 MDS + DFX). Expression levels of p21 were analyzed by qRT-PCR (n=19; 8C, 8 MDS, 3DFX). RESULTSImmunohistochemical assays revealed a higher level of carbonylation in patients with MDS (Fig. 1a). Interestingly, Deferasirox-treated MDS patients had lower levels than non-treated patients (Fig. 1b). In addition, to evaluate the carbonylation in the erythroid precursors, the pattern of carbonylated proteins in the expanded erythroblasts was analyzed. Again, a higher level of MDS was observed compared to the control group, which was reversed after treatment with Deferasirox. Two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that differences in carbonylation are due to a limited number of proteins or aggregates, rather than to a large spectrum of proteins. Finally, an increased p21 expression was observed in patients with myelodysplasia and, surprisingly, this effect was reversed with Deferasirox treatment. CONCLUSIONPatients with MDS showed a differential protein pattern respect to control patients, both in the myeloid and erythroid series. The increase in oxidative stress in myelodysplastic patients seems to activate signaling pathways involving p21. Treatment with Deferasirox can reverse the level of oxidation and the increase of p21 in patients with MDS. DisclosuresMartinez Lopez:Celgene: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Jansen: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau.

Impacts of desugarization and drying methods on physicochemical and functional properties of duck albumen powder

Desugarization of duck albumen using glucose oxidase/catalase was optimized before drying. Optimum condition for desugarization using response surface methodology was as follows: glucose oxidase 31.24 units and catalase 781 units/mL albumen and incubation time of 6.55 h at 30 °C. Foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) were enhanced, while the solubility decreased after desugarization. This coincided with the increase in surface hydrophobicity (p < 0.05). Higher trypsin inhibitory activity was found in freeze-dried albumen powder than spray-dried counterpart. Trypsin inhibitory activity was continuously decreased as the inlet temperature for spray-drying increased (p < 0.05). Desugarization could increase FC and FS, but slightly decreased solubility of powders. No marked differences in protein patterns were observed in all the powders, regardless of desugarization and drying methods. L* of albumen powder decreased but ΔE, a*-, b*-values and browning index increased as spray-drying temperatures increased (p < 0.05). Therefore, prior desugarization could lower browning and increased foaming property of duck albumen, particularly when spray-dried with inlet temperature of 160 °C.

Mobilization and synthesis of seed storage and LEA proteins during natural priming of Buddleja cordata and Opuntia tomentosa

Background: In crop plants, the induction of seed storage protein mobilization and synthesis of LEA family proteins has been extensively described.Question: Natural priming promotes mobilization and synthesis of seed storage and LEA proteins in wild plants?Species studied: Buddleja cordata and Opuntia tomentosa. Study site: Reserva Ecológica del Pedregal de San Angel (REPSA).Methods: Natural priming treatments were applied to B. cordata and O. tomentosa seeds during one and six months respectively. Phosphorylated proteins fractions were obtained by affinity chromatography from control and treated seeds. Differences in protein pattern between control and treated seeds were determined by electrophoresis and the treated seed proteins were identified by LS/LS/MALDITOF. Results: The phosphorylated fraction of B. cordata treated seeds presented two proteins that were absent in the control protein fraction. These two proteins were identified as two different 11S globulins. The phosphorylated fraction of O. tomentosa treated seeds also presented two proteins that were absent in the control protein fraction. These two proteins were identified as a 12S globulin and a LEA protein.Conclusion: Seeds are subjected to changes in soil water content during their permanence in soil; this natural priming process promotes mobilization and synthesis of storage and LEA proteins that are involved in stress resistance.

Physicochemical evaluation of sausages prepared by lantern fish (Benthosema pterotum) protein isolate.

The purpose of this study was to show how sausages produced with lantern fish (Benthosema pterotum) protein isolate at two levels 4% (sample A) and 2% (sample B), and then, the physicochemical and sensory properties of sausages (A and B) were determined during the storage (14, 30, and 60 days) at 4°C. Firstly, fish protein isolate (FPI) prepared at alkaline pH (12). It was found that the acidic value, peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value of sausages increased during the storage. The highest level of TBA value was found at the second month of storage as 0.51 mg malonaldehyde/kg. The PV and acidic value reached to 9.45 meq/kg and 4.82 at the end of storage, respectively. Moreover, the stiffness, adherence, and springiness were assessed by texture profile analysis which was found sausages containing FPI had stronger texture and structure compared to control sample. The SDS–PAGE analysis identified the proteins from 15.4 to 202.3 kDa, which exhibit no major differences in protein patterns of two types of sausages. Furthermore, sensory evaluation diagnostic was carried out in terms of the sensory attributes such as texture, flavor, odor, color, and overall acceptability, and the results indicated the greatest overall acceptability in samples containing 2% FPI.

Changes in aggregation behavior of raw and cooked salted egg yolks during pickling

In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in gelation behavior of raw (without heating) and cooked (with heating) salted egg yolks during pickling. Results indicated that the decreasing trend in the main peak T22 of raw and cooked salted egg yolks. Cooked salted egg yolks after 28 days of pickling had a higher release of free lipids as visualized using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs showed that protein granules were distributed together with lipid spheres in raw and cooked salted egg yolks, and the liberated constituents (lipids and proteins) reorganize and aggregate in cooked salted egg yolks after 28 days of pickling. As the pickling proceeded, the soluble protein content and free sulfhydryl content of raw salted egg yolks, the free sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity of cooked salted egg yolks showed an overall increasing trend, followed by significant decrease. The surface hydrophobicity of raw salted egg yolks exhibited an increasing trend. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrated that salting can stabilize the protein molecules by an increase in denaturation temperatures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the secondary structures of egg yolk proteins underwent changes, but no difference in protein patterns of either raw or cooked salted egg yolks was observed by SDS–PAGE during pickling. These results suggested that the characteristic gel of salted egg yolks is formed, as the result of multiple interactions between protein molecules and between protein and lipid molecules.

Compositions, Protease Inhibitor and Gelling Property of Duck Egg Albumen as Affected by Salting.

Chemical compositions, trypsin inhibitory activity, and gelling properties of albumen from duck egg during salting of 30 days were studied. As the salting time increased, moisture content decreased, the salt content and surface hydrophobicity increased (p<0.05). Trypsin inhibitory activity and specific activity were continuously decreased throughout the salting time of 30 days (p<0.05). This coincided with the decrease in band intensity of inhibitor with molecular weight of 44 kDa as examined by inhibitory activity staining. Nevertheless, no differences in protein patterns were observed in albumen during the salting of 30 days. Based on texture profile analysis, hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience of albumen gel decreased with increasing salting time. Conversely, salted albumen gels exhibited higher cohesiveness and adhesiveness, compared to those of fresh albumen. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that gel of salted albumen showed the larger voids and less compactness. In general, salting lowered trypsin inhibitory activity and gelling property of albumen from duck egg to some extent. Nevertheless, the salted albumen with the remaining inhibitor could be an alternative additive for surimi or other meat products to prevent proteolysis.