Differences In Levels Of Depression Research Articles

Virtual Therapy Complementary Prehabilitation of Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer—A Pilot Study

Breast cancer is becoming an important issue due to its various consequences and epidemiology. Studies are showing that it extremely impacts the mental health as well as the physical activity of the patients. In addition to the most common symptom, which is fatigue, patients also have problems with the quality of sleep. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) therapy in improving the mental state and quality of sleep, as well as increasing the physical activity (PA) of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. The study was conducted in a hospital's Breast Unit and included patients at the time of diagnosis of malignant breast cancer. A total of 16 subjects randomly divided into experimental (n = 9), and control (n = 7) groups were measured with the Beck Depression Scale, Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at two timepoints. The experimental intervention consisted of a 2-week (8 sessions) Virtual Therapeutic Garden (VRTierOne) procedure performed daily for about 15 min. Significant differences were identified between groups in the interactions between the main factors seen in the destructive style of the Mini-Mac scale: F(1.14) = 4.82, p = 0.04, and between multiple experiments: F(1.14)= 5.54, p = 0.03 showing a significant reduction in the destructive style of coping with the disease in the study group after therapy (32.44 vs. 28.33, p = 0.003). The level of main effects [study] for the constructive style is F(1.14) = 3.93, p = 0.06 with a significant increase in constructive style in the study group (43.33 vs. 45.33, p = 0.044). Significant differences in levels of depression between multiple experiments: F(1.14) = 5.04, p = 0.04, show a significant reduction in the severity of depressive symptoms was found in the experimental group after therapy (13.33 vs. 8.11, p = 0.02). However, the analysis did not show significant differences between group analyses (p = 0.25). It seems that VR reduces the severity of depressive symptoms and reduces the destructive style and can be an effective option in improving the mental state of patients diagnosed with breast cancer.

A U-Shaped Association between Internet Use and Depression in China.

Objectives: In this research, we aimed to investigate the relationship between Internet use and depression levels among Chinese residents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to analyze adults ≥ 18 years old in China using China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2018 data. Results: The sample included 23,258 participants. Overall, Internet users presented lower levels of depression compared to non-Internet users. The analysis of the Internet user group showed a U-shaped relationship between the length of free time Internet use and the depression index. Moderate Internet use was significantly associated with a decrease in the depression index after 11 hours per week, Internet use was significantly associated with an increase in the depression index. Analysis of socio-demographic characteristics revealed significant differences in depression indices between urban and rural areas, and between different age, gender, education level, socio-economic status, and health level groups (p<.001). Conclusion: There is a need to increase the popularity of the Internet. Internet users should control the length of their Internet use to more rational levels. In the process of large-scale prevention and treatment of depression, it is necessary to pay attention to the differences in depression levels between groups to target solutions.

Differences in Levels of Depression in Elderly Who Take Curse and Do Not Take Curse in Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar

The elderly are old people who already have a lot of time to practice their religious activities, including taking part in recitations. The elderly who do not regularly participate in recitation activities experience depressive symptoms such as; a lack of confidence, feeling lonely, and loss of enthusiasm and hope in life. This study aims to determine the difference in the level of depression in the elderly who attend recitations and do not attend recitations at Kaye Lee Village, Ingin Jaya District, and Aceh Besar District. This research is quantitative with a comparative descriptive approach. The number of respondents in this study was 88 seniors, with the condition 44 elderly people attended the recitation and 44 did not attend the recitation. Sampling was carried out using purposive sampling. The results showed that results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that the mean rank level of depression in the elderly in the group taking part in recitation was 38.52 and in the group not attending recitation was 50.49 and the p-value was 0.025. The level of depression in the group attending the recitation was lower than the group who did not attend the recitation, meaning that the elderly who were active in recitation activities had a lower risk of experiencing depression. It is recommended that the results of this study form the basis for establishing programs to empower the elderly in the community, such as recitation programs in the village for social interaction and spiritual needs with the surrounding community, especially on aspects of the quality of life for the elderly in facing old age.Keywords: depression; elderly; recitationPerbedaan Tingkat Depresi pada Lansia yang Mengikuti Pengajian dan Tidak Mengikuti Pengajian di Kecamatan Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh BesarABSTRAK Lansia merupakan usia lanjut yang sudah memiliki banyak waktuuntuk mengamalkan kegiatan keagamaannya termasuk mengikuti pengajian. Lansia yang tidak mengikuti kegiatan pengajian secara rutin mengalami gejala-gejala depresi seperti merasa kesepian, kurang percaya diri, kehilangan semangat dan harapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbedaan tingkat depresi pada lansia yang mengikuti pengajian dan tidak mengikuti pengajian di Desa Kaye Lee Kecamatan Ingin Jaya Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini bersifat kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif comparative. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian inisebanyak 88 orang lansia, dengan ketentuan lansia yang mengikuti pengajian 44 orang dan tidak mengikuti pengajian 44 orang. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari hasil uji Mann-whitney didapatkan nilai mean rank tingkat depresi lansia pada kelompok megikuti pengajian sebesar 38,52 dan pada kelompok tidak mengikuti pengajian 50,49 serta nilai p-value 0,025. Tingkat depresi pada kelompok mengikuti pengajian lebih rendah dibandingkan kelompok yang tidak mengikuti pengajian, artinya lansia yang aktif dalam kegiatan pengajian memiliki resiko lebih rendah dalam mengalami depresi. Disarankan hasil penelitian ini menjadi dasar penetapan program-program pemberdayaan lansia dalam masyarakat, seperti program pengajian di desa untuk interaksi sosial dan kebutuhan spiritual dengan masyarakat sekitar, terutama pada aspek kulitas hidup lansia dalam menghadapi masa tua.Kata Kunci: depresi; lansia; pengajian

Gender wise difference in depression level amongst patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: The World Health Organization estimates that 220 million individuals worldwide have diabetes mellitus, with 80% of those people living in poor nations and a death rate of 5% annually. Objective: To assess the gender wise difference in depression level amongst patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: The current cross sectional study was carried out at Balochistan Institute of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from August 2019 to August 2020. Informed consent was taken in written from all the participants. A pre-designed proforma was then used to collect all the required information’s. The SPSS version 24.0 was used to input and analyze the data. Results: In our study, a total of 120 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were enrolled. The male participants in our study were 60 (50%) while female participants were 60 (50%). The mean age (SD) in our study was 46 (12.1) years. Based on the gender wise difference of depression amongst diabetic patients, mild depression was observed amongst 36 (30%) females and 27 (22.5%) males; Moderate depression was observed amongst 18 (15%) females and 9 (7.5%) males while severe depression was observed amongst 28 (23.33%) females and 18 (15%) males.

Individual Differences in Relative Telomere Length in Mentally Healthy Subjects: The Effect of TERT Gene Polymorphism and Urban Residency.

The changes in the telomere length caused by the terminal underreplication in the existing literature are related to depressive disorders. However, the use of the telomere length as a biomarker of depressive states is ambiguous, which is due to the effect of various environmental factors on both the psychoemotional state and cellular aging of an organism. In order to identify the possible use of the relative telomere length (RTL) measured in peripheral blood leukocytes as a biomarker of enhanced liability to depression prior to the clinical symptoms, as well as to determine the link between telomere length, sociodemographic factors, allelic variants of the genes involved in the regulation of telomere elongation, and depression level, the association analysis of reverse transcriptase (TERT rs7726159), telomerase RNA component (TERC rs1317082), and the CST complex encoding protein (OBFC1 rs2487999) gene polymorphisms was performed with RTL and depression level in mentally healthy individuals (N = 1065) aged 18–25 years. Together with genetic variants, the examined regression models included various sociodemographic parameters as predictors. As a result of statistical analysis, we failed to observe the association between RTL and individual differences in depression level in the studied sample. Nevertheless, multiple regression analysis allowed us to construct a statistically significant model of individual variance in RTL (P = 4.3е–4; r2 = 0.018), which included rs7726159 in the TERT gene (P = 0.020; β = 0.078) and such environmental predictors as age (P = 0.001; β = –0.027) and place of residence in childhood (urban/rural area) (P = 0.048; β = 0.063). The data obtained confirm the involvement of TERT gene variants and age in telomere length in mentally healthy individuals aged 18–25 years and indicate a negative effect of urban residency on telomere length shortening, which reflects the cellular aging of an organism.

Psychological impact on dental students and professionals in a Lima population during COVID-19s wave: a study with predictive models

Peru was the country with the highest COVID-19 case fatality rate worldwide during second wave of infection, with dentists and pre-professional students being susceptible to infection due to clinical procedures they perform. This situation could have generated some kind of psychological disorder within this group. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess how COVID-19 pandemic affected this population group during second wave, in relation to depression, anxiety and stress. This observational and cross-sectional study in 368 Peruvian dentists (186 students and 182 professionals), was carried out during August to November 2021. The DASS-21 Scale was used to diagnose depression, anxiety and stress. For the statistical analysis, Pearson's chi-square test was used, in addition to a logit model using odds ratio (OR) to evaluate depression, anxiety and stress with the following factors: gender, age group, marital status, monthly family income, children, academic level, history of COVID-19, COVID-19 symptomatology, close relative with COVID-19, living with vulnerable people and work dedication. In addition, predictive models were constructed considering all possible significant causes. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered. Dental students and professionals presented significant differences in levels of depression, anxiety and stress (p < 0.001, p = 0.022, p = 0.001; respectively). Male students were 56% less likely to develop stress (OR 0.44; CI 0.22–0.85) compared to females; while those unmarried were 81% less likely to develop stress (OR 0.19; CI 0.04–0.85). Likewise, those with children were 83% less likely to develop stress (OR 0.17; CI 0.06–0.52) and 65% less likely to develop depression (OR 0.35; CI 0.15–0.80). In addition, COVID-19 asymptomatics were 60% less likely to develop depression (OR 0.40; CI 0.17–0.92). However, having relatives with COVID-19 caused almost three times the probability of developing depression (OR 2.96; CI 1.29–6.79) and twice the probability of developing stress (OR 2.49; CI 1.07–5.78). As for dental professionals, it was noticed that those unmarried had almost three times the probability of developing stress (OR 2.93; CI 1.38–6.23); while those who only worked had twice the probability of developing stress (OR 2.37; CI 1.17–4.78). Dental students had a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress. In addition, having children and being asymptomatic were protective predictors for depression, while being male, unmarried and having children were protective predictors for stress. However, having a relative with COVID-19 was a risk predictor for depression and stress. In professionals, only working and being unmarried were risk predictors for stress.

Moderating Role of Resilience Between Depression and Stress Response of Vocational Middle School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectIn this study, we aimed to explore the influences of stress responses and psychological resilience on depression of vocational middle school students during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in China.MethodsAn online questionnaire survey on the students of a medical school in Jiangxi Province, China, and obtained 3,532 valid questionnaires. A self-compiled general situation questionnaire, Stress Response of COVID-19 Questionnaire, the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to explore the regulatory role of psychological resilience between stress response and depression.Results(1) There were significant differences in gender between vocational middle school students' evaluation (t = 3.07, P = 0.002) and defense (t = 3.28, P = 0.001) of the pandemic. Males had higher cognitive evaluation of the pandemic than females, and females had more defense against the pandemic than males. (2) There is a significant difference between vocational middle school students from different grades in depression level (F = 3.62, P = 0.03), pneumonia defense (F = 13.65, P < 0.001) and pneumonia panic (F = 3.10, P = 0.045). (3) Depression level (F = 7.17, P < 0.001), pneumonia evaluation (F = 2.78, P = 0.04) and pneumonia panic (F = 3.32, P = 0.02) of the students concerning the spatial distance of the pandemic. (4) The severity of urban pandemic affects the evaluation of pneumonia among vocational middle school students. (5) Depression was negatively correlated with psychological resilience and pneumonia evaluation, and positively correlated with pneumonia panic. Psychological resilience was positively correlated with pneumonia evaluation and pneumonia defense, and negatively correlated with pneumonia panic. (6) Psychological resilience could reduce the level of depression caused by pneumonia evaluation and pneumonia panic.ConclusionThere were significant differences in depression level and stress responses in grades, gender and spatial distance of pandemic. Resilience has a significant negative moderator effect on the relationship between pandemic panic and depression. Resilience has a significant positive moderator effect on the relationship between pandemic evaluation and depression.

Investigation of the levels of low back pain, depression, and burnout of the personnel providing formal care for children with disability and elderly individuals.

The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the low-back pain, depression, and burnout levels among formal caregivers of elderly individuals and children with disability. This descriptive and cross-sectional study included 29 caregivers of children with disabilities (Group 1) and 26 caregivers of elderly individuals (Group 2). The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants were questioned. The part of low back pain in the Standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to estimate of low back pain. Beck Depression Inventory and Maslach Burnout Inventory were used to evaluate the levels of depression and burnout, respectively. In analysis, percentage values, mean, standard deviation, frequency, and t-test for comparative statistics and Chi-square and Fisher Exact test for categorical variables were used. There was a significant difference between the two groups only for the frequency of pain (p=0.039). There was a significant difference in depression levels between the groups (p=0.001) and no difference in the burnout level of the among groups (emotional exhaustion p=0.21; depersonalization p=0.95; and personal achievement p=0.066). It was observed that the disabled and elderly care personnel included in this study similarly experienced moderate burnout, and they also had similar complaints in terms of low back pain, except for the frequency of pain. It was found that the depression levels of the disabled child caregivers were higher than the elderly caregivers. As a result, it has been seen that care work can cause both physical and psychosocial problems in both groups.

Infant sleep and temperament characteristics in association with maternal postpartum depression

ObjectiveAim of this study was to examine the association between infant temperament and sleep characteristics and postpartum depressive symptoms among mothers. Study designResearch data were collected at the baseline (2nd -4th days postpartum) and the follow-up (6–8 weeks postpartum), Slovak version of the (EPDS) was used, along with questions focused on perceived sleeping problems of an infant, and temperament Linear regression models were employed. SettingTwo public hospital sites in Slovakia. Participants204 women participated in both time points (mean age 30.9 ± 4.8, age range: 20–44; 78.9% vaginal births; 56.9% primiparas). ResultsSignificant differences in the EPDS scores were found according to infant sleeping problems (p ≤ 0.05) and duration of infant night sleep (p ≤ 0.01). Both night sleep and day sleep duration were significant predictors for the level of postpartum depression symptoms at the 6–8 weeks follow-up in the linear regression model after adjusting for confounding variables (β= -0.13; 95%CI: -3.04;-0.01; β= -0.15; 95%CI: -3.02;-0.28, total explained variance 39.0%). Infant temperament characteristics have not been found significant predictors of postpartum depression symptoms in this study. Key conclusionsSignificant differences in depression levels were found among postpartum women according to perceived sleeping problems of infant, and the duration of infant night sleep. It is important to focus more attention on the role of infant sleeping problems as a possible risk factor for the increased occurrence of postpartum depressive symptoms.

Effects of animal-assisted interventions for people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are non-pharmacological, cost-effective interventions developed to improve outcomes in patients with dementia; however, the effects remain inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of AAIs for people with dementia. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed of English-language literature published from January 1, 2001, to July 3,2021, and indexed in the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PsycINFO. Intervention groups were people with dementia who received AAIs. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Among 10 included studies, significant differences in depression levels were identified between the intervention and control groups (p < 0.001). No significant differences in cognitive function, neuropsychiatric syndrome, or independence in activities of daily living were observed between groups. Future research remains necessary to examine the effects of AAIs on depression during different stages of dementia. AAIs therapists may collaborate with healthcare workers to improve AAIs benefits.

The Difference of Despression Level Before and After Keroncong Music Therapy in the Elderly

Introduction: coming to an old age a person will experience physical, psychological, and biological setbacks. Psychological deterioration which is often found in the elderly is depression (Purbowinoto, 2010). One of the non-pharmacological therapies that can be applied to reduce depression levels in the elderly is to use keroncong music therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in depression levels in the elderly before and after being given keroncong music therapy at UPTD Griya Werdha Jambangan Surabaya.Method: the method used was analytical pre-experimental research with pre testpost test design. The independent variable in this study was depression in the elderly, while the independent variable was keroncong music therapy. The population is 40 elderly with 36 samples in the UPTD Griya Werdha Jambangan Surabaya taken using purposive sampling techniques. The data was taken using a questionnaire. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon Rank Test statistical test.Results: from the results of the study, it was found that there was a difference in the levels of depressionin the elderly before and after being given keroncong music therapy at UPTD Griya Werdha Jambangan Surabaya with a significant value of = 0.0001 lower than p= 0.05 (p &lt;α). Before the therapy or treatment, most of the elderly experienced depression levels with as many as 11 respondents (30.6%) and after the treatment most of them experienced depression level with as many as 16 respondents (44.4%).Conclusion: it could be concluded that there was a difference in levels of depression in the elderly before and after being given keroncong music therapy at UPTD Griya Werdha Jambangan Surabaya. For this reason, music therapy can be an option to decrease the depression level in the elderly at UPTD Griya Werdha Jambangan Surabaya.

DAHAGA: An Islamic spiritual mindfulness-based application to reduce depression among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacts students' mental health. Most of them may experience depression. Due to restrictions and social distancing during the pandemic, counseling may not be applicable in detecting the problems. Therefore, an Islamic spiritual mindfulness-based application called DAHAGA is created in order to detect and reduce depression. It is believed that this innovative app could reduce mental health problems among students. This study aimed to determine the effect of DAHAGA on reducing depression among nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This was a quasi-experimental study with a comparison group pretest/posttest design conducted from May to June 2020. Seventy students were selected using convenience sampling, of which 35 were assigned in an experimental group and a comparison group. The validated Indonesian Version-Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was used for data collection. Paired t-test and independent t-test were used for data analysis. There was a significant effect of DAHAGA on depression (p < 0.001). The level of depression after intervention (mean 11.49, SD 4.49) was lower than it before the intervention (mean 17.20, SD 4.94). Additionally, there was a significant difference in depression level between the experimental and comparison groups after the intervention with a p-value of < 0.001. The DAHAGA is proven effective in reducing depression. Therefore, this study offers a new and innovative app that fits with the COVID-19 pandemic to help Muslim students maintain their health status. The findings also support Islamic spiritual mindfulness as a part of nursing interventions among psychiatric nurses to deal with mental health problems, especially depression.

Efficacy of Benson's Relaxation Technique on Anxiety and Depression among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Benson's relaxation technique on anxiety and depression among patients undergoing hemodialysis. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted. Searching databases included EBSCO Host, PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct, Sage Journals, Ovid, and Google Scholar from January 2000 to September 2020. Five randomized controlled trials were identified. Findings revealed a statistically significant decrease in anxiety score. Concerning depression; one RCT showed a statistically significant decrease and two RCTs revealed a non-significant difference in depression level. The overall quality of the RCTs was not high. Despite that the RCTs showed benefits of BRT in managing anxiety. However, this is not the same for depression. The lack of high-quality scientific evidence supporting its retinue use indicates that additional well designed randomized controlled trials in multiple countries are warranted to support the efficacy of Benson's relaxation technique on anxiety and depression among patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Prevalence rate of Depression among Undergraduate Nursing Students of a Nigerian University

Globally, depression has been found to be highly prevalent among undergraduates. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among undergraduate nursing students of Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa State. Using the Beck Depression Inventory 11 (BDI-11), data were collected from 216 undergraduate nursing students of Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island Bayelsa State. Results showed that depression is among undergraduate nursing students of Niger Delta University with a pooled prevalence of 37.5% with 135(62.5%) having no depression, 43(20.1%) mild depression, 24(10.9%) moderate depression, and 14(6.5%) severely depressed. Results further revealed that females were 69(31.9%) more depressed than males 11(5.1%). Depression is highly widespread among undergraduate nursing students of Niger Delta University with differences in depression levels between females and males and as students advanced academically. Programmes that cater to the mental health of students are recommended in order to help them cope with the stressors they encounter

An evaluation of the correlation between the severity and frequency of migraine and the Buss-Perry Aggression Scale

It is important to identify concomitant psychological factors such as depression and aggression in patients with migraine. In this study, our objective was to demonstrate the difference of aggression scores in patients with migraine compared with normal scores, and whether the severity of the disease and the frequency of pain had an impact. Ninety-nine patients with migraine and 67 healthy controls who presented to the Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital were included in the study. The pain frequency, duration, and severity of the migraine were recorded. The respective severities of pain, depression and aggression were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the Beck Depression Scale, and the Turkish version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. It was found that the anger scores of patients with migraine were high (p = 0.001; p < 0.01), and their hostility levels were lower compared with those of the control group in a case (p = 0.017; p < 0.05) where there was no difference in depression level (p > 0.05). No difference with the control group was found in terms of physical and verbal aggression. It was found that internalised anger was significantly higher. No correlation was found with the frequency and duration of pain. The anger scores of patients with migraine are higher, which may be directly related to the nature of migraine without any contribution of depression. The long-term impacts of the disease, and an evaluation of the psychological concomitants within the scope of the treatment plan are important for a more effective treatment method.

Using idiographic models to distinguish personality and psychopathology.

While the overlap between personality and psychopathology is well documented, few studies examine how the two overlap at a lower, moment-to-moment level. We took an idiographic approach to examine personality and psychopathology processes at the individual level. Doing so offers a unique perspective by incorporating both dynamic time and structural analysis, two components that are traditionally examined separately when investigating the overlap between personality and psychopathology. Two experience sample studies measured personality states and personality problems up to four-times a day over a two-week period (Study 1N=349, observations=11,124; Study 2N=161, observations=8,261). For some, personality states and personality problems are deeply intertwined, mirroring existing between-person findings. But for others the two are separate, indicating it is possible to separate personality (states) from a person's problems. Between-person differences in levels of depression had no association with the idiographic structure, indicating that between-person constructs operate separately from within-person processes. Finally, situations that are more likely to bring out personality problems did not alter the association between personality states and personality problems. This method provides a novel conceptualization of personality-psychopathology overlap, bringing the focus beyond mostly static, between-person models to more dynamic, individual-level models.

Emotional states of different obesity phenotypes: a sex-specific study in a west-Asian population

BackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate the associations of obesity phenotypes with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among adults in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).MethodsDepression, anxiety, and stress levels of participants from the TLGS were examined among different obesity phenotypes in this cross-sectional study.Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, and metabolically unhealthy status based on having metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes. Four obesity phenotypes were defined: 1) Metabolically Healthy Non-Obese (MHNO), 2) Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) 3) Metabolically Unhealthy Non-Obese (MUNO), and 4) Metabolically Unhealthy Obese (MUO). Emotional states of different obesity phenotypes were assessed by the Persian version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 items (DASS-21). Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to compare sex-specific odds ratios of depression, anxiety, and stress in different obesity phenotypes.ResultsThe mean age of 2469 men and women was 46.2 ± 15.9 and 45.6 ± 14.7, respectively. In total, women were more likely to experience higher levels of depression (30.5%), anxiety (44.2%), and stress (43.5%) symptoms compared to men. After adjusting for potential confounders, compared to MHNO men, the odds of experiencing higher anxiety levels were significantly greater in metabolically unhealthy men whether they were obese (OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.25–2.54; P = < 0.001) or non-obese (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.17–2.21; P = < 0.001), and also in MUO women (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.28–2.34; P = < 0.001) compared to MHNO women. Moreover, the odds of experiencing higher stress levels were significantly greater in MUNO men (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02–1.90; P = 0.04) compared to MHNO men and in MUO women (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.07–1.96; P = 0.02) compared to MHNO women. No difference in depression levels was observed in either sex.ConclusionsOur results showed that men and women with various obesity phenotypes experienced different anxiety and stress levels. While MUO women and all metabolically unhealthy men experienced more anxiety and stress levels than MHNO individuals, none of the obesity phenotypes were associated with depression. These findings provide insight into recognizing the psychological consequences of different phenotypes of obesity in both sexes and utilizing future health promotion planning.

DEPRESSION, ANXIETY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION IN VOJVODINA.

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients with chronic hepatitis C and how depression and anxiety correlate with respective health-related quality of life (HRQoL) domains, sociodemographic factors, and clinico-epidemiological characteristics. This prospective study involved 150 patients with chronic hepatitis C awaiting interferon treatment for hepatitis C and 150 healthy subjects. All individuals enrolled in the study completed the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. The symptoms showed greater severity/score among patients with chronic hepatitis C for both depression (t=3.37; p<0.01) and anxiety (t=2.35; p<0.05). Regression analysis was used for estimating the relationship between depression and the set of predictors (domains of the SF-36 questionnaire). Three HRQoL domains (Physical Functioning, Vitality, and Mental Health) were found to have the strongest predictive contribution to the occurrence of depression. A series of Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests showed a significant difference in depression level between marital status categories (χ2(2)=7.86, p<0.05). Divorced participants had significantly higher scores compared to married participants (Z=-2.40, p<0.05) and single participants (Z=-2.75, p<0.01). Unemployment was associated with a higher degree of depression and anxiety. There was no association identified between duration of the disease, route of hepatitis C virus transmission, existence of cirrhosis, and depression or anxiety. The findings of this study can assist in developing a standard protocol for the management of chronic hepatitis C that will include psychological assessment and support.

Depression, Recurrence, and Perceptions of Physical Fitness among CHD Patients: A Comparison based on Participation in Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation Program

Coronary heart disease (CHD) patients experience various physical and psychological changes after an acute attack. Depression has been identified as a substantive psychological problem in CHD patients. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) intends to restore optimal physical and psychological condition of the patients. However, less attention is bestowed towards the psychological aspect of CR. Research on the effects of CR on patient psychological problems has not been discussed in many studies in Indonesia. This study aimed to compare depression, recurrence, and fitness levels among CHD patients based on participation in Phase II CR Program. This research used a quantitative comparative method involving 66 CHD patients recruited by a purposive sampling technique. After applying the selection criteria for this study, the patients were assigned to the CR group (nCR=29) and the non-CR group (nNCR=37). Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI II) and instruments developed by researchers to measure recurrence and fitness levels. Data were analyzed using frequency distribution, chi-squared, and Mann-Whitney tests. Depression experienced by CHD patients in both groups with mean in non-CR and CR groups of 11.11 (± 7.8) and 8.59 (± 6.5), respectively. There was no significant difference in depression level among the groups (p&gt;0.05)). Meanwhile, as many as 45% of the patients in the CR group and 22% in the non-CR group had never experienced chest pain (recurrence) within the past month. In addition, the physical fitness was perceived increased by 90% of the patients in the CR group and 0% in the non-CR group. It was also found that there were significant differences in the recurrence and physical fitness among the two groups (p &lt;0.05). Patients participating in Phase II CR program had a better perception of physical fitness and a lower frequency of chest pain than patients in the non-CR group. Although the depression level in patients in the two groups did not differ significantly, patients in the non-CR group scored higher in depression. Accordingly, assessment and psychosocial interventions need to be improved to optimize CR program services.

Should I care for my mum or for my kid? Sandwich generation and depression burden in Italy

Setting and objectiveIn Italy, over the last decades, elderly care has been mostly provided by family members, especially adult offspring, and in particular daughters. This paper investigates the relationship between informal caregiving and mental distress among Italians aged 35–59, with a focus on gender effect and parenthood responsibilities. DataThe dataset is the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), second wave, year 2015. As far as it is known, the Italian EHIS has not been used for studies on ageing and caregiving. MethodsUsing selected subsamples, a Propensity Score Matching between caregivers and non-caregivers aged 35–59 is implemented, with the aim of measuring the difference in level of depression, if any, between the two groups. ResultsFindings show that women providing their frail relatives with informal care are less likely to suffer from mental distress compared to non-carers. However, results change radically if they have children aged less than 15 at home, and a higher probability of being depressed is detected for women overwhelmed by the double responsibility of assisting both dependent relatives and their own children. Results are not significant for men.