Differences In Crude Protein Research Articles

Evaluation of the Forage Potentials of Pearl Millet in a Semi‐arid Tropical Environment

AbstractThe pastures and rangelands of the semi‐arid region of Nigeria wherein is the bulk of the livestock in the country, provide sufficient nutrients for livestock for no more than three to five months of the year. There is therefore need to have high yielding and good quality forages to ensure adequate all‐year‐round forage supply for the livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage potentials of pearl millet (Pennistetum americanum [L.] K. Schum.) which is well adapted to the region. Twenty cultivars were evaluated for their growth, forage yield and mineral content potentials.The cultivars were significantly different in the number of leaves per plant, plant height, dry matter yield and potassium content in each cutting. Differences in crude protein and crude fibre contents were significant only between cuttings. Variations in crude protein and crude fibre contents ranged from 14.1 to 20.3 % and from 28 to 30.8 %, respectively. Cultivars had a progressive dimunition in growth, yield and mineral content potentials after the first or second cutting. Pearl millet therefore seems less suited to forage production in the semi‐arid region of Nigeria since no cultivar showed the potentials for adequate supply of all‐year‐round forage.

Orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass with applied nitrogen and in mixtures with legumes

AbstractBotanical composition of swards can markedly affect their productivity, forage quality, and acceptance by animals. The objective of this research was to determine the amounts of dry matter (DM) and N harvested in the different botanical components of swards where perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were sown alone and fertilized with N, or sown in mixture with legumes.Broadcast sowings were made on conventionally prepared seedbeds in August 1979 and May 1980 on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalf). When seeded alone, orchardgrass cv. Pennlate and perennial ryegrass cv. Reveille received rates of N ranging from 0 to 448 kg ha−1 a−1. The grasses were also grown in mixtures with alfalfa cv. Arc, red clover cv. Arlington, or birdsfoot trefoil cv. Viking. The same legumes were sown alone. Four legume seed rates were used in both the pure legume and mixed stands.Legume DM harvests were greater in mixtures with perennial ryegrass than in legume‐orchard‐grass swards. An exception occurred in the first year as birdsfoot trefoil harvested DM was lower in trefoil‐ryegrass swards than in trefoil orchardgrass mixtures, probably owing to vigorous competition from ryegrass in the seedling stage. As legume seed rates were increased, both the legume and grass components of mixed swards produced more DM and N. Grass DM and N harvested in orchardgrass mixtures exceeded those of ryegrass mixtures for the 3‐year period.Sward weediness, most prevalent in pure legume stands planted at low seed rates, was sharply reduced by including either grass with the legumes. Volunteer legumes contributed to DM harvested only when the grasses were sown alone and not fertilized with N.Species differences in crude protein (CP) concentration were significant. Birdsfoot trefoil had the highest CP of the legumes, averaging 241 g (kg DM)−1. Alfalfa and red clover averaged 219 and 208 g CP (kg DM)−1 respectively. Perennial ryegrass herbage had a higher CP concentration than that of orchardgrass in both pure and mixed swards. Grass CP increased significantly in response to fertilizer N and to higher legume seed rates.

Effects of Burial on Food Value and Consumption of Leaf Detritus by Aquatic Invertebrates in a Lowland Forest Stream

The effects of burial on leaf processing in a lowland forest stream were determined by comparing decomposition rates, changes in chemical composition and palatability of leaf packs that had been buried or incubated at the surface. Surface incubated leaves lost weight faster and contained a lower organic and caloric content than buried leaves. There were no significant differences in crude protein content between buried and surface incubated leaves. In the laboratory, Acer and Populus leaves that had been serially incubated either below or above the sediments were fed to three invertebrate consumers, Tipula, Gammarus and Pycnopsyche. Significantly more of surface incubated Acer and Populus were consumed than buried leaves. Differences in percent organic matter, caloric content and percent crude protein are considered as factors responsible for the observed differences in leaf processing and palatability. The significance of leaf burial as a homeostatic mechanism is also discussed.

Dwarfism in Diverse Genetic Backgrounds: 3. Effects of Dietary Protein

The relationship between dietary protein and the sex-linked dwarf gene, dw, was examined in lines of chickens selected bidirectionally for high and low eight-week body weight. The feeding of diets containing 18, 23, and 28% crude protein did not significantly influence either body size or egg production traits in any of the populations studied. It was concluded that previously documented dietary effects on these traits were not the result of differences in crude protein.

Changes in the nutrient and energy content in defined parts of the veal calf (author's transl)

In a study on the nutrient and energy content of defined parts of the body, five veal calves each were slaughtered at the start and at the end of two fattening periods with liquid diet. The whole body weight of the three groups of veal calves averaged 56, 96, and 151 kg. All body organs and parts resulting from slaughtering and partitioning were weighed, divided among 11 groups of cuts, and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash and energy. The various cuts showed different weight gains in relation to live weight. Blood, hide and gastrointestinal tract and also total meat increased about proportionally to live weight, the innards and bones developed more slowly. During the 12-week fattening period the percentage of total meat of the carcass increased from 68 to 72, the percentage of adipose tissue from 3 to 8. Over the same period the percentage of bones decreased from 26 to 19. The groups of organs and tissues showed considerable differences in nutrient content. With an increase in ether extract concentration from 39 to 69% of fresh matter during fattening, the adipose tissue of finished calves contained 13 times the amount of ether extract of animals at the start of fattening. The deposition of fat in the skeleton, in contrast to the soft tissues, already reached the maximum level in the weight range under 100 kg. Among the four defined groups of lean meat there were no major differences in crude protein and ash. In the total meat crude protein content declined from 20.4 to 19.3%, ash content from 1.7 to 1.3% of fresh matter during fattening. The total protein content amounting to 13.2 kg in the group after finishing reached 2.7 times the level of the inital content. At the same time the fat content of the total meat increased from 2.4% initially to 7.7% at the end. The highest level found was 11.3% in the lean meat of the chest/abdominal part. In the total meat about 2.8 times as much fat was retained in the second period of fattening than in the first period.

EVALUATION OF TURKEY BROILER FEEDING PROGRAMS BY BIOLOGICAL ASSAY AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Five commercial and two experimental turkey broiler feeding programs were compared with a control program by feeding from day-old to market weight (5.0-kg males). The performance of the poults fed the commercial feeds varied widely in rate of growth, feed consumption, feed conversion, carcass grade and cost of meat production. Carcass composition was not greatly influenced by the feeding program, but the eviscerated carcass yield of birds requiring an extended growing period was reduced. An experimental program of progressively increasing nutrient density produced well-finished broilers at 89 days of age with improved feed consumption and conversion over the controls. Another experimental program in which the diets included dehydrated alfalfa, dried brewer’s yeast and partly delactosed whey gave no advantage over the wheat–soybean–meat meal diets of the control program. Chemical analysis of the registered commercial feeds revealed little relationship between the actual and guaranteed analyses except for crude protein. Differences in crude protein and amino acid contents accounted for part of the observed variation in early growth.

COMPARISON OF NIGERIAN YELLOW CORN, GUINEA CORN (SORGHUM) AND PEANUT MEAL (GROUNDNUT CAKE) WITH CANADIAN CORN AND SOYBEAN MEAL

Three Nigerian foodstuffs, yellow corn (maize) C(Nig), guinea corn (sorghum) GC, and peanut meal (groundnut cake) PNM were evaluated chemically and biologically in comparison with Canadian yellow corn C(Can) and Canadian soybean meal SBM. Treatments consisted of seven isocaloric (3,600 kcal digestible energy/kg) diets based on combinations of the cereals and protein supplements upon which were superimposed three (20, 16 and 12%) protein levels. Diets were fed to weanling Sprague-Dawley rats for an experimental period of 4 wk. Chemical analyses revealed expected differences in crude protein, fat and amino acids between PNM and SBM. Other than in arginine and phenylalanine, PNM contained fewer essential amino acids than SBM. PNM-supplemented diets resulted in more carcass fat and less carcass lean than SBM-supplemented ones. Although there were no obvious differences in the protein and amino acid composition of the three cereals, there were interactions between these energy sources and the protein supplements. SBM gave its best performance with GC and PNM gave its best performance with C(Can). Supplementation of C(Can)–PNM diet with DL-methionine and L-lysine did not significantly improve gains. Dietary protein level showed an inverse relationship (P < 0.01) to protein and energy digestibilities expressed as percentages, although daily N retention was positively related to dietary protein level. Liveweight gain and empty body weight gain did not give equivalent relative performance to that of dry matter empty body weight gain.

Forage yield and nutritive quality of haulm from dual-purpose cowpea cultivars for dry season, livestock and feeding in Nigeria

The availability of high quality forage, especially during the dry season remains a major challenge to ruminant livestock production in Nigeria and many parts of West Africa. This study was conducted to evaluate forage yield and nutritive quality of haulm from selected dual purpose cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivars in the humid rain forest zone of Nigeria. The forage and pod yields of twenty cultivars were evaluated at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Subsequently, five dual-purpose cultivars, namely IT04K-334-2, IT07K-293-3, IT04K-194-3, IT04K-405-5, IT06K-147-2, were selected based on forage and pod yields from previous trial, for determination of chemical and fibre compositions. The results revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in pod and forage yields among the twenty cowpea cultivars, with yields ranging from 0-1.5 t ha-1 and 0.1-4.5 t ha-1 for pod and forage, respectively. Cultivars IT07K-293-3, IT04K-405-5, IT06K-147-2, IT07K-194-3, IT04K-334-2, IT04K-267-8 and IT04K-339-1 recorded the highest fodder yields of at least 2715 t ha-1, with crude protein contents ranging from 10.49% in IT07K-194-3 to 13 .57 % in IT04K-405-5. Cultivars IT07K-194-3, IT07K-293-3, IT07K-220-1-9, IT06K-147-2, IT07K-187-55IT04K-332-1 recorded the highest pod yields (>700 t ha-1). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in crude protein, ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC) contents among five cultivars selected from the top ten high yielding cultivars, based on mean ranking score. These selected cultivars are recommended as dual-purpose cowpea for the humid forest zone.

Yield, Protein, Nitrate, and Prussic Acid Content of Sudangrass, Sudangrass Hybrids, and Pearl Millets Harvested at Two Cutting Frequencies and Two Stubble Heights1

AbstractThree sorghum × sudangrass hybrids, one sudangrass hybrid, three pearl millet hybrids, and ‘Piper’ sudangrass were harvested at two stubble heights and two cutting frequencies during the 1964 and 1965 growing seasons. Growth and chemical composition responses were as follows: Yields of all varieties harvested three times per year were superior to those of varieties harvested four times per year. Yields of all varieties cut at the 7.6‐cm (3 inch) stubble height were higher than those of varieties cut at 15.2‐cm (6 inch) when they were cut three times per year, excepting PM × 1 and PM × 3 in 1964. The crude protein of all varieties was 2.6% higher when harvested four compared with three times per year. Crude protein levels were higher when varieties were cut at 7.6‐cm compared with 15.2‐cm stubble height in the 4‐cut system. In the 3‐cut system, only small differences in crude protein resulted from varying the stubble height. The nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the herbage of all varieties was higher when they were cut at the 7.6‐cm compared with the 15.2‐cm stubble height in the 4‐cut frequency. The nitrate nitrogen content of the herbage of the pearl millet varieties was higher than for Piper sudangrass and/or sudangrass hybrids. In the 3‐cut frequency, higher HCN levels were found for herbage cut at the 15.2‐cm stubble height, whereas, in the 4‐cut frequency, higher HCN levels resulted from herbage cut at the 7.6‐cm stubble height. The average HCN level and, with but one exception, the nitrate nitrogen content of the herbage of sorghum × sudangrass hybrids were higher than those for the herbage of Piper sudangrass.