Differences In Body Composition Research Articles

The effects of protein intake higher than the recommended value on body composition changes after bariatric surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background & AimsThere is a lack of a meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of higher protein intake in addition to the recommended value on body composition post-bariatric surgery. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to determine the effects of protein intake higher than the recommended value on body composition changes after bariatric surgery. MethodsElectronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Web of Sciences, were searched until July 2023. Studies that assessed the effect of protein intake higher than the recommended value on postoperative body composition, i.e., weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), percent fat mass (PFM), and percent weight loss (%TWL), were eligible. For each outcome, the mean and standard deviation (for changes from baseline) were used to synthesize the data. ResultsEight trials were included in the current study. The results of the meta-analysis indicated protein intake higher than the recommended value after bariatric surgery led to more weight loss by 4.95 kg (95% CI: -9.41 to -0.49 kg) and FM loss by 7.64 kg (95% CI: -14.01 to -1.28) compared with the control group. However, it had no significant effects on postoperative changes in BMI, FFM, PFM, or %TWL. There were no significant differences in body composition between protein sources obtained from diet and supplementation. When data was stratified based on the amount of added protein, we found a significant reduction in weight (MD: -7.80 kg; 95% CI: -14.50 to -1.10) in patients who consumed protein ≥ 40 g/d in addition to the recommended value. Besides, protein intake higher than the recommended value declined FFM loss in patients who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gatsrectomy (LSG) (MD: 6.52 kg; 95% CI: 0.99 to 12.02). ConclusionThe results of the current meta-analysis indicated that protein intake higher than the recommended value might cause greater weight and FM loss after bariatric surgery than a normal protein diet. However, our findings did not support the role of additional protein in the preservation of FFM, except in patients with LSG.

P047 Deconditioning in quiescent Crohn’s Disease patients with heightened fatigue perception

Abstract Background Heightened fatigue perception and premature exercise fatigue are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Physical deconditioning is greater in patients with increased fatigue perception relative to patients with a lower perception of fatigue, implicating deconditioning as an aetiological factor. This study used physiology and multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) during exercise to comprehensively phenotype quiescent IBD fatigue. Methods Participant body mass and regional body composition was assessed by DEXA, and tknee extensor strength and fatiguability using isokinetic dynamometry (Cybex, USA). A supine CPET was performed using an MR-compatible Ergometer (Cardiostepper, Ergospect) to standardize relative exercise intensity for in-bore 1H MRI measures. 1H MRI data were collected on a Philips 3T Ingenia wide bore scanner using a Philips Head/Neck coil and in-built posterior coil. Across rest, steady-state exercise (50% VO2 peak) and recovery, Phase Contrast-MRI was used to compute cardiac output and cerebral blood flow (CBF), and T2 Relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST-MRI) to measure brain oxygen extraction fraction (OEF). 31P MRS data was collected on a 3T Philips Achieva using a 14cm 31P coil over the medial gastrocnemius. Ischaemic plantar flexion exercise was performed at 50% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) using an MR-compatible ergometer (Trispect, Ergospect) during non-localized pulse-acquire 31P-MRS. 31P spectra were analysed using the AMARES function in jMRUI Beta 6.0. In vivo muscle mitochondrial flux during post-exercise PCr recovery (VPCr = kPCr * ΔPCr) where ΔPCr is PCrendrecovery –PCrendex) was quantified after reinstating limb blood flow and fitting PCr recovery to a mono-exponential function in GraphPad prism (PCr(t) = PCrinitial+(PCrend – PCrinitial)(1-exp(-k.t) where t is time from start of non-ischaemic recovery). Results 16 quiescent CD patients and 12 age and BMI matched HV’s completed the study. General fatigue score was greater in CD relative to HV (P = 0.001, Table 1). Body composition, isometric strength, fatigue development were not different between groups (Table 1). CBF response to steady-state exercise was less in CD (P = 0.003) alongside the maintenance of cardiac output and brain OEF in HV (Figure 1). VPCr following ischemic plantar flexion exercise was less in CD than HV (P = 0.02, Figure 1) (Figure 1). Conclusion Greater fatigue perception in CD was accompanied by lower CBF on exercise and blunted post-exercise PCr resynthesis, but no differences in body composition, strength and fatiguability relative to HV. These finding point to greater deconditioning in CD, corroborated by their lower daily step count relative to HV.

Lifespan Effects of Muscle-Specific Androgen Receptor Overexpression on Body Composition of Male and Female Rats.

Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or emerging adult rodents. Here we assess body composition and AR expression in skeletal muscle of rats at defined ages, comparing wild-type (WT) to transgenic human skeletal actin-driven AR overexpression (HSAAR) rats which overexpress AR in skeletal muscle. Male and female HSAAR and WT Sprague Dawley rats (N = 288) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and tissue collection at postnatal day (PND) 1, 10, 21, 42, 70, 183, 243, and 365. Expected sex differences in body composition and muscle mass largely onset with puberty (PND-21), with no associated changes to skeletal muscle AR protein. In adulthood, HSAAR increased tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus mass in males, and reduced the expected gain in gonadal fat mass in both sexes. In WT rats, AR protein was reduced in soleus, but not TA, throughout life. Nonetheless, soleus AR protein expression was greater in male rats than female rats at all ages of sexual development, yet only at PND-70 in TA. Overall, despite muscle AR overexpression effects, results are inconsistent with major sex differences in body composition during sexual development being driven by changes in muscle AR, rather suggesting that changes in ligand promote sexual differentiation of body composition during pubertal timing. Nonetheless, increased skeletal muscle AR in adulthood can be sufficient to increase muscle mass in males, and reduce adipose in both sexes.

The polymorphism T1470A of the SLC16A1 gene is associated with the lactate and ventilatory thresholds but not with fat oxidation capacity in young men.

To examine the association of the single nucleotide polymorphism A1470T in the SLC16A1 gene with blood lactate accumulation during a graded exercise test and its associated metaboreflex. Forty-six Latin-American men (Age: 27±6years; Body fat: 17.5±4.7%) performed a graded exercise test on a treadmill for the assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), lactate threshold (LT), ventilatory threshold (VT) and the exercise intensity corresponding to maximal fat oxidation rate (FATmax), via capillary blood samples and indirect calorimetry. Genomic DNA was extracted from a peripheral blood sample. Genotyping assay was carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction to identify the A1470T polymorphism (rs1049434). Genotypes distribution were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (X2=5.6, p>0.05), observing allele frequencies of 0.47 and 0.53 for the A and T alleles, respectively. No difference in VO2max, body composition nor FATmax were observed across genotypes, whereas carriers of the TT genotype showed a higher LT (24.5±2.2 vs. 15.6±1.7mLkg-1min-1, p<0.01) and VT in comparison to carriers of the AA+AT genotypes (32.5±3.3 vs. 21.7±1.5mLkg-1min-1, p<0.01). Both, VO2max and the A1470T polymorphism were positively associated to the LT (R2=0.50, p<0.01) and VT (R2=0.55, p<0.01). Only VO2max was associated to FATmax (R2=0.39, p<0.01). Independently of cardiorespiratory fitness, the A1470T polymorphism is associated to blood lactate accumulation and its associated ventilatory response during submaximal intensity exercise. However, the A1470 polymorphism does not influence fat oxidation capacity during exercise in young men.

Body Composition Differences in Army Paratroopers: Effect of Speciality, Age, and Gender

Body composition has been associated with better performance in military populations. However, there is no consensus about the most suitable body composition values for army paratroopers. To analyze body composition differences among the type of specialty, age group, and gender of army paratroopers, for a better improvement of their operability. 104 paratroopers of the Spanish Army were analyzed. Anthropometric and morphological data were analysed throw an In-Body720. There was a significant effect of age on intracellular water. Older soldiers had lower values of intracellular water, protein, and skeletal muscle mass than middle-aged soldiers. No significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for the effect of the kind of work and age together or taken separately. Men had significantly higher values than women for height, weight, extracellular water, protein, fat-free mass, and skeletal muscle mass, and significantly lower values for the percentage of body fat, while no differences were found for body fat mass and body mass index. We conclude that paratroopers’ body composition depends on age in skeletal muscle mass, intracellular water, and protein. For better unit readiness, soldiers must be monitored to analyze the effect of training and nutrition habits on their body composition.

Differing planes of nutrition alter serum and histotroph amino acid composition in nonpregnant, multiparous beef cows on day 3 of the estrous cycle.

Endometrial-derived uterine histotroph is a critical component of nutrient supply to a growing conceptus throughout gestation; however, the effect of nutritional plane on histotroph nutrient composition remains unknown in multiparous cows. We hypothesized that differing planes of nutrition would alter histotroph and serum nutrient composition in beef cattle. Thus, we evaluated serum and histotroph amino acid and glucose composition, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in cows individually fed to maintain body weight (BW; 0 kd/d, n = 9; CON) compared with those losing moderate BW (-0.7 kg/d, n = 9; NEG). After 49 d of differing nutritional planes, cows were subjected to the 7-d CoSynch + controlled internal drug release device estrus synchronization protocol and then slaughtered on day 62. Blood serum (days 0 and 62) and uterine histotroph [day 62; from uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum (CL)] were collected and analyzed for concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and NEFA. Performance characteristics, body composition via ultrasound (days 0 and 62), and carcass characteristics were collected. Body condition score, change in BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and gain:feed were decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in NEG vs. CON cows. There were no differences in body composition or carcass characteristics, except an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in dressing percentage in NEG cows due to differences in gut fill, consistent with study design. Serum NEFA increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the NEG group, but there were no differences between NEG vs. CON in glucose or BUN. Serum histidine increased (P ≤ 0.05) and alanine, isoleucine, and tryptophan decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in NEG vs. CON cows. Compared with that of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL, histotroph from the uterine horn contralateral to the CL had increased (P ≤ 0.05) isoleucine, asparagine, and proline concentrations in NEG cows, and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) tryptophan as a proportion of essential and total amino acids. There were no differences in glucose concentrations of histotroph contralateral or ipsilateral to the CL. Cow nutritional plane does alter serum and histotroph amino acid composition, although the presence of an embryo may be necessary to fully elucidate these changes. Differences in serum and histotroph tryptophan should be given consideration in future studies due to its importance as an essential amino acid in protein synthesis and bioactive affects.

Gender differences in body composition, dietary patterns, and physical activity: insights from a cross-sectional study.

This study investigates the interplay between body composition, dietary patterns, and physical activity across genders, focusing on gender-specific differences in food preferences and eating behaviors. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing targeted nutritional and lifestyle interventions. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,333 participants (58.7% female, 41.3% male), aged 18-65 years. Participants were categorized into tertiles based on their fat mass to fat-free mass (FM-to-FFM) ratio. Data on dietary choices, eating behaviors, and physical activity were collected and analyzed to identify gender-specific trends. Significant gender-specific differences were observed in food preferences and eating behaviors. Males experienced greater hunger in the late afternoon, while females felt more hunger in the morning. Males showed a preference for processed and red meats, whereas females preferred cooked vegetables. Eating behaviors such as meal skipping, uncontrolled eating, nocturnal eating, and taste preferences (sweet or salty) varied distinctly between FM-to-FFM tertiles and genders. Higher FM-to-FFM ratios correlated with lower physical activity levels, particularly in strength training and general sports engagement. These findings highlight the complex interactions between body composition, dietary habits, and lifestyle factors, emphasizing gender-specific differences. The results suggest that body composition and BMI significantly impact health-related behaviors, necessitating tailored interventions to address these differences and promote healthier lifestyles.

VDR gene TaqI (rs731236) polymorphism affects gut microbiota diversity and composition in a Caucasian population.

The VDR gene is identified as a crucial host factor, influencing the gut microbiota. The current research focuses on an observational study that compares gut microbiota composition among individuals with different VDR gene TaqI polymorphisms in a Caucasian Spanish population. This study aims to elucidate the interplay between genetic variations in the VDR gene and the gut microbial composition. 87 healthy participants (57 men, 30 women), aged 18 to 48 years, were examined. Anthropometric measures, body composition, and dietary habits were assessed. VDR gene polymorphism TaqI rs731236 was determined using TaqMan assays. The V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced to study bacterial composition, which was analyzed using QIIME2, DADA2 plugin, and PICRUSt2. Statistical analyses included tests for normal distribution, alpha/beta diversity, ADONIS, LEfSe, and DESeq2, with established significance thresholds. No significant differences in body composition or dietary habits were observed based on VDR genotypes. Dietary intake analysis revealed no variations in energy, macronutrients, or fiber among the different VDR genotypes. Fecal microbiota analysis indicated significant differences in alpha diversity as measured by Faith's Phylogenetic Diversity index. Differential abundance analysis identified taxonomic disparities, notably in the genera Parabacteroides and Butyricimonas. Overall, this study suggests potential associations between genetic variations in the VDR gene and the composition and function of gut microbiota.

Utility of a high-intensity interval training app as a remote exercise support strategy in children with obesity: An exploratory study of adherence, effect, and perceptions of its use.

This study aimed to explore the utility of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) app as a remote exercise support strategy in children with obesity through assessing adherence, possible effects on obesity-related outcomes, and perceptions of its use to support counseling and improve the treatment of children with obesity. Thirty-seven children (94.6% with obesity; 45.9% girls), with a mean age of 10.4 (±1.8) years and a mean body mass index (BMI) z-score of 3.31 (±1.09) were recruited to use the app during 6 weeks. Assessments were performed at baseline, 6 (end of intervention), and 12 weeks (follow up). Thirty-two (86.3%) participants completed both intervention and follow-up assessments and were analyzed. On average, children used the HIIT app 2.5 times per week (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9 to 3.0), with the highest perceived exertion of 4.1 (95% CI: 3.6 to 4.5). No over-time differences were found in body composition, physical activity, screen time, sleep duration, or water intake after the intervention; however, an over-time decrease in sugary beverages intake (Δ-0.9, 95% CI: -1.6 to -0.1, p = .019). No differences in body composition were found at follow up. Although none of the children or parents perceived impairments in nutritional behavior, general wellbeing, or fitness as a consequence of intervention, most children (64.5%), but not parents, perceived improvements in nutritional behavior and general wellbeing. Although feasible, the 6-week effect of HIIT app use is modest or absent regarding body composition, movement, and nutritional behavior change, probably due to its low volume. More studies are needed to explore the utility of HIIT apps as a remote exercise support strategy for children with obesity further.

Effect of mild cortisol cosecretion on body composition and metabolic parameters in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism.

To investigate the effects of simultaneous cortisol cosecretion (CCS) on body composition in computed tomography(CT)-imaging and metabolic parameters in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) with the objective of facilitating early detection. Retrospective cohort study. Forty-sevenpatients with PA and CCS confirmed by 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) with a cutoff of ≥1.8 µg/dL were compared with PA patients with excluded CCS(non-CCS, n = 47) matched by age and sex. Segmentation of the fat compartments and muscle area at the third lumbar region was performed on non-contrast-enhanced CT images with dedicated segmentation software. Additionally, liver, spleen, pancreas and muscle attenuation were compared between the two groups. Mean cortisol after DST was 1.2 µg/dL (33.1 nmol/L) in the non-CCS group and 3.2 µg/dL (88.3 nmol/L) in the CCS group with mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE). No difference in total, visceral and subcutaneous fat volumes was observed between the CCS and non-CCS group (p = .7, .6 and .8, respectively). However, a multivariable regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between total serum cholesterol and results of serum cortisol after 1-mg DST (p = .026). Classification of the patients based on visible lesion on CT and PA-lateralization via adrenal venous samplingalso did not show any significant differences in body composition. MACE in PA patients does not translate into body composition changes on CT-imaging. Therefore, early detection of concurrent CCS in PA is currently only attainable through biochemical tests. Further investigation of the long-term clinical adverse effects of MACE in PA is necessary.

The effect of postural orientation on body composition and total body water estimates produced by smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis: an intra- and inter-device evaluation.

Advances in wearable technologies now allow modern smartwatches to collect body composition estimates through bioelectrical impedance techniques embedded within their design. However, this technique is susceptible to increased measurement error when postural changes alter body fluid distribution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of postural orientation on body composition and total body water (TBW) estimates produced by smartwatch bioelectrical impedance analysis (SWBIA) and determine its agreement with criterion measures. For this cross-sectional evaluation, 117 (age: 21.4±3.0 y; BMI: 25.3±5.7 kg/m2) participants (F:69, M:48) completed SWBIA measurements while in the seated, standing, and supine positions, then underwent criterion dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) assessments. In the combined sample and females, body fat percent, fat mass, and fat-free mass using SWBIA were significantly different between the supine and standing positions (all p<0.001), though group level agreement with DXA was similar across positions. Supine SWBIA TBW estimates were significantly different between seated and standing estimates (all p≤0.026), but further analyses revealed that this was driven by the supine and seated differences observed in females (p=0.003). SWBIA TBW demonstrated similar group and individual level agreement with BIS across body positions with slight improvements observed during seated and supine assessments for females and males, respectively. SWBIA may demonstrate slight intra- and inter-device differences in body composition and TBW when measured across postural orientations, though further evaluations in external/clinical samples are necessary. While sex/position-specific guidelines may improve precision, these findings highlight the importance of standardized body positioning when using SWBIA.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among nurses in Bahrain: A cross-sectional study.

This study aims to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among nurses in Bahrain. A cross-sectional design. A secondary data from a convenience sample of 550 nurses working in three hospitals in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined by calculating the percentages of BMI using the World Health Organization classification. Most participants were females (n = 488, 89.1%), ages 31 to 40 (n = 239, 43.8%). The mean BMI was 26.9 (±4.4). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 43.2% and 21.4%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is associated with nationality and shift work. We used BMI to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. However, BMI does not consider muscle mass, bone density, body composition, and racial and sex differences. Therefore, in future studies, body fat proportion and muscle mass need to be measured to estimate the prevalence and predict risks.

Somatotype and Body Composition of Indian Male and Female Swimmers, and their Relationship to Countermovement Jump Performance

Introduction: The aim of this study was:1) to ascertain the anthropometric characteristics of Indian swimmers and 2) to investigate the potential association between these characteristics and countermovement jump metrics. Method: Forty-two national level Indian swimmers (18 females and 24 males) who regularly compete in national and/or international competitions, took part in the study. Anthropometric measurements were performed for body mass, stature, 8 skinfold sites, 3 girths, and 2 breadths. Somatotypes, body fat %, fat mass and lean body mass for all athletes were also calculated. A CMJ test was performed to measure vertical jump height, peak power output, and relative peak power output. Results: The Pearson correlation analysis of body composition variables and CMJ measures revealed a very large negative association between body fat percent and vertical jump height (R = - 0.726; p = 0.000) and between body fat percent and relative peak power (R = -0.757; p = 0.000); a large negative association between body fat percent and peak power (R = - 0.577; p = 0.000) and between fat mass and relative peak power (R = -0.560, p = 0.000); a moderately negative association between fat mass and vertical jump height (R = -0.490, p = 0.001); a very large positive association between lean body mass and peak power (R = 0.862, p = 0.000); and a large positive association between lean body mass and vertical jump height (R = 0.599, p = 0.000) and a large positive association between lean body mass and relative peak power (R = 0.530, p = 0.000); and a moderately positive association between BMI and peak power (R = 0.413, p = 0.007). Conclusion: There are significant differences in anthropometric characteristics when analyzing the anthropometric characteristics of Indian swimmers which could be attributed to the specific demands of each event. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition differences influence swim performance and vary according to gender, age and maturation status. A robust and significant positive correlation exists between lean body mass and vertical jump height suggesting that an enhancement of an individual's lean mass seems to have a positive impact on lower body power production in swimmers. Individualised training plans that focus on lower limb strength will have a potential positive effect on swim performance.

Body composition profile of Brazilian national circus school students

Problem Statement. Professional education in circus has been increasing worldwide, placing the training programmes at the center of circus debate. Purpose. Concerning the physical demands of circus students, this research describes the body composition of Brazilian National Circus School students. Approach. Skinfold analyses was used to estimate body fat (%), fat free mass (kg) and body mass index (kg/m-2) in 57 students (n= 30 men, n= 27 women). Results. Men presented higher body weight, height, fat free mass (men 67.2 ± 7.0 kg and 45.7 ± 4.7 kg and for women), body mass index (men 24.1 ±1.6 kg/m2 and women 21.4 ± 2.0 kg/m2) and lower body fat (%) compared to women (men 7.2 ± 3.7 % and women 16.3 ± 3.7). The reassessment showed no differences in body composition for both sexes, a large heterogeneity of interindividual responses was observed (-3.9 to 4.0 for women; -1.5 to 6,5 men). Conclusions. The body fat and body mass index are similar to high performance athletes. No difference was observed between the assessments. The interindividual response to training showed no effect on body fat. However, the interindividual heterogeneity responses suggest adjustments of physical conditioning protocol in order to optimize the responses individually. The 7 or 3 skinfold protocol did not differ on the outcomes. Body composition of circus students’ needs to take into account the circus disciplines, age and biological diversity, and it is a key aspect to monitor training to avoid unsafe situations or unhealthy status. Keywords: performing arts; anthropometry; body mass; physical training.

Preterm Formula, Fortified or Unfortified Human Milk for Very Preterm Infants, the PREMFOOD Study: A Parallel Randomised Feasibility Trial

Objective: Uncertainty exists regarding optimal supplemental diet for very preterm infants if the mother’s own milk (MM) is insufficient. We evaluated feasibility for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) powered to detect important differences in health outcomes. Methods: In this open, parallel, feasibility trial, we randomised infants 25+0–31+6 weeks of gestation by opt-out consent to one of three diets: unfortified human milk (UHM) (unfortified MM and/or unfortified pasteurised human donor milk (DM) supplement), fortified human milk (FHM) (fortified MM and/or fortified DM supplement), and unfortified MM and/or preterm formula (PTF) supplement from birth to 35+0 weeks post menstrual age. Feasibility outcomes included opt-outs, adherence rates, and slow growth safety criteria. We also obtained anthropometry, and magnetic resonance imaging body composition data at term and term plus 6 weeks (opt-in consent). Results: Of 35 infants randomised to UHM, 34 to FHM, and 34 to PTF groups, 21, 19, and 24 infants completed imaging at term, respectively. Study entry opt-out rate was 38%; 6% of parents subsequently withdrew from feeding intervention. Two infants met predefined slow weight gain thresholds. There were no significant between-group differences in term total adipose tissue volume (mean [SD]: UHM: 0.870 L [0.35 L]; FHM: 0.889 L [0.31 L]; PTF: 0.809 L [0.25 L], p = 0.66), nor in any other body composition measure or anthropometry at either timepoint. Conclusions: Randomisation to UHM, FHM, and PTF diets by opt-out consent was acceptable to parents and clinical teams, associated with safe growth profiles and no significant differences in body composition. Our data provide justification to proceed to a larger RCT.

Early onset age increases the risk of musculoskeletal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes.

It's not clear whether there are differences in musculoskeletal damage and body composition among different age groups of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between early-onset type 2 diabetes (EOT2D) and non-early-onset type 2 diabetes (NOT2D) in musculoskeletal damage. A total of 964 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were selected by 1:1 propensity score matching, including 534 males and 430 females, with an average age of 52 ± 7 years and an average course of 10 ± 8.5 years. Bone mineral density and body composition were measured, and combined with biochemical tests, linear regression and binary logic regression were used to analyze the relationship between EOT2D, NOT2D and musculoskeletal damage. In addition, 414 patients with T2DM were selected according to whether they were hospitalized twice or not, and the median follow-up period was 44 months. COX survival analysis further elucidates the relationship between EOT2D, NOT2D and musculoskeletal damage. Compared with patients with non-early-onset type 2 diabetes, A/G was negatively correlated with the age of onset, and had statistical significance. EOT2D has a higher risk of sarcopenia, osteoporosis and even musculoskeletal damage. With the prolongation of the course of the disease, the risk of muscle mass and/or bone mineral density decrease in EOT2D increases. EOT2D brings a greater risk of sarcopenia and/or osteoporosis, as well as a higher risk of reduced ASM and BMD. In addition, fat distribution may be more central.

Early- but not late-adolescent Western diet consumption programs for long-lasting memory impairments in male but not female rats

Early life Western diet (WD) consumption leads to impaired memory function, particularly for processes mediated by the hippocampus. However, the precise critical developmental window(s) during which WD exposure negatively impacts hippocampal function are unknown. Here, we exposed male and female rats to a WD model involving free access to a variety of high-fat and/or high-sugar food and drink items during either the early-adolescent period (postnatal days [PN] 26–41; WD-EA) or late-adolescent period (PN 41–56; WD-LA). Control (CTL) rats were given healthy standard chow throughout both periods. To evaluate long-lasting memory capacity well beyond the early life WD exposure periods, we performed behavioral assessments after both a short (4 weeks for WD-EA, 2 weeks for WD-LA) and long (12 weeks for WD-EA, 10 weeks for WD-LA) period of healthy diet intervention. Results revealed no differences in body weight or body composition between diet groups, regardless of sex. Following the shorter period of healthy diet intervention, both male and female WD-EA and WD-LA rats showed deficits in hippocampal-dependent memory compared to CTL rats. Following the longer healthy diet intervention period, memory impairments persisted in male WD-EA but not WD-LA rats. In contrast, in female rats the longer healthy diet intervention reversed the initial memory impairments in both WD-EA and WD-LA rats. Collectively, these findings reveal that early-adolescence is a critical period of long-lasting hippocampal vulnerability to dietary insults in male but not female rats, thus highlighting developmental- and sex-specific effects mediating the relationship between the early life nutritional environment and long-term cognitive health.

Difference in body composition measured with DEXA, energy and protein intake of non metastatic breast cancer patients with various modalities of treatment

Difference in body composition measured with DEXA, energy and protein intake of non metastatic breast cancer patients with various modalities of treatment

Analysis of the difference in body composition between patients with anorexia nervosa and the control group: A cross-sectional study

Analysis of the difference in body composition between patients with anorexia nervosa and the control group: A cross-sectional study

Influence of Body Composition, Load-Velocity Profiles, and Sex-Related Differences on Army Combat Fitness Test Performance.

Boffey, D, DiPrima, JA, Kendall, KL, Hill, EC, Stout, JR, and Fukuda, DH. Influence of body composition, load-velocity profiles, and sex-related differences on army combat fitness test performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2467-2476, 2023-The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) became the U.S. Army's mandatory physical fitness test in April of 2022. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between ACFT performance and both body composition and velocity profiles and to determine sex differences for these variables. Data were collected at 2 timepoints 4 months apart, from male (n = 55) and female (n = 17) Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. Body composition was assessed with a bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy device, and cadets completed a hex bar deadlift load-velocity profile (LVP) and ACFT on separate days. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to explain the amount of variance in ACFT total score and individual event performance. Significance for statistical tests was defined as an alpha level of p ≤ 0.05. Muscle mass and body fat percentage accounted for 49% of shared variance of total ACFT score, and deadlift maximal power and maximal velocity accounted for 67% of shared variance of total ACFT score. The 3 repetition maximum deadlift, standing power throw, hand-release push-up, and sprint-drag-carry events favored cadets with more muscle mass, whereas the leg tuck was influenced by the body fat percentage and the 2-mile run was affected by fat mass. Sex had greater predictive capability for the 2-mile run than body composition. Men outperformed women on all individual events, with the greatest differences on standing power throw and sprint-drag-carry. It is recommended that Army ROTC cadets taking the ACFT maximize lower-body power production and increase muscle mass.