Differences In Blood Glucose Concentrations Research Articles

PSI-19 Neonatal Lamb Growth and Thermoregulation After Nutrient Specific Restriction in Gestation

Abstract Depending on seasonal availability and quality of range forage, extensively managed ewes can experience nutrient restriction during any point of gestation. Neonatal lamb performance after severe experimental nutrient restriction during gestation has been well studied; however, there is a gap in understanding of how practical nutrient restriction experienced over the course of a production cycle impacts lamb success. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the first week fetal growth and development, and thermoregulation biomarkers in neonatal lambs from ewes fed a diet that simulates winter forage. Time-mated and confirmed pregnant Rambouillet x Merino ewes were blocked by body weight and allocated to one of two dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) Control diet (CONT) formulated to meet or exceed the National Research Council (NRC) nutrient requirements for gestating ewes fed throughout gestation; 2) Nutrient restricted diet (NR) formulated to meet 70% of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and 50% of protein requirements from 30 to 125 d of gestation (dGA) and then re-alimented with the CONT diet for the remainder of gestation. Ewes were individually fed from 25 dGA to 137 dGA, then group fed through lambing. From 30 dGA to lambing, weekly body weights, bimonthly body condition scores (BCS), and monthly blood glucose concentrations were recorded for all ewes. A treatment by time interaction was observed where NR ewes weighed less (P < 0.05) starting at week 8 of the treatment period through lambing. There were effects of treatment and time on BCS, as ewes receiving the NR diet had lesser (P < 0.05) BCS compared with CONT ewes regardless of time in gestation. There were no observed differences in blood glucose concentrations between groups. At lambing, rectal temperature, birth weight and morphometrics (crown-rump length, abdominal circumference, head circumference, and cannon bone length) were collected on all lambs. Collection of rectal temperature and bodyweight continued daily for the first week of life. There were no differences in birthweight or birth morphometrics; however, growth by body weight in the first week of life was greater (P < 0.05) in NR (n = 10) compared with CONT lambs (n = 12), with an effect of progeny number. Additionally, treatment by day interactions were observed with NR lambs having lower (P < 0.05) body temperatures on days one, four, and five compared with CONT lambs. These data suggest that sustained nutrient challenge during gestation, even when re-alimented in late gestation, may produce lambs that are at increased risk of hypothermia. While maternal nutrient supplementation in late gestation is a common practice, it is crucial for producers to consider nutritional supplementation strategies throughout gestation to limit the number of lambs that require increased intervention after birth.

Dexamethasone in preventive analgesia alleviates pain and complications after jaw cyst enucleation: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDexamethasone is widely used in the prevention of postoperative complications in oral surgery and strengthening the analgesic effect after anesthesia, but the efficacy is controversial, and the relationship between postoperative complications and pain is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of dexamethasone in the treatment of jaw cyst and to explore the relationship between postoperative complications and pain.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. 120 patients were divided into two groups, dexamethasone group ( group D) and control group (Group C). All patients were given 0.02 mg·kg−1 of hydromorphone to relieve pain in advance at 10 min before the beginning of operation. Meanwhile, dexamethasone was injected 0.2 mg·kg−1 intravenously in group D and normal saline was injected in group C. The primary endpoint was pain intensity at 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after surgery. The secondary endpoints were the incidence and extent of complications after surgery, including facial swelling and trismus.ResultsCompared with group C, the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and occurrence of painful event postoperatively in group D were significantly lower both at rest (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0014) and during mobilization (P < 0.0001 both). The degree of facial swelling and trismus in group D were significantly lower than that in group C at 24 h (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.00022) and 48 h (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.00015) after surgery, but there was no difference at 6 h and 12 h (P = 0.137 and P = 0.083) after surgery. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level at 24 h after operation in group D was lower than group C (P = 0.012), but there was no significant difference in blood glucose concentration between the two groups (P = 0.608).ConclusionDexamethasone can reduce the degree of facial swelling and trismus after jaw cyst surgery by inhibiting the production of inflammation, which alleviated the postoperative pain of patients significantly. In addition, it did not increase the risk of hyperglycemia.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on May 07, 2020 (URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=53344. Registry number: ChiCTR2000032693). Registered on 07/05/2020.

Taurine supplementation enhances endurance capacity by delaying blood glucose decline during prolonged exercise in rats

Taurine enhances physical performance; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study examined the effect of taurine on the overtime dynamics of blood glucose concentration (BGC) during endurance exercise in rats. Male F344 rats were subjected to transient treadmill exercise until exhaustion following 3 weeks of taurine supplementation or non-supplementation (TAU and CON groups). Every 10 min during exercise, BGC was measured in blood collected through cannulation of the jugular vein. Gluconeogenesis-, lipolysis-, and fatty acid oxidation-related factors in the plasma, liver, and skeletal muscles were also analyzed after 120-min run. Exercise time to exhaustion was significantly longer with taurine supplementation. BGC in the two groups significantly increased by 40 min and gradually and significantly decreased toward the respective exhaustion point. The decline in BGC from the peak at 40 min was significantly slower in the TAU group. The time when the once-increased BGC regressed to the 0-time level was significantly and positively correlated with exercise time until exhaustion. At the 120-min point, where the difference in BGC between the two groups was most significant, plasma free fatty acid concentration and acetyl-carnitine and N-acetyltaurine concentrations in skeletal muscle were significantly higher in the TAU group, whereas glycogen and glucogenic amino acid concentrations and G6Pase activity in the liver were not different between the two groups. Taurine supplementation enhances endurance capacity by delaying the decrease in BGC toward exhaustion through increases of lipolysis in adipose tissues and fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscles during endurance exercise.

Drug-Induced Hyperglycemia as a Potential Contributor to Translational Failure of Uncompetitive NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Hyperglycemia is a comorbidity in 60–80% of stroke patients; nevertheless, neuroprotective drugs like NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonists are typically assessed in normoglycemic animals at the preclinical stage before they are approved to enter clinical trials. Interestingly, as a possible explanation for the translational failure of NMDAR antagonists, it was recently reported that stroke occurring during nighttime causes smaller infarctions in rodents and therefore has a smaller window for neuroprotection. To investigate why stroke occurring during different circadian phases confers a difference in severity, we reanalyzed the published source data and found that some mice that were used in the daytime have higher blood glucose than mice that were used in the nighttime. We then repeated the experiments but found no difference in blood glucose concentration or infarct volume regardless of the circadian phase during which stroke occurs. On the other hand, induction of hyperglycemia by glucose injection reproducibly increased stroke severity. Moreover, although hyperglycemia increases infarction volume, which presumably would provide a larger window for neuroprotection, uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists were unexpectedly found to exacerbate stroke outcome by worsening hyperglycemia. Taken together, our new data and reanalysis of the published source data suggested that blood glucose during stroke, rather than the circadian phase during which stroke occurs, affects the size of the ischemic infarction; moreover, we have revealed drug-induced hyperglycemia as a potential reason for the translational failure of uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists. Future trials for this class of neuroprotective drugs should monitor patients’ blood glucose at enrollment and exclude hyperglycemic patients.

The morphological composition of the blood and the peculiarities of metabolism in gonadectomized cockerels of the Adler silvery breed

The article reflects the results of a study of the morphological composition of blood, indicators of metabolism and the content of hormones in the blood plasma of gonadectomized cockerels of the Adler silvery breed. In the experiment, 40 males were used at the age of 6 weeks, of which two groups were formed, a control and an experimental, 20 heads each. It was found that during the preparatory (leveling) period, the clinical state, morphological composition of blood and metabolic parameters in the experimental group of males did not differ from each other and were within the limits of their physiological values. There were also no differences in blood glucose concentration, protein content, triglycerol, cholesterol, uric acid, as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase in the blood plasma of cockerels in the experimental and control groups during the preparatory period. Gonadectomy of males by surgical intervention at the age of six weeks did not significantly affect the morphology of their blood on the third day, with the exception of ESR, the value of which in birds of the experimental group was 1.9 times higher than in the control. In gonadectomized males, the number of platelets in the blood decreased by 30.7% compared to the control, which indicates a decrease in platelet activity and is probably associated with their participation in blood coagulation processes in the body after gonadectomy. Other indicators of the morphological composition of blood, namely, the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and neutrophils in gonadectomized males did not change compared with the control. It was found that the concentration of glucose in the blood, as well as total protein and uric acid in the blood plasma of males who underwent gonadectomy on the third day of the research period were at the level of the values of the control group birds and corresponded to the physiological values of these parameters in clinically healthy birds. On the 125th day of the main period in gonadectomized males, the level of glucose and protein, as well as indicators of lipid metabolism, namely, the concentration of triglycerol and cholesterol in the blood plasma did not change, while the content of uric acid increased by 23.7% compared with the control. It was found that the content of cortisol in the blood plasma of gonadectomized males was 3.2 times lower, and testosterone 10.2 times lower than in the control. So, gonadectomy of cockerels does not affect the morphological composition of the blood, indicators of the metabolic status of the bird, but it helps to reduce the content of cortisol and testosterone in the blood plasma. Key words: roosters, gonadectomy, blood morphology, metabolic parameters, enzyme activity, cortisol, testosterone.

The Relationship between Insulin Resistance and Type II Ketosis in Dairy Cows

Background: Cows in perinatal period are prone to ketosis, characterized by increased ketone bodies and decreased blood sugar. Study found that cows with type II ketosis had higher blood glucose levels. This type of ketosis exhibits insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance that are similar to type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of insulin resistance(IR) in type II ketosis in dairy cows.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: In one intensive cattle farm, eight cows with ketosis and eight healthy cows that were 14-21 days postpartum were selected. The plasma of experimental dairy cows was collected and tested for the concentration of glucose concentration. Glucose tolerance of blood glucose levels in 120 min was used as the cut-off point to divide the dairy cows into three groups: the abnormal glucose tolerance ketosis group (TH), the normal glucose tolerance ketosis (TL), and the healthy control group. Simultaneously, the indexes of plasma liver function, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance were detected. The results showed that after intravenous glucose injection, there was no significant difference in blood glucose concentration between the TL and control group, while the blood glucose levels in the TH group were always higher than in the other two groups. The insulin sensitivity index (RQUICKI) value was significantly lower in the TH group than in the other two groups. Liver function abnormalities in the TH group were more severe than in the TL and control group. Oxidative stress was higher in the TH group than in the TL and control groups.Discussion: Postpartum dairy cows, with high lactation, consume large amounts of sugar, resulting in a lower blood sugar, and the postnatal dry matter intake peak is later than the peak lactation, which further decreases blood sugar and leads to a negative energy balance in cows. Such ketosis is associated with NEB caused by hypoglycemia, However, a survey of blood glucose concentration in cows with ketosis shows that ketosis can still occur in cows with high blood sugar levels. The pathogenesis of hyperglycemic ketosis is still unclear. Insulin Resistance (IR) refers to tissue sensitivity to insulin decreases, compensatory Islet beta cells secreting insulin thus producing hyperinsulinemia. AST is a typical indicator of liver damage, plasma AST levels in Group TH were significantly higher than the other two groups.The RQUICKI is a key indicator determining whether the body has developed insulin resistance. the plasma insulin sensitivity index of group TH was significantly lower than Group TL and C. BHBA levels in serum is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cow ketosis.The concentration of NEFA and BHBA in the blood is a sign of negative energy balance. The concentration of BHBA and NEFA in the TH group was significantly higher than in the group C, and the concentration of BHBA was higher than the critical value of ketosis. SOD is a metal antioxidant enzyme and its level are key indicators in measuring the removal of oxidizing substances. T-AOC is a measuring indicator for total antioxidant function. The reduction of SOD and T-AOC concentrations in the TH group indicated that the antioxidant capacity of ketone cows with abnormal glucose tolerance was reduced. The above results show that the TH group is severely impaired in liver function, and has a disorder of glucose metabolism, abnormal glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemi, which also have severe IR. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity of the TH cows with ketosis declined, the body was in a state of oxidative stress. Thus, the occurrence of ketosis in some cows is related to a glucose utilization disorder caused by insulin resistance, and abnormal liver function and oxidative stress are the causes of insulin resistance.

No Disadvantage to Insulin Pump Off vs Pump On During Intermittent High-Intensity Exercise in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

ObjectiveEvidence suggests that patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) performing aerobic exercise with their insulin pump connected (pump on) vs pump disconnected (pump off) have an increased risk of hypoglycemia. It has not been examined whether this risk remains during high-intensity exercise. This study compared the effects of pump on (50% basal insulin at exercise onset) vs pump off (0% basal insulin at exercise onset) on glucose concentrations during intermittent high-intensity exercise in adults with T1D and on patients’ own perspective of their glycemia. MethodsTwelve adults with T1D using insulin pump therapy completed two 40-min intermittent high-intensity exercise bouts. Insulin adjustments included: 1) pump set to 50% of usual basal rate (pump on) or 2) pump suspended (pump off) during exercise, in random order. Blood glucose was recorded every 10 min during exercise and, after providing subjects with an initial reference glucose value before exercise, participants were asked to estimate their glucose during exercise. ResultsGlucose levels were higher in pump off (8.1±1.3 mmol/L) vs pump on (7.4±2.1 mmol/L) at exercise start (p<0.05), but were similar by the end of exercise (p=0.9). During exercise, hypoglycemia incidence did not differ between conditions (1 of 12 for both). However, the percentage of time in hypoglycemia at 12 h after exercise was 5±8% vs 1±2% for pump on vs pump off, respectively (p=0.3). Participants were better able to estimate their own glucose during pump on vs pump off (r2=0.46 vs r2=0.11). ConclusionsPump on vs pump off at exercise onset showed no significant differences in blood glucose concentrations during 40 min of intermittent high-intensity exercise.

Effects of dietary energy and protein levels on reproductive performance in gestating sows and growth of their progeny.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude protein (CP) levels on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk quality, and blood profiles in gestating sows. A total of 59 multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) with similar body weights (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 9 or 10 sows per treatment using a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement and completely randomized design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (13.40 or 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary protein levels based from 35 day in gestating phases (10.5%, 12%, and 13.5%). Backfat thickness change in lactating sows decreased linearly as CP level increased (p = 0.03). Increased energy level in the gestating sow diet tended to increase the total number of piglets born (p = 0.07), but piglet weight decreased (p = 0.02). Dietary CP level had a negative effect on colostrum quality. Casein, protein, total solid, and solids-not-fat concentrations decreased linearly and lactose level increased linearly as CP level in the gestating sow diet increased (casein%: p = 0.03; protein%: p = 0.04; lactose%: p = 0.06; total solids: p = 0.03; solid-not-fat: p = 0.03, respectively). However, improving ME by 0.42 MJ/kg had no significant effect on the chemical composition of sow colostrum. There were no significant differences in blood glucose concentration in gestating sows when sows were fed different levels of energy during gestation, but blood glucose increased at 21 day of lactation when energy increased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.04). Blood urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly when dietary CP levels increased at 110 day in gestation, 24-hours postpartum, and 21 days of lactation (linear, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively), and it also increased when dietary energy increased at 110 days of gestation and 24-hours postpartum (p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). A gestating sow diet containing 13.82 MJ/kg ME and 10.5% CP can improve reproductive performance, litter performance, and colostrum quality.

The effects of dapagliflozin on serum electrolytes concentration in adult male rats

Hyperkalemia hazard is increased in diabetes, especially in patients with renal disease or those receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) medications, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or potassium-sparing diuretics. Also, other diuretics can increase hypokalemia danger. Recently, We assessed the effects of dapagliflozin in ameliorate the serum calcium, sodium, potassium( Ca+2, Na+2, K+ ) and uric acid concentration in adults male rats. In this study were erolled 18 adult male rats randomly assigned to three groups(n=6) as following: control group (I) 0.5 ml/kg B.W of normal saline. Group II and III receive orally by gavage for 30 days 0.53 mg/kg and 1.06 mg/kg B.W of dapagliflozin. The end of experiment the blood were collected for measuring the following parameter: blood glucose, Ca+2, Na+2, K+ ) , and uric acid concentration. The results of the present study revealed the following: there was significant (P≤0.05) increase in body weight, K+, Ca+2 and uric acid concentration of treated II, and III groups compared with control. On the other hand, there was significant (P≤0.05) decrease in Na+2 concentration of treated compared with control. The experiment was concluded that Dapagliflozin in dose dependent pattern produce significant effects in reduction body weight in II and III groups compared with I group, furthermore, shows that changes in serum concentrations of potassium, calcium and uric acid in treated groups compared to normal where as no effects on sodium concentration was found. Also there is no differences in blood glucose concentration in treated group compared to normal, rather than hypoglycemic and all groups are normal groups.

Anti-TNF-α antibody alleviates insulin resistance in rats with sepsis-induced stress hyperglycemia.

To explore the effects and mechanisms of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) antibody on insulin resistance (IR) in rats with sepsis-induced stress hyperglycemia. The sepsis-induced stress hyperglycemic rat model was constructed by cecal ligation and puncture combined with the intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. The rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control (NC) group, surgical rats (Cntl) group, high-dose anti-TNF-α antibody therapy (TNF, 6mg/kg) group, low-dose anti-TNF-α antibody therapy (Tnf, 3mg/kg) group, insulin therapy (INS) group, and INS+Tnf group. The blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were detected, followed by analysis of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Finally, the expression levels of phospho-Akt (p-Akt), Akt, p-mTOR, mTOR, nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), I kappa beta kinase (IKKβ), and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS-3) were detected by western blotting. There was no significant difference in blood glucose concentrations among these groups, while the serum insulin concentration in TNF and Tnf groups was lower than that in the Cntl group at postoperative 6h (P<0.05). IPGTT analysis revealed that blood glucose level was lower in the TNF group than that in the Cntl group (P<0.05). The glucose infusion rate in the Cntl group was lower than that in the Tnf and TNF groups (P<0.05). The p-Akt/Akt, p-mTOR/mTOR ratio, and expression levels of NFκB, IKKβ and SOCS-3 were lower in the drug intervention than that in the Cntl group (P<0.05). Anti-TNF-α antibody could reduce IR by inhibiting AKt/mTOR signaling pathway and the expression levels of NFκB, IKKβ, and SOCS-3 in rats with sepsis-induced stress hyperglycemia.

Dysglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Common Problems and Future Direction

The management of blood glucose (BG) in the critically ill became a topic of great interest following the publication of the landmark single-center surgical ICU study targeting euglycemia (80 to 110 mg/dL) in Leuven, Belgium, in 2001 (1). This study resulted in thousands of protocols and guidelines promoting 'tight' BG control . The failure to show the same results and high incidence of hypoglycemia in following trials have resulted in controversy in blood glucose management in critically ill patients. Analysis of dysglycemia in critically ill patients should include markers of three domains: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and glycemic variability (2,3). Thus, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and blood glucose variability should all be regarded as independent predictors of adverse outcomes in critically ill patients. Agus et al., in their multicenter study (4), showed that critically ill children with hyperglycemia did not benefit from strict glycemic control to a target glucose of 80-110 mg/dL compared to 150-180 mg/dL and patients in lower treatment target showed an insignificant 90-day mortally rate compared to other group. There are so many reasons to describe these controversies: In LEUVEN III study (5), despite a 25% hypoglycemia incidence, tight glycemic control had a significant treatment effect; nevertheless, in Agus et al. study, despite a lower incidence of hypoglycemia, treatment effect was not significant. The reasons can be explained with the fact that first trials were single centered open label studies which were terminated at early stages of the study because of observed benefits which may have exaggerated the treatment effect. Also, the observed difference was found in subgroup analysis which could have been due to chance factor. Findings from RCTs conducted on critically ill adults and children strongly suggest that the largest benefit for blood glucose control can be expected if the difference in blood glucose concentrations between the study groups is large and if the study is done in a single-centre setting where the blood glucose management is tailored to the local treatment habits. Consequently, we could not compare those single centered trials which are not externally validated with high level of adherence to protocols, lower time to target range, higher time in target range with multi centered trials with a low level of adherence to protocol higher time to target range, lower time in target range and a totally different method of energy supplementation. Finally, the era of 'one size fits all' in regard to glycemic targets in the critically ill seems to be over. We should also consider the correct and earlier diagnosis of patients, their glycemic status and preadmission glycemic control individually (6). Future trials should consider the discrepancies accounting for controversial points like nutritional status of patients, glucose monitoring methods (7) and insulin titration method.

Muscle fiber capillarization as determining factor on indices of insulin sensitivity in humans.

To investigate the association between muscle fiber capillarization and indices of insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. A skeletal muscle biopsy was taken from the m. vastus lateralis of 22 healthy (nondiabetic) male older adults. In addition, all participants underwent an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT). Muscle fiber capillarization was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Participants were divided into a group with relatively low (LOW) or high (HIGH) muscle fiber capillarization (capillary‐to‐fiber perimeter exchange (CFPE) index), based on the median value for the entire group. All participants were healthy, nonobese, and had a normal glucose tolerance, according to the individual OGTT results. Whereas no differences in blood glucose concentrations were observed between groups during the OGTT, the postprandial increase in plasma insulin concentrations was significantly greater in the LOW compared to the HIGH muscle fiber capillarization group (P < 0.05). Skeletal muscle fiber capillarization may determine insulin sensitivity in humans.

Short- and medium-term effects of light to moderate alcohol intake on glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

People with diabetes are told that drinking alcohol may increase their risk of hypoglycaemia. To report the effects of alcohol consumption on glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Medline, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases were searched in 2015 to identify randomized trials that compared alcohol consumption with no alcohol use, reporting glycaemic control in people with diabetes. Data on blood glucose, HbA1c and numbers of hypoglycaemic episodes were pooled using random effects meta-analysis. Pooled data from nine short-term studies showed no difference in blood glucose concentrations between those who drank alcohol in doses of 16-80 g (median 20 g, 2.5 units) compared with those who did not drink alcohol at 0.5, 2, 4 and 24 h after alcohol consumption. Pooled data from five medium-term studies showed that there was no difference in blood glucose or HbA1c concentrations at the end of the study between those who drank 11-18 g alcohol/day (median 13 g/day, 1.5 units/day) for 4-104 weeks and those who did not. We found no evidence of a difference in number of hypoglycaemic episodes or in withdrawal rates between randomized groups. Studies to date have not provided evidence that drinking light to moderate amounts of alcohol, with or without a meal, affects any measure of glycaemic control in people with Type 2 diabetes. These results suggest that current advice that people with diabetes do not need to refrain from drinking moderate quantities of alcohol does not need to be changed; risks to those with Type 1 diabetes remain uncertain.

No difference in compensation for sugar in a drink versus sugar in semi-solid and solid foods

It is claimed that sugar consumed in a drink is poorly compensated for by a reduction in subsequent energy intake, however very little research has tested directly the effect on appetite of adding sugar to a drink versus food. In this between subjects study, 144 participants (72 men) consumed preloads sweetened with either sucrose or the low-energy sweetener, sucralose (preload energy difference 162kcal) in the form of a blackcurrant drink, jelly or candy. The different preload viscosities were achieved by varying the amount of thickener (carrageenan) and water in the recipes. Participants completed hunger ratings before and 5, 10 and 20min after consuming their preload. After the 20-minute rating they were served a test-meal comprising an excess of bite-sized sandwiches and a sweet dessert. Energy intake measured for the same meal consumed the previous day (baseline day, no preload consumed) was used in the data analyses to control for individual differences in energy intake. Overall, there was 36% compensation for the energy difference in the preloads, but this did not vary with preload viscosity — if anything compensation was greater for the drink preload, and greater in men. The drink preload also showed an effect of sucrose versus sucralose for hunger. The lack of the predicted effect of viscosity on compensation could not be explained by differences in blood-glucose concentration 20min after the preload (measured in a separate study) or by differences in preload sweetness, flavour intensity, liking or familiarity. Comparison of baseline and test-meal food intakes indicated that, irrespective of energy content, the sweet drinks reduced the relative intake of sweet food. In conclusion, short-term energy compensation did not differ across a set of realistic drink and food stimuli.

Alveolar bone protective and hypoglycemic effects of systemic propolis treatment in experimental periodontitis and diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the anti-inflammatory effects of propolis on the systemic and local effects on experimental periodontitis and diabetes. Fifty-six Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: (1) negative-control (NC), (2) periodontitis (P), (3) diabetes (D), (4) diabetes+periodontitis (DP), (5) periodontitis+propolis (P-Pro), (6) diabetes+propolis (D-Pro), and (7) diabetes+periodontitis+propolis (DP-Pro). Periodontitis was induced by ligature placement and diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Propolis (Pro) was administrated by oral gavage (100 mg/kg/day). On day 21, plasma was obtained for analysis and alveolar bone level was evaluated using histomorphometric analysis. Compared to NC the final blood glucose levels for D-Pro was not significantly different (P=.052), however, D, DP, and DP-Pro were significantly different. There were no statistically significant differences in blood glucose concentrations between P and P-Pro, between D and D-Pro, and between DP and DP-Pro. All groups showed significantly more alveolar bone loss compared with NC. A significant difference in bone loss was found between P and P-Pro, and DP and DP-Pro, however there was no difference between D and D-Pro. Plasma interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels were not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, propolis reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetes. In addition, propolis might be beneficial as an adjunct treatment of diabetes associated periodontitis and periodontitis without diabetes.

Alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3 with and without glucose when administered orally to euhydrated neonatal dairy calves

The use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) is well established as an effective treatment to correct water-, electrolyte-, and acid-base balance in diarrheic calves. The main ingredients of a commercial ORS are Na, glucose, and alkalinizing agents, such as NaHCO3. Particular importance is attributed to the combination of glucose and Na at a specific ratio to optimize intestinal sodium, and thereby water uptake, through the sodium-glucose co-transport. Enhancing intestinal Na absorption by combining glucose and Na in an ORS has the potential to improve the alkalinizing effect of an ORS according the strong ion theory. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of glucose on the alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3 when administered orally. Nine healthy neonatal Holstein-Friesian calves underwent 3 oral treatments with 2-L solutions of NaHCO3 (150mmol/L), glucose (300mmol/L), and glucose + NaHCO3 (300mmol/L + 150mmol/L, respectively) in randomized order. Arterial and venous blood was obtained before treatment and in 30-min intervals thereafter for blood gas analysis and determination of plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations. Urine was collected volumetrically to determine urine volume, osmolality, pH, net acid excretion, and renal Na excretion after treatment. Plasma volume changes were extrapolated from plasma protein concentration changes. Treatment and time effects were tested with repeated measures ANOVA. Only subtle differences between oral administration of NaHCO3, with and without glucose, were observed for the change of the standard HCO3 concentration relative to baseline. No differences in plasma Na, plasma volume expansion, renal Na, net base excretion, urine volume, or pH could be identified between animals treated orally with NaHCO3 with and without glucose. Similarly, no differences in blood glucose concentration, plasma volume expansion, urine volume, or renal glucose excretion were observed in the 8h after treatment when comparing oral glucose treatment with and without NaHCO3. Our results indicate that combination of NaHCO3 with glucose in a hypertonic ORS only had a minor effect on the alkalinizing effect of NaHCO3, which is unlikely to be of clinical relevance. The combination of NaHCO3 and glucose neither improved Na, glucose, nor water absorption in euhydrated neonatal dairy calves, questioning the relevance of a specific ratio between Na and glucose in ORS for calves.

The effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the badminton serve after fatiguing exercise

The badminton serve requires great skill and may be affected by fatigue. The aim of the present study was to determine whether carbohydrate ingestion affects badminton performance. Nine male badminton players (age 25 ± 7 years, mass 80.6 ± 8.0 kg) attended the laboratory on three occasions. The first visit involved an incremental exercise test to exhaustion to determine peak heart rate. Participants were given 1 L of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink or a matched placebo during the experimental trials. The accuracy of 10 long and 10 short serves was determined before and after exercise. The fatiguing exercise was 33 min in duration (83 ± 10% and 84 ± 8% peak heart rate for the placebo and carbohydrate trial respectively). Capillary blood samples (20 μL) were taken before and after exercise for determination of blood glucose and lactate. There was deterioration in long serve accuracy with fatigue (P = 0.002), which carbohydrate ingestion had a tendency to prevent (P = 0.077). There was no effect of fatigue (P = 0.402) or carbohydrate ingestion (P = 0.109) on short serve accuracy. There was no difference in blood glucose concentration between trials (P = 0.851). Blood lactate concentration was higher during the placebo trial (P = 0.016). These results suggest that only the long serve is influenced by fatigue and carbohydrate had a tendency to prevent the deterioration in performance.

Glucose Response after a Ten-Week Training in Swimming

The present study investigated the difference in blood glucose concentration (Glu) response during an incremental swimming test before and after a ten-week training period and verified whether blood glucose threshold (GT) could be determined in competitive swimmers. 7 elite male university swimmers participated in this study. 2 incremental swimming tests were conducted in a swimming flume before and after a ten-week training period. Blood lactate concentration (Bla) and Glu were measured after each swimming step, and the velocities of the lactate threshold (VLT) and glucose threshold (VGT) were analyzed. VLT increased significantly after training (1.21±0.06 m x s(-1) pre-training, 1.31±0.10 m x s(-1) post-training, p<0.05), while Glu did not increase at the higher swimming intensity steps. GT was not determined at each trial. Our results show that lactate threshold (LT) improved significantly after the ten-week training period, while the Glu response during incremental swimming tests did not change. Therefore, GT could not be determined in elite competitive swimmers before and after training.

Effects Of Intensity On Post-exercise Glucose Uptake Following Upper Body Resistance Training

Various aerobic exercise intensities are known to affect blood glucose levels differently; however few studies have examined the effects of free weight upper body resistance training intensity on post-exercise glucose uptake, especially in highly trained individuals. PURPOSE: Determine if high intensity/low volume or low intensity/high volume bench press training affect post-exercise glucose uptake differently in highly trained weight lifters. METHODS: 10 healthy, experienced male weight lifters aged 18-30 participated in two acute free weight bench press protocols. Each protocol was separated by a minimum of one week. One protocol consisted of 6 sets of 4 repetitions at 80% 1RM (HILV); the other protocol consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions at 55% 1RM (LIHV). Prior to, and immediately following each protocol, blood glucose was obtained. Participants then ingested a 75g glucose drink and blood glucose was monitored every 15 minutes for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Based on repeated measures ANOVA, there was no significant difference between pre (HILV=92±12 mg/dl, LIHV=90±9 mg/dl, mean±std.dv) and post (HILV=97±13 mg/dl, LIHV=95±12, mg/dl) exercise glucose levels between the training intensities. Also following the glucose challenge, there was no difference between training intensities for either the average blood glucose concentration (HILV=113±20 mg/dl, LIHV= 112±21mg/dl) or area under the glucose vs time plot (HILV=7011±470 mg/dl/min, LIHV=6885±730 mg/min/dl). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of difference in blood glucose concentrations between protocols could in part be attributed to the experience in resistance training among the participants. This lack of difference between protocols is contrary to previous studies with less trained or untrained individuals. This suggests that, like endurance training, resistance training enhances the body's ability to regulate blood glucose concentration.

Post - prandial rise of microvesicles in peripheral blood of healthy human donors

BackgroundMicrovesicles isolated from body fluids are membrane - enclosed fragments of cell interior which carry information on the status of the organism. It is yet unclear how metabolism affects the number and composition of microvesicles in isolates from the peripheral blood.AimTo study the post - prandial effect on microvesicles in isolates from the peripheral blood of 21 healthy donors, in relation to blood cholesterol and blood glucose concentrations.ResultsThe average number of microvesicles in the isolates increased 5 hours post - prandially by 52%; the increase was statistically significant (p = 0.01) with the power P = 0.68, while the average total blood cholesterol concentration, average low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (LDL-C) and average high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDL-C) all remained within 2% of their fasting values. We found an 11% increase in triglycerides (p = 0.12) and a 6% decrease in blood glucose (p < 0.01, P = 0.74). The post - prandial number of microvesicles negatively correlated with the post - fasting total cholesterol concentration (r = - 0.46, p = 0.035) while the difference in the number of microvesicles in the isolates between post - prandial and post - fasting states negatively correlated with the respective difference in blood glucose concentration (r = - 0.39, p = 0.05).ConclusionsIn a population of healthy human subjects the number of microvesicles in isolates from peripheral blood increased in the post - prandial state. The increase in the number of microvesicles was affected by the fasting concentration of cholesterol and correlated with the decrease in blood glucose.