Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether Research Articles

Improvement of the stainless steel electropolishing process by organic additives

Abstract The influence of organic additives on the process of surface electropolishing of AISI 304 type steel was determined. Additives were selected in initial potentiodynamic tests pursuant to the plateau analysis on the current/potential curves. The assessment of the operational effectiveness of additives consisted in determining the relationship between surface gloss after electropolishing and the mass loss of the sample and in determining surface roughness. The applied electropolishing bath consisted of a mixture of concentrated acids: H3PO4 and H2SO4, and the following organic additives were used: triethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and glycerol. The best electropolishing result, i.e. low roughness and high gloss of stainless steel surface with a relatively low mass loss of the sample at the same time were obtained for baths containing triethanolamine.

A comprehensive study on reduction of NOx emission applying EGR technique in a diesel engine using biodiesel (POME) as fuel with ether-based additives

ABSTRACTThe energy consumption is increasing rapidly due to population growth, improved living standards and industrialisation. A significant amount of fossil fuels is consumed by the transportation sector, which causes the fast depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. These problems can be overcome by using Biodiesel. This research work aims to reduce the NOx emission in diesel engines. The literature survey reveals that the use of a fuel additive reduces the emissions by oxygenating the fuel. Among oxygenates, ether proves to behave better than alcohols. Hence, for this present work, two different types of ethers were selected which were not used in earlier occasions. DGME (Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether) and DGMB (Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether) are the two additives selected from the ether group and used as additives with palm oil methyl ester (POME) biodiesel in various proportions and tested in a direct injection compression ignition engine which reduced the emissions. To start with, the engine was run with diesel and subsequently with biodiesel and with the additives. The performance tests were carried out in a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled engine with and without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). This engine is coupled with eddy current dynamometer. The use of biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial reduction in emission of carbon monoxide, particulates and unburned hydrocarbons, but increases NOx emission. This review focuses on reduction of NOx emission. Combustion and performance analysis of the engine have also been evaluated.

A novel liquid Ca/Zn thermal stabilizer synthesized from tung-maleic anhydride and its effects on thermal stability and mechanical properties of PVC

A novel liquid Ca/Zn thermal stabilizer was synthesized from tung-maleic anhydride (TMA) as feedstock and evaluated for its stabilizing effects on poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). First, N-(3-amino-benzoic acid) tung-maleamic acid (ABTMA) was prepared from the ammonolysis of TMA and para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). Then its complex calcium salt (ABTMA-Ca) and zinc salt (ABTMA-Zn) were synthesized through a one-step method, and investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. ABTMA-Ca and ABTMA-Zn were separately treated with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether at 120 °C for 3 h to form liquid ABTMA-Ca (LABTMA-Ca) and liquid ABTMA-Zn (LABTMA-Zn). The effects of LABTMA-Ca/LABTMA-Zn, CaSt2/ZnSt2 and C36DA-Ca/C36DA-Zn on thermal stability of PVC were studied through Congo Red test, discoloration tests and dynamic thermal stability analysis. The LABTMA-Ca/LABTMA-Zn thermal stabilizer exhibit excellent long-term stability. Analysis of tensile and dynamic mechanical properties shows PVC samples stabilized with LABTMA-Ca/LABTMA-Zn and the other two Ca/Zn systems all display comparable strength, modulus and glass transition. A common stabilizing mechanism of LABTMA-Ca/LABTMA-Zn system and its radical mechanism were presented, respectively.

Densities of Diethylene Glycol, Monobutyl Ether, Diethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether, and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether from (283.15 to 363.15) K at Pressures up to 60 MPa

Experimental density data are reported for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether from (283.15 to 363.15) K at pressures up to 60 MPa using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Relative uncertainties of density measurements are 0.001 with confidence level 0.95. The experimental data were fitted with a Tait-like equation; average relative deviations were 0.017% for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 0.015% for diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and 0.019% for ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. The isobaric thermal expansivity and the isothermal compressibility were derived from the Tait-like equation.

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether adipate as a novel plasticizer for biodegradable polylactide

Polylactide (PLA) was successfully plasticized by blending with diethylene glycol monobutyl ether adipate (DGBEA). The results showed that PLA and DGBEA had close solubility parameters, so PLA was miscible with DGBEA. The dynamic storage modulus and complex viscosity in the melt state of the blends decreased compared with neat PLA. DGBEA lowered the glass transition temperature and the cold crystallization temperature of PLA which were good indications of the extent of the plasticizing effect provided by DGBEA. However, the crystallinity and spherulite size of PLA gradually increased with increasing DGBEA content. In all PLA/plasticizer blends investigated, a stepwise change in the mechanical properties of the system was observed. The elongation at break and impact strength drastically increased, whereas tensile strength and modulus decreased. The DGBEA plasticizer had low tendency to migrate. Thus, the DGBEA was a promising plasticizer alternative for bioplastics as they also retained the biodegradable nature of these biobased materials.

Bioaugmentation for treatment of full-scale diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE) wastewater by Serratia sp. BDG-2

A novel bacterial strain BDG-2 was isolated and used to augment the treatment of silicon plate manufacturing wastewater that primarily contains diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE). BDG-2 was identified as a Serratia sp. Under the optimal conditions of 30°C, pH 9 and DGBE concentration of 2000mgL−1, the bioaugmented system achieved 96.92% COD removal after 39.9h. Laboratory-scale technological matching results indicated that, in a biofilm process with the addition of 100mgL−1 ammonia and 5mgL−1 total phosphorus (TP), 70.61% COD removal efficiency could be obtained in 46h. Addition of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) to the reactors during the suspension process enhanced the settleability of the BDG-2 culture. Subsequently, successful start-up and stable operation of a full-scale bioaugmented treatment facilities were accomplished, and the volumetric organic load in the plug-flow aeration tank was 2.17±0.81kgm−3d−1. The effluent COD of the facilities was stable and always below 100mgL−1.

Synthesis and characteristics of metal-phthalocyanines tetra-substituted at non-peripheral (α) or peripheral (β) positions, and their applications in LCD color filters

Four metal-phthalocyanine dyes were synthesized to evaluate the variation of their properties with both the position of the substituents and the type of metal used for coordination. The substituent, ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate, was introduced at the non-peripheral (α) or the peripheral (β) position in order to improve the solubility of the phthalocyanine. Cu and Zn were chosen as coordination metals, both to increase thermal stability and to fine-tune the color of the complex. The resulting complexes were highly soluble in a range of organic solvents as well as industrial solvents, such as di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate. The solubility of the dyes substituted at the α-position was higher than that of β-substituted dyes. Structural analyses of the substituted phthalonitriles were achieved using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The structures of the dyes were confirmed by MALDI-TOF spectroscopy and FT-IR spectrophotometry. The optical properties and thermal stabilities of the dyes were estimated by UV–Vis spectrophotometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The synthesized dyes were cyan in color, and thus could be successfully applied in six-primary-color (RGBCMY) liquid crystal display (LCD) color filters in order to improve the color gamut. Dye-based color filters showing adequate optical spectra for LCD cyan color filters were manufactured. Appropriate compensating dyes were also required in order to cut off undesirable transmittance peaks.

Graphene Oxide for Ink-Jet Printing Technology

In order to acquire a suitable ink for ink-jet printing technology, a graphene oxide ink was explored based on the GO aqueous dispersion. The GO dispersion was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average particle diameter and zeta potential of the GO dispersion was determined by zeta potential & particle size analyzer. The GO ink is composed of 1,2-propanediol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, glycerol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and GO dispersion. The surface tension and viscosity of the GO ink was tested by surface tension meter and rheometer. The GO ink was inkjet printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. The optimal inkjet printing parameters were obtained and the printing quality was characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results show that the GO ink is suitable for inkjet printing technology and the morphology of the GO film with one printing pass has good uniformity.

Kinetics Study of the Esterification Reaction of Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether with Acetic Acid Catalyzed by Heteropolyanion-Based Ionic Liquids

Novel heteropolyanion-based ionic liquids (HPA-ILs) were obtained by combining Keggin heteropolyanions and organic cations and used as catalysts for an esterification reaction. The kinetic behaviors in the esterification of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DGBE) with acetic acid in the presence of HPA-ILs as catalysts were investigated systemically. Different types of HPA-ILs were used for the esterification of DGBE. Compared with H2SO4, H3PW12O40, and Amberlyst-15 resins, [BSEt3N]3PW12O40 and [BSmim]3PW12O40 exhibited excellent catalytic activities. The influences of reaction temperature, catalyst dosage, and reactant molar ratio on the conversion of DGBE were studied in detail. The kinetic data were successfully correlated by a pseudohomogeneous (PH) model in the temperature range of 343.15–363.15 K. The simulation values obtained by the kinetic model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, [BSEt3N]3PW12O40 and [BSmim]3PW12O40 could be easily recovered and reused six times without...

Perspectives of suspension plasma spraying of palladium nanoparticles for preparation of thin palladium composite membranes

Suspension plasma spraying (SPS) of Pd nanoparticles was evaluated as a new method for coating of dense Pd films for H2 separation on porous substrates. The substrates were prepared by coating porous sinter metal disks with a porous yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) layer acting as a barrier against intermetallic diffusion between the sinter metal and the Pd membrane (diffusion barrier layer, DBL). Before applying the Pd coating, the sinter metal substrates were characterized by N2 permeance measurements. The maximum pore sizes before and after coating of the DBL were determined. For SPS of Pd, particles with diameters in the range between 250nm and 550nm were suspended in ethyl cellulose containing diethylene glycol monobutyl ether solution. A wide process parameter field was tested in the SPS. After Pd coating, the membrane morphology was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and the membrane performance was evaluated with N2 and H2 permeation measurements. The thickest Pd layer (9.5µm) showed an ideal H2/N2 permselectivity of 60 at 350°C and a H2 permeability of 1.2×10−7exp(−1392/T) molm−1s−1Pa−0.5. Yet rather thick Pd layers of around 10µm were required to close the pores of the rough YSZ layers, but with further optimizations, SPS appears to be a promising new way for the fabrication of robust Pd coatings on porous substrates. A particular advantage is seen in the very quick deposition.

Molecular weight dependence of ethyl cellulose adsorption behavior on (La, Sr)(Ti, Fe)O3−δ particles in organic solvent pastes and their printing properties

The perovskite oxide of La0.6Sr0.4Ti0.3Fe0.7O3−δ (LSTF) is the material used as a cathode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Since the conductivity of a cathode formed via screen printing techniques depends on the conducting particle content in the film after sintering, the paste design is important to obtain the thick film with a high conductivity. The effects of the molecular weight of ethyl cellulose (EC) on the paste properties of the LSTF and the densities of printed thick films were investigated. EC as a binder was mixed with an organic solvent (diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, BDGAC) and LSTF powder to prepare the paste. To understand the conformation of EC in the paste, the intrinsic viscosity ([η]), hydrodynamic radius (RH), and Mark–Houwink–Sakurada parameter (α) of EC in BDGAC were estimated. We also evaluated the conformation of EC on the LSTF particles by using the β parameter of Perkel and Ullman׳s equation for the adsorption of EC onto LSTF. We revealed that the conformation of EC was a train-loop-tail shape, close to a flat structure and affected the rheological properties and the film densities. The highest density of a sintered film was obtained with the paste using 3.0wt% EC with a molecular weight of 141,000.

Cu Doping of CdTe Layers in Polycrystalline CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells for Top Cells of Multijunction Solar Cells

The Cu doping of CdTe layers in CdTe solar cells without using a Cu-doped carbon electrode was investigated in order to develop transparent back contacts for multijunction solar cells. Cell performance was drastically improved by heat treatment after coating with Cu-doped diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DEGBE) as compared with the cell without Cu doping. Capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics revealed that the acceptor concentration increased with increasing Cu concentration in DEGBE. These results suggest that Cu atoms are incorporated into the CdTe layer as acceptors by the novel Cu-doping method. Furthermore, in photoluminescence (PL) spectra of CdTe layers, the intensity of the 1.47 eV emission band was decreased by the heat treatment after coating with Cu-doped DEGBE, which suggests that the defect density is decreased by Cu doping.

Shrinkage action mechanism of shrinkage-reducing admixtures based on the pore solution

The low molecular polyether shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA) is widely used, but the shrinkage mechanism is still unclear. In this study, an investigation was carried out with four SRAs from the view point of molecular structure and property, while the pore solution was used as the research object. It was shown from the shrinkage performance experiments that the addition of 2% dipropylene glycol (SRA2), diethylene glycol-monobutyl ether (SRA3) and diethylene glycol-tert-butyl ether (SRA4) reduced the drying shrinkage by up to 19·2%, 44·4% and 28·5%, respectively, and reduced the autogenous shrinkage by up to 23·8%, 65·1%, 68·8% respectively. However, diethylene glycol (SRA1) did not show any shrinkage-reducing performance. The results of the surface tension, ion concentration and SRA concentration tests showed that the shrinkage-reducing ability is closely related to the molecular structures of SRAs. The shrinkage-reducing abilities of the amphiphilic SRAs are proportional to the surface tension of the pore solution, but inversely proportional to the potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ion concentrations. However, the surface tension reduction is not the main action mechanism for the hydrophilic SRAs. The shrinkage-reducing abilities of hydrophilic SRAs are related to their molecular diameters and the K+ and Na+ concentrations of the pore solution.

Density and Viscosity for Binary Mixtures of Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether with Monoethanolamine, Diethanolamine, and Triethanolamine from (293.15 to 333.15) K

Density and viscosity for binary mixtures of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DEGMBE) with monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) have been measured as a function of composition from (293.15 to 333.15) K at intervals of 10 K under ambient pressure. Densities were measured with a capillary pycnometer. Viscosities were determined using capillary viscometers of the Ubbelohde type. Excess molar volumes VE and viscosity deviations Δη were calculated from the experimental results and correlated by the Redlich–Kister type equations to derive the coefficients and standard deviations. The values of VE and Δη are both negative over the entire range of mole fraction which indicates that molecular interaction of MEA, DEA, and TEA through the hydrogen bond become weaker in the presence of DEGMBE.

Synthesis and Characterization of the One-dimensional Cuprate Sr2CuO3 Nanoparticles Prepared by Modified Sol-gel Method

AbstractA modified sol-gel synthesis route has been used to prepare the fine homogeneous powder of Sr2CuO3 ceramic using strontium nitrate, copper nitrate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and citric acid. XRD patterns showed that the temperature of forming Sr2CuO3 is about 900°C and single phase of Sr2CuO3 with high purity obtains at 950°C. Influence of concentration of citric acid on the structure of prepared materials was investigated by SEM images.

Partitioning Behavior of Petrodiesel/Biodiesel Blends in Water

The partitioning behavior of six petrodiesel/soybean-biodiesel blends (B0, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100, where B100 is 100% unblended biodiesel) in water was investigated at various oil loads by the 10-fold dilution method. Five fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), C10-C20 n-alkanes, and four monoaromatic compounds were targeted for analysis. Only the aromatic compounds were partitioned according to Raoult's law at all oil loads. The partitioning of the FAMEs and n-alkanes at higher oil loads was found to be orders of magnitude higher than the reported aqueous solubilities of these compounds, and directly correlated with the amount of oil load applied. Depth filtration of the water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) significantly reduced the observed concentrations of the FAMEs and n-alkanes, but did not appreciably affect the aromatic compounds. The FAMEs and n-alkanes concentrations in the filtered WAFs agreed with the aqueous solubilities of those compounds reported in the literature, but the n-alkanes showed progressive deviations from those solubilities with the increase in the amount of biodiesel in the blends. Further dilution experiments on pure n-hexadecane confirmed the presence of a metastable colloidal phase that seems to be controlled by hydrophobic interactions and surface phenomena. The addition of biodiesel to the oil blend appeared to have a positive impact on the dissolved concentrations and the colloidal accommodation of the n-alkanes. Autoxidation of the biodiesel constituents was found to be significant, and increased with increasing oil loads. Chemical products such as hexanal, n-butyl acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate were positively identified among the FAMEs' autoxidation byproducts. Our data suggest a positive enhancement for biodiesel on the formation of the oil in water colloidal phase, possibly by forming a surfactant-cosurfactant-like pair of the FAMEs and their autoxidation byproducts.

Synthesize and Characterization of Ca2CuO3 Nanostructures via a Modified Sol–Gel Method Assisted by Hydrothermal Process

A sol–gel-hydrothermal method was used to prepare the highly homogeneous nanopowder of Ca2CuO3 ceramic with an average diameter of about 20–30 nm. In comparison with the conventional sol–gel process, this method caused the more purity product with smaller size of particle due to a high pressure and long reaction time. Photoluminescence measurement indicated that for Ca2CuO3 nanoparticles there are two emission peaks: one sharp band at about 400 nm and one broad visible emission band. The band gap energy of Ca2CuO3 nanoparticles has been estimated to be 3.09 eV that is far above the values reported earlier. The results showed that the morphology and particle size of the synthesized samples can be obviously affected by the reaction temperature and molar ratio (w) between citric acid and calcium nitrate. In this procedure, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether was used as both the solvent and the modest surfactant.

Phase Behavior and Spectroscopic Properties for Ternary Systems Water + Sodium Chloride + Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether at 303.15 K and Atmospheric Pressure

Liquid–liquid–solid equilibria for the ternary system water + sodium chloride + diethylene glycol monobutyl ether have been measured at 303.15 K. The binodal curve and tie lines together with the c...

Comparison of experimentally determined and mathematically predicted percutaneous penetration rates of chemicals

The aim of the study was to evaluate the predictive potential of three different mathematical models for the percutaneous penetration of industrial solvents with respect to our experimental data. Percutaneous penetration rates (fluxes) from diffusion cell experiments of 11 chemicals were compared with fluxes predicted by mathematical models. The chemicals considered were three glycol ethers (2-butoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 1-ethoxy-2-propanol), three alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol and methanol), two glycols (ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol), one aromatic hydrocarbon (toluene) and two aromatic amines (aniline and o-toluidine). For the mathematical prediction of fluxes, models described by Fiserova-Bergerova et al. (Am J Ind Med 17:617-635 1990), Guy and Potts (Am J Ind Med 23:711-719 1993) and Wilschut et al. (Chemosphere 30:1275-1296 1995) were used. The molecular weights, octanol-water partition coefficients (LogP) and water solubilities of the compounds were obtained from a database for modelling. The fit between the mathematically predicted and experimentally determined fluxes was poor (R(2) = 0.04-0.29; linear regression). The flux differences ranged up to a factor of 412. For 4 compounds, the Guy and Potts model showed a closer fit with the experimental flux than the other models. The Wilschut et al. model showed a lower flux difference for 4 compounds as compared to experimental data than the models of Fiserova-Bergerova et al. and Guy and Potts. The Fiserova-Bergerova et al. model showed for 3 compounds a lower flux difference to experimental data than the other models. This study demonstrates large differences between mathematically predicted and experimentally determined fluxes. The percutaneous penetration as determined in diffusion cell experiments may be considerably overestimated as well as underestimated by mathematical models. Although the number of compounds in our comparison study is small, the results point out that none of the mathematical model has significant advantages.

Kinetic studies of gas hydrate formation with low-dosage hydrate inhibitors

Pipeline blockage by gas hydrates is a serious problem in the petroleum industry. Low-dosage inhibitors have been developed for its cost-effective and environmentally acceptable characteristics. In a 1.072-L reactor with methane, ethane and propane gas mixture under the pressure of about 8.5 MPa at 4 A degrees C, hydrate formation was investigated with low-dosage hydrate inhibitors PVP and GHI1, the change of the compressibility factor and gas composition in the gas phase was analyzed, the gas contents in hydrates were compared with PVP and GHI1 added, and the inhibition mechanism of GHI1 was discussed. The results show that PVP and GHI1 could effectively inhibit the growth of gas hydrates but not nucleation. Under the experimental condition with PVP added, methane and ethane occupied the small cavities of the hydrate crystal unit and the ability of ethane entering into hydrate cavities was weaker than that of methane. GHI1 could effectively inhibit molecules which could more readily form hydrates. The ether and hydroxy group of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether have the responsibility for stronger inhibition ability of GHI1 than PVP.