Diethanolamine Research Articles

Mixed Diethanolamine and Polyethyleneimine with Enhanced CO2 Capture Capacity from Air.

Supported polyethyleneimine (PEI) adsorbent is one of the most promising commercial direct air capture (DAC) adsorbents with a long research history since 2002. Although great efforts have been input, there are still limited improvements for this material in its CO2 capacity and adsorption kinetics under ultradilute conditions. Supported PEI also suffers significantly reduced adsorption capacities when working at sub-ambient temperatures. This study reportsthat mixing diethanolamine (DEA) into supported PEI can increase 46% and 176% of pseudoequilibrium CO2 capacities at DAC conditions compared to the supported PEI and DEA, respectively. The mixed DEA/PEI functionalized adsorbents maintain the adsorption capacity at sub-ambient temperatures of -5 to 25°C. In comparison, a 55% reduction of CO2 capacity is observed for supported PEI when the operating temperature decreases from 25 to -5°C. In addition, the supported mixed DEA/PEI with a ratio of 1:1 also shows fast desorption kinetics at temperatures as low as 70°C, resulting in maintaining high thermal and chemical stability over 50 DAC cycles with a high average CO2 working capacity of 1.29mmol g-1 . These findings suggest that the concept of "mixed amine", widely studied in the solvent system, is also practical to supported amine for DAC applications.

Long-term stability of PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS composite hollow fiber membrane for carbon dioxide absorption in gas–liquid contacting process

Hybrid polyvinylidene fluoride-silica-hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS) membranes were fabricated via a non-solvent-induced phase-inversion method to create stable hollow-fiber membranes for use in the membrane contact absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2). The surface properties, performance characteristics, and long-term performance stability of the prepared membranes were compared and analyzed. The outer surfaces of the prepared membranes were superhydrophobic because of the formation of rough nanoscale microstructures on the surfaces and their low surface free energy. The addition of inorganic nanoparticles improved the mechanical strength of the PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS. Long-term stable operation experiments were carried out with a mixed inlet gas (CO2/N2 = 19/81, v/v) at a flow rate of 20 mL/min. The absorbent liquid in these experiments was 1 mol/L diethanolamine (DEA) at a flow rate of 50 mL/min. The mass transfer flux of CO2 through the PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS membrane decreased from an initial value of 2.39 × 10–3 mol/m2s to 2.31 × 10–3 mol/m2s, a decrease of 3% after 20 days. The addition of highly stable and hydrophobic inorganic nanoparticles prevented pore wetting and structural damage to the membrane. The PVDF-SiO2-HDTMS membrane was found to have excellent long-term stable performance in absorbing CO2.

Comparative Study for the Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Amine Solvents for Enhanced Loading

Aims: The current study aimed to investigate the CO2 absorption capacity of the aqueous alkanolamine, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and sterically hindered amines and polyamines, i.e., monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA) and 2- amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), 3- (Methylamino)propylamine (MAPA), and diethylenetriamine (DETA) at 40, 60, and 80°C at 1.1 bar. Methods: An increase in reaction temperature caused a decrement in CO2 loading across the board for all solvents. The trend of CO2 loading was TEA < MEA < DEA < AMP < MAPA < DETA < TETA < TEPA at 40 ºC, TEA < DEA < MEA < AMP < MAPA < DETA < TETA < TEPA, at 60ºC and TEA < DEA < AMP < MEA < MAPA < DETA < TETA < TEPA at 80ºC. Results: The results indicated that TEPA has great potential to be utilized as an energy-efficient and non-corrosive solvent for CO2 capture since it has outperformed all other aqueous amine solvents in this present study. Furthermore, the CO2 loading of sterically hindered amine (AMP) at the same temperature was found to be higher than primary, secondary, and tertiary amines. Heat of absorption (Δ Η abs) was also determined to gauge the energy requirement to regenerate absorbents for cyclic loading from an economic viewpoint. Conclusion: DETA has the highest Δ Η abs = 84.48 kJ/mol. On the contrary, the long-chain tertiary amine TEA resulted in the least Δ Η abs = 40.21 kJ/mol, among all other solvents. Whereas the sterically hindered amine (AMP) was observed to possess mid-range Δ Η abs, i.e., 58.76 kJ/mol. Among all selected solvents, polyamines showed higher Δ Η abs than other conventional amines pertaining to the precedence of TEA<AMP<DEA< MEA<TETA<TEPA<MAPA<DETA.

The Role of Diethanolamine on Chemical Mechanical Polishing in Alkaline Glycine-Based Slurries for Cobalt Interconnects

Cobalt (Co) and its low resistivity, superior adhesion property, and void-free seamless fill ability, pledge to transform the landscape of integrated circuits in many areas, especially in interconnects and logic contacts. Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), which can realize local and global planarization, has been recognized as one of the indispensable manufacturing approaches for the fabrication of multilevel metal interconnection structures. The present work introduces diethanolamine (DEA) into our alkaline glycine-based slurries for Co CMP process. The action mechanism of DEA on Co CMP process in glycine-based slurries at pH 8.1 has been clearly revealed by various approaches, including polishing and static etching experiments, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey, electrochemical analysis, as well as adsorption isotherm calculation. At low concentrations, DEA could be able to accelerate the polishing process via its auxiliary complexing effect, obtaining higher removal rates and larger corrosion current densities. Some pitting corrosion could appear on Co surfaces due to the production of Co-glycine complex as well as the auxiliary complexing process, making rougher surface qualities. On the other hand, when the DEA concentration increased to a certain level, it could play a role of corrosion inhibitor, protecting Co surfaces by forming a stable passive layer and moderating material removal rates, removal selectivity, and surface roughness.

Synthesis of a novel waterborne diethanolamine‐modified lignin/polyurethane emulsion and its application as an adhesive for polypropylene decorative film on wood‐based panels

AbstractTo improve the surface bonding strength of polypropylene (PP), decorative films on wood panels, sodium lignosulfonate (SL) was modified with diethanolamine (DEA) to graft two long hydrocarbon chains with end hydroxyl groups on the molecule. The product reacted with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) monomers to form reinforced emulsions. The novel emulsion was used as adhesives on the back of PP decorative films and compared to the unmodified SL. Different contents (5 wt.% and 10 wt.%) of modified SL content were considered in the dry WPU. The PP decorative films were hot‐pressed onto plywood using different kinds of WPU. Results showed that two long hydroxyl groups were grafted on the SL molecule after DEA modification, which reacted with the WPU monomers to form reinforced WPU emulsions. The DEA‐modified SL showed better dispersibility compared to pure SL, avoiding aggregation. Owing to their heat resistance and high stiffness, the DEA‐modified SL/WPU emulsions were superior in thermal properties and surface bonding strength.

Synthesis and characterization of Four-functional fluoresceins

The synthesis of fluorescein-diacrylate (FL-DA) and four-functional fluoresceins (FL) by Michael addition of secondary amines to FL-DA was investigated. FL-DA was successfully synthesized at the ∼ 100 g level. Diallyl amine (DAA) reacted with FL-DA instantaneously. Diethanolamine (DEA) also reacted within 5 min but was unstable and hydrolyzed back to FL. Michael addition of aminodiols with longer carbon chains and diethyl-amino-diacetate (DIDA) was slower but could be accelerated using Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) as a biocatalyst. The structure of tetrafunctional fluorosceins was confirmed by 13C and 1H NMR. High resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) demonstrated the formation of very pure tetraallyl- and tetraethylacetate-fluoresceins. These multifuntional fluoresceins are good candidates for the synthesis of imaging agents for a wide variety of applications.

Synthesis of 2-Ethyl-3-oxazolidineethanol from Propanal and Diethanolamine: Kinetic and Process Optimization Study

2-Ethyl-3-oxazolidineethanol (OE) is an important pharmaceutical intermediate for the treatment of dental plaque. A systematic investigation of the one-pot synthesis of OE from propanal (PA) and diethanolamine (DEA) was conducted herein. The process was carried out under mild reaction conditions without any addition of catalyst, and the product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Additionally, the effects of the PA/DEA ratio, methanol/DEA ratio, reaction time, and temperature on the reaction results were explored. Based on the single-factor experiments, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction conditions and it achieved a high OE yield of 98.48%, which is close to the prediction value of 98.38%. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics were calculated utilizing the second-order kinetic model, and activation energies of the forward and reverse reactions were 31.35 and 41.85 kJ·mol–1, respectively. Under the optimization reaction conditions, OE was efficiently synthesized, indicating a significant potential for industrial applications.

Preparation and characterization of CO2/O2 selective facilitated transport films by coating polyvinyl alcohol/polyethylene glycol/aminated sodium lignosulfonate on TiO2/ZnO‐modified LDPE

AbstractA novel facilitated transport film was prepared by coating polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/aminated sodium lignosulfonate on TiO2/ZnO‐modified low‐density polyethylene (LDPE). Monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), tetramethylpiperidine amine (TEMP), and acrylamide (AM) were selected to modify sodium lignosulfonate (Ls) for enhancing the selectivity and permeability of CO2/O2. The fabricated Ls were characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric test (TG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CO2 permeability and CO2/O2 selectivity were improved with the increase in the amount of amine groups. Compared with the addition of Ls modified by alcohol amine, the composite film has higher selectivity to CO2 after the addition of DETA‐Ls or TEMP‐Ls. The selectivity of the 1:3:3EDA/MEA‐Ls‐g‐AM composite film reached 13.7, and CO2 permeability increased by 5.54 times. The storage test also demonstrated that the composite films have better freshness retention ability. As a result, modified LDPE coated by PVA/PEG/aminated Ls has the potential as an active modified atmosphere packaging material.

Vapor Liquid Equilibrium of Aqueous Diethanolamine Solution for Carbon Dioxide Capture Processes

Objectives : Acid gases such as carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) that cause global warming are mainly generated in chemical processes. As a technology for reducing acid gas, the post-combustion capture process is representative. Aqueous alkanolamine solution, which is mainly used in the carbon dioxide absorption process, is used as the most representative chemical absorbent. Thermodynamic data of vapor-liquid equilibrium are important for the economics of process design and operation. In this study, vapor-liquid equilibrium data of water + DEA are measured so that DEA, a secondary amine, can be used in the carbon dioxide absorption process, so that it can be used for designing a new carbon dioxide absorption process.Methods : Vapor-liquid equilibrium data of a mixture of water + DEA (diethanolamine) were measured under isothermal conditions of 393.15 K using HSGC (Headspace Gas Chromatography).Results and Discussion : The measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data were correlated using NRTL, an activity coefficient model. In addition, as additional thermodynamic data of the absorbent mixture, the density of the DEA aqueous mixture was measured at a temperature of 303.15 K to 333.15 K using a density meter (Anton Paar DMA4500). The measured density data of the mixture was converted into excess volume, and the excess volume data was correlated using the Redilchi-Kister-Muggianu equation. Using the measured water+DEA vapor-liquid equilibrium data, it is expected to reducing the design cost and operating cost of the carbon dioxide absorption processes.

Amino groups modified MnOx‐PUF applied in indoor air purification: removing formaldehyde at room temperature

AbstractIndoor formaldehyde (HCHO) pollution has more and more serious adverse effects on human health, it is urgent to develop a material that can be embedded in the air purifier to achieve HCHO's degradation efficiently. In this work, based on the carrier material of polyurethane foam (PUF) modified by amino groups diethanolamine (DEA), we propose a strategy to prepare a manganese oxide compound catalyst (DEA‐MnOx‐PUF). During the static testing (CHCHO: 11.591 ppm, T: 25 °C), the catalyst shows higher HCHO removal efficiency (93.9 %) than that of unmodified MnOx‐PUF catalyst (88.6 %), and it achieves high HCHO‐to‐CO2 conversion (68.5 %). Additionally, during the continuous single‐pass catalysis testing (CHCHO: 11.591 ppm, T: 25 °C, 240000 mL/(gcath)), HCHO removal efficiency can be maintained around at 95 % within 50 hours. The excellent performance is attributed to the continuous decomposition of intermediates during the catalytic process by amino groups cross‐linked on the surface of the catalyst. Based on the block whole MnOx‐based catalyst DEA‐MnOx‐PUF, this work will provide a new route to develop a powerful purifier material with long‐term efficient removal of HCHO.

Highly Efficient Alkaline Water Electrolysis Using Alkanolamine-Functionalized Zirconia-Blended Separators

Alkaline water electrolysis is one of the most promising technologies for green hydrogen production. Here, we synthesized a series of alkanolamine-modified zirconia particles by a one-pot method to construct zirconia-based composite membranes for alkaline water electrolysis. Among these membranes, the diethanolamine (DEA)-functionalized zirconia separator exhibits superior hydrophilicity with a low water contact angle of 44° and low area resistance of 0.12 Ω·cm2, which were 47 and 60%, respectively, less than that of the commercial Zirfon PERL UTP 500 separator. Conceivably, the DEA-functionalized zirconia separator presents high electrochemical performance with a current density of 1114 mA cm–2 at 2.0 V with Raney Ni as the cathode catalyst and CoMnO@CoFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as the anode catalyst at 80 °C, closing the gap with proton exchange membrane electrolysis. In addition, the DEA-modified separator exhibits high stability for over 150 h at a high current density of 500 mA cm–2 and stable cell voltages in 30 wt % KOH at 80 °C.

Study the effect of annealing on the Structural and Optical properties of Copper oxide films prepared by Sol-Gel Spin Coating

This research is to study the effect of annealing on the structural and optical properties on the thin films copper oxide(CuO,Cu2O) was deposited on glass substrate by using technique Spin-Coating (Sol-Gel) with speed (3000 RPM) during the time of the deposition (30 sec). Was the preparation of the solution using a material of copper acetate (Cu(C2H3O2)2.H2O) as a basis and Diethanolamine (DEA) (C4H11NO2) as installed and Ethanol (C2H6O) as a solvent, the solution prepard at a concentration of 0.2M. The annealing at temperatures (250,350, 450,550)°C for one hour. We have investigated the Structural characteristics using (XRD and AFM) analyses ,from of (XRD) analyses show that the thin films are polycrystalline and annealing the films at 350 °C completely converts these films to tenorite structure with composition of CuO. And from (AFM) analyses show that the grian size increases with increasing annealing temperature. Either optical characteristics by spectroscopy UV in the range of wavelength (300-1100) nm. It is observed that the transmittance and allowed direct optical band gap of the films decreases with the increase of annealing temperature from 4.0 eV to 3.92 eV.

Preparation of OH/TiO2/PES composite membrane by a novel gas-phase hydrolysis method in gas-liquid membrane contactor to improve the separation efficiency of CO2 and CH4

Conventional gas separation methods are very limited for CO2 separation in terms of separation efficiency and cost. In this study, We obtained fluorinated TiO2/polyethersulfone (PES) composite membranes by gas-phase hydrolysis and compared the characterization results with the composite membranes prepared by the graft coating method. In the mixed gas separation experiment, we used diethanolamine (DEA) as the absorbent to test the separation performance of CO2/CH4 using the composite membranes prepared by gas phase hydrolysis in a gas-liquid membrane contactor (GLMC) system. DEA flow rate and concentration and feed gas flow were found to have a significant effect on separation performance. When the feed gas flow rate was kept constant at 30 ml/min and the DEA flow rate and concentration were 16 L/h and 1 mol/L, respectively, the collected CH4 concentration was 99.4 %. Meanwhile, the CO2 flux was 10.096 × 10−3 mol m−2 s−1, and the separation factor reached 110.444. Collectively, the application of TiO2/PES composite membranes in GLMC is an efficient method for CO2 capture and mixed gas separation.

Anti-corrosive non-aqueous DBSA/MEA lamellar liquid crystal lubrication system

HypothesisSince lamellar liquid crystals (LLCS) could be used for lubrication, many LLCS systems have been constructed to improve lubrication performance. However, most studies focused on the LLCS of the water system, and its corrosiveness brought some limitations to its application. Therefore, it is necessary to construct a non-aqueous LLCS system with good lubrication and anti-corrosion properties to improve its applicability. ExperimentsAnionic surfactant dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) was used to construct non-aqueous LLCS in different solvents, including monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA). DBSA/H2O LLCS system was constructed for comparison. The LLCS was characterized by polarizing microscope (POM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and rheology. Its microstructure was discussed. Meanwhile, we evaluated the lubrication and anti-corrosion performance of LLCS. Its lubrication mechanism was explained through tribology tests and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) analysis of the wear scar surface. Its anti-corrosion mechanism was investigated by using the weightlessness method, electrochemical test method, and quantum chemical theoretical calculations. FindingsThe DBSA/MEA non-aqueous LLCS system showed better lubrication performance than DBSA/DEA and DBSA/H2O LLCS. It can adsorb on the surface of the friction pair to form a lubrication friction film, which plays a better role in reducing friction and wear. The DBSA/MEA LLCS is less corrosive to metals because it can effectively isolate oxygen and water in the air between friction pairs. Furthermore, the lone pair electrons in the 2p orbital of the N atom in the MEA molecule could coordinate with the 3d empty orbital of the Fe atom, forming a protective film on the metal surface, which plays a good anti-corrosion effect. This work not only enriched the study of non-aqueous LLCS but also expanded its potential applications in the field of lubrication.

Synthesis of Novel Multifunctional bora-Ibuprofen Derivatives

A unique class of β-boron-functionalized non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound (pinB-NSAID) was previously synthesized via copper-catalyzed 1,2-difunctionalization of the respective vinyl arene with CO2 and B2pin2 reagents. Here, pinacolylboron-functionalized ibuprofen (pinB-ibuprofen) was used as a model substrate to develop the conditions for pinacol deprotection and subsequent boron functionalization. Initial pinacol-boronic ester deprotection was achieved by transesterification with diethanolamine (DEA) from the boralactonate organic salt. The resulting DEA boronate adopts a spirocyclic boralactonate structure rather than a diazaborocane–DABO boronate structure. The subsequent acid-mediated hydrolysis of DEA and transesterification/transamination provided a diverse scope of new boron-containing ibuprofen derivatives.

Statistical Optimization of Carbon Dioxide Capture Performance by Tri-Solvent System of MEA-DEA-PZ from the Stored Gas Reservoir

Aims/Objective: The current study evaluates the effectiveness of a blended tri-solvent system composed of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and piperazine (PZ) for removing the carbon dioxide (CO2) from the stored gas reservoir. The developed system is intended to be both environmentally benign and productive. Methods: The CO2 absorption was carried out for the total solvent (5, 10, and 15% v/v), during the course of three temperature ranges (20, 25, and 30°C) while maintaining the reservoir pressure of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 bar. The fraction of DEA: MEA has been restricted to 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, with simultaneous loading of anhydrous PZ ranging from 0 to 2 gm. and agitation speed for step intervals of 300, 600, and 900 rpm. For the purpose of investigating the synergetic effects of the process parameters on the rapid absorption of CO2 (ξ) and the initial CO2 absorption rate (ε0), Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM) has been exploited. The design of experiments (DoE) assisted artificial neural network (ANN) and metaheuristic approach of hybridising ANN-whale optimization algorithm (WOA) was also developed and utilised to train and test the developed model. Three optimization models based on RSM, DoE-WOA and ANN-WOA were compared. Under the optimized operating conditions pertaining to DoE, DoE-WOA and DoE-ANN-WOA, (ε0 = 3.340, 3.460 3.513 gm./min-250 mL) and (ξ = 17.114, 18.069, 18.145 gm./250 mL) were obtained. Results: The hybridised DoE-ANN-WOA shows promising results in correlation with the experimental outcomes having error % for ε0 & ξ of 0.790 & 1.31. Conclusion: The DoE-ANN-WOA tends to be selected to predict the optimal absorption conditions as compared to other optimization techniques used in current article.

Determination of mass transfer coefficient of CO2 removal in water-in-oil emulsion

The removal of carbon dioxide is an important process in natural gas purification since its lower down the calorific value of the natural gas. In addition, carbon dioxide also capable of forming corrosion in the pipeline, thus its removal is crucial. Water-in-oil emulsion was proposed in this research since the absorption of carbon dioxide in emulsion would be an effective method to prevent corrosion. However, the absorption capability of the emulsion and the mass transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide during absorption process needs further investigation. The aim of this study is to determine the diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide in the emulsion and observed the correlation between mass transfer coefficient and the carbon dioxide absorption values obtained from experiment. In this study, water-in-oil emulsion was prepared by mixing the aqueous phase and organic phase solutions under two different formulation conditions. Firstly, the methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and 2 amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) blending was mixed in different alkaline solution; sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and distilled water (H2O) to form aqueous phase solution. Secondly, MDEA was combined with different alkanolamines; dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA) in KOH solution to form another aqueous phase solution. The synthesized aqueous phase is then mixed with the organic phase consists of kerosene and Span-80 mixtures. Furthermore, viscosity and particle sizes of the emulsions at different emulsion formulations were measured and the diffusivity and mass transfer coefficients of carbon dioxide were calculated. This study showed that, by using suitable emulsion formulation containing MDEA/AMP in KOH solution, the estimated value of diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide was 1.0876 × 1010 m2/s and 1.15 × 103 m/s respectively, with viscosity of 261.03 mPa s and particle size of 189.71 nm was achieved. It was found the diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient of carbon dioxide is highly influenced by the characteristics of emulsion such as viscosity and particles sizes.

SO2 – Am (KOH) – TROPEOLIN OOO – H2O (Am – ETHANOLAMINES, MORPHOLINE) SYSTEMS ACID-BASE PROPERTIES

The study of data on acid-base properties of model systems SO2 – KOH – TrOOO – H2O and SO2 – Am – TrOOO – H2O (TrOOO – tropeoline OOO; Am – diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), N‑methylmonoethanolamine (MMEA) and morpholine (Mf) at 293 K using pH-, spectrophotometry and colorimetry methods are presented. There is a pronounced isosbestic point at 415 nm in the electronic absorption spectra of the systems SO2– Am –TrOOO– H2O (Am = MMEA, MEA and TEA; pH ≤ 7.5; T = 293 K), which indicates the presence of a dynamic equilibrium between ion-molecular forms. According to the width of the absorption spectra, the bases in the region of 2.0 ≤ pH ≤ 8.0 can be arranged in the following row: MEA > Mf > KOH > DEA > TEA > MMEA. The bases can be arranged in the following rows for the effect on optical density at 490 nm: KOH > Mf ≥ MEA > DEA ≥ TEA (at 5.5 ≤ pH < 9.0); KOH = MEA = Mf > DEA = TEA (at pH < 6.0). According to the values of optical density at 360 nm in the region of 2.0 ≤ pH < 8.5, the bases can be arranged in the following row: Mf > KOH ≥ MEA ≥ DEA > MMEA > TEA. The total color difference (ΔE76) and specific color difference (SCD) values were calculated by colorimetric method as a function of pH. The acid–base dissociation constants in the SO2 – Am (KOH) – TrOOO – H2O systems significantly depend on the structure and physicochemical properties of the organic base and differ significantly from those in the HCl (HClO4, H2SO4) – MEA – TrOOO – H2O systems. The interrelation of colorimetric functions was established (total color difference and specific color difference) of SO2 – Am – TrOOO – H2O systems with molar refraction Am, empirical function pKa – lgPow, which combines the basicity and hydrophilicity of Am, formation constants of ammonium sulfites and hydrosulfites, pH- (dpH/dpQSO2), redox- (dЕ/dpQSO2) and conductometric (Dk) titration curves of Am aqueous solutions with gaseous sulfur dioxide.

Diethanolamine Modified Perovskite-Substrate Interface for Realizing Efficient ESL-Free PSCs.

Simplifying device layout, particularly avoiding the complex fabrication steps and multiple high-temperature treatment requirements for electron-selective layers (ESLs) have made ESL-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) attractive. However, the poor perovskite/substrate interface and inadequate quality of solution-processed perovskite thin films induce inefficient interfacial-charge extraction, limiting the power conversion efficiency (PCEs) of ESL-free PSCs. A highly compact and homogenous perovskite thin film with large grains was formed here by inserting an interfacial monolayer of diethanolamine (DEA) molecules between the perovskite and ITO substrate. In addition, the DEA created a favorable dipole layer at the interface of perovskite and ITO substrate by molecular adsorption, which suppressed charge recombination. Comparatively, PSCs based on DEA-treated ITO substrates delivered PCEs of up to 20.77%, one of the highest among ESL-free PSCs. Additionally, this technique successfully elongates the lifespan of ESL-free PSCs as 80% of the initial PCE was maintained after 550 h under AM 1.5 G irradiation at ambient temperature.

Applying a next generation risk assessment framework for skin sensitisation to inconsistent new approach methodology information.

Cosmetic products must be safe for their intended use. Regulatory bans on animal testing for new ingredients has resulted in a shift towards the use of new approach methodologies (NAM), such as in silico predictions and in chemico/in vitro data. Defined Approaches (DA) have been developed to interpret combinations of NAM to provide information on skin sensitisation hazard and potency, three having been adopted within OECD Guideline 497. However, the challenge remains as to how DA can be used to derive a quantitative point of departure for use in next generation risk assessments (NGRA). Here we provide an update to our previously published NGRA framework and present two hypothetical consumer risk assessment scenarios (rinse-off and leave-on) on one case study ingredient. Diethanolamine (DEA) was selected as the case study ingredient based upon the existing NAM information demonstrating differences with respect to the outcomes from in silico predictions and in chemico / in vitro data. Seven DA were applied, and these differences resulted in divergent DA outcomes and reduced confidence with respect to the hazard potential and potency predictions. Risk assessment conclusion for the rinse-off exposure led to an overall decision of safe for all DA applied. Risk assessment conclusion for the higher leave-on exposure was safe when based upon some DA but unsafe for others. The reasons for this were evaluated, as well as the inherent uncertainty from the use of each NAM and DA in the risk assessment, enabling further refinement of our NGRA framework.