Dietary Questionnaire Research Articles

Dietary Factors and the Risk of Depression among Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

This study aimed to assess the association between dietary factors and depression in a group of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women and to evaluate potential interactions and the mediating role of BMI in this relationship. One hundred and sixteen women with PCOS were asked to complete the Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire and the manual for developing of nutritional data (KomPAN questionnaire) and the Beck Depression Inventory. The population was divided into two groups: (1) not at risk of depression (ND), n = 61, and (2) at risk of depression (RD), n = 55. Significantly higher BMI values were observed in the RD group than in the ND group. In the RD group, the intake of vegetables and legumes was lower than in the LD group, but the consumption of sweet beverages and energy drinks was higher. Consumption of vegetables and legumes at least twice per day is known to be associated with a 62% lower probability of the risk of depression in PCOS women. Furthermore, women with overweight and obesity have a 5.82 times greater chance of depression than women with normal body weight. Our findings show that there is a significant association between certain dietary factors, BMI, and symptoms of depression in PCOS women.

Prevalence and factors associated with the Minimum Dietary Diversity among HIV-positive women receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in Kabale district, Uganda.

Malnutrition and HIV form a vicious cycle and women are at an increased risk of malnutrition from HIV. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recommends a minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) of five food groups; however, paucity of information exists about the diet quality of this population in Uganda. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the MDD among HIV positive women of reproductive age (15-49 years) receiving antiretroviral therapy in Kabale district, Uganda. This was a cross-sectional study. Probability proportional to size sampling was applied to select the number of participants per clinic and respondents were sampled systematically on a particular day in each clinic. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on the respondent characteristics and the FAO's Individual Dietary Diversity questionnaire was used to collect the 24-hour dietary intake. Data were analysed using appropriate software. Descriptive statistics were applied for univariate analysis. Modified Poisson was used to determine the factors associated with MDD. The study was approved by the Makerere University School of Public Health Institutional Review Board and informed consent was obtained from the respondents. Some 90.9% of the respondents were Bakiga, mean age was 34.8 ± 8.1 years, 47.6% were married and 98.0% came from nuclear families with 4.4 ± 1.9 members. The mean number of food groups consumed was 4.7 ± 1.7 with roots and tubers, pulses, and dark leafy and vitamin A vegetables, whereas milk and eggs were mostly consumed and fruits were least consumed. The prevalence of the MDD-W was 48.2%. Factors associated with MDD score at multivariate level included; age, type of employment, having nausea, viral load status and HIV clinical stage. Almost one half of the HIV positive women on antiretroviral therapy in the district achieve the MDD-W, attributed to being middle aged, being casual employment and having an unsuppressed viral load.

Association between added sugar consumption in foods and beverages and body mass index among adolescents in university southern Thailand: a cross-sectional study.

Excessive consumption of added sugar is an essential contributing factor to weight gain in adolescence, leading to non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the added sugar consumption in foods and beverages and determine the association between free sugar consumption and BMI status. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 adolescents in university (18-22 years) recruited from undergraduate students at different schools. The information was acquired using a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. Adjusted binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations between added sugar consumption in foods and beverages and nutritional status. Half of the participants had a BMI status in the normal range (51.8%). A large percentage of adolescents had eaten staple food only two times and did not have breakfast (49%). Additionally, most of the student did not eat a snack or drink beverages (57.7%). Consumption of vegetables, fruit, meat, and milk was higher in obese subjects than other groups. The results showed that adolescents consumed more added sugar (79.2%) than is recommended by the WHO. The majority of added sugar consumption were beverages (46.5%). The findings revealed that added sugar consumption among undergraduate students did not differ significantly depending on BMI. This study indicated that added sugar consumption in university students exceeded the WHO recommendation, although there was no discernible difference in BMI status. The results would be useful for further study and may help dietitians provide appropriate nutrition education or campaigns to reduce added sugar consumption in Thai and Southeast Asia university students.

RELATIONSHIP LONG-SUFFERING AND DIABETES DISTRESS WITH DIETARY ADHERENCE AMONG DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Background: The prevalence of diabetes melitus is increasing significantly. Dietary adherence in people with diabetes mellitus is difficult to achieve because it requires regular long-term changes throughout their lives. It also has an impact on the psychology of people with diabetes mellitus to experience distress. Purpose: Analyze the relationship of long suffering and diabetes distress with dietary adherence in diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: This research uses analytical methods with a cross-sectional design. There were 71 respondents who were taken from 1320 diabetes mellitus patientin Puskesmas Talango by simple random sampling method. Data collection was using the Diabetes Distress Scale and Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionare Questionnaires. chi square was used for bivariate analysis. Results: The results showed that dietary adherence had a significant relationship with diabetes distress (p=0.001) but had no relationship with long-suffering (p=0.100). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between education, income, and diabetes distress with dietary adherence.

Sweetened Beverages, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study.

An association between sweetened beverages and several cardiometabolic diseases has been reported, but their association with atrial fibrillation (AF) is unclear. We aimed to investigate the associations between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), artificially sweetened beverages (ASB), and pure fruit juice (PJ) and risk of consumption with AF risk and further evaluate whether genetic susceptibility modifies these associations. A total of 201 856 participants who were free of baseline AF, had genetic data available, and completed a 24-hour diet questionnaire were included. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During a median follow-up of 9.9 years, 9362 incident AF cases were documented. Compared with nonconsumers, individuals who consumed >2 L/wk of SSB or ASB had an increased risk of AF (HR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.01-1.20] and HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.10-1.31]) in the multivariable-adjusted model. A negative association was observed between the consumption of ≤1 L/wk of PJ and the risk of AF (HR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.87-0.97]). The highest HRs (95% CIs) of AF were observed for participants at high genetic risk who consumed >2 L/wk of ASB (HR, 3.51 [95% CI, 2.94-4.19]), and the lowest HR were observed for those at low genetic risk who consumed ≤1 L/wk of PJ (HR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.65-0.92]). No significant interactions were observed between the consumption of SSB, ASB, or PJ and genetic predisposition to AF. Consumption of SSB and ASB at >2 L/wk was associated with an increased risk for AF. PJ consumption ≤1 L/wk was associated with a modestly lower risk for AF. The association between sweetened beverages and AF risk persisted after adjustment for genetic susceptibility to AF. This study does not demonstrate that consumption of SSB and ASB alters AF risk but rather that the consumption of SSB and ASB may predict AF risk beyond traditional risk factors.

Sweetened Beverage Intake and Incident Chronic Kidney Disease in the UK Biobank Study

An increasing body of evidence indicates an association between consuming sugar or its alternatives and cardiometabolic diseases. However, the effects of the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and natural juices on kidney health remain unclear. To investigate the association of the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and natural juices with the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the effect of substituting these beverage types for one another on this association. This prospective, population-based cohort study analyzed data from the UK Biobank. Participants without a history of CKD who completed at least 1 dietary questionnaire were included. The follow-up period was from the date of the last dietary questionnaire until October 31, 2022, in England; July 31, 2021, in Scotland; and February 28, 2018, in Wales. Data were analyzed from May 1 to August 1, 2023. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and natural juices. The primary outcome was incident CKD. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations between the 3 beverage types and incident CKD. A substitution analysis was used to evaluate the effect on the associations of substituting one beverage type for another. A total of 127 830 participants (mean [SD] age, 55.2 [8.0] years; 66 180 female [51.8%]) were included in the primary analysis. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 10.5 (10.4-11.2) years, 4459 (3.5%) cases of incident CKD occurred. The consumption of more than 1 serving per day of sugar-sweetened beverages was associated with higher risk of incident CKD (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.19 [95% CI, 1.05-1.34]) compared with not consuming sugar-sweetened beverages. The AHR for participants consuming more than 0 to 1 serving per day of artificially sweetened beverages was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.01-1.20) and for consuming more than 1 serving per day was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.12-1.43) compared with consuming no artificially sweetened beverages. By contrast, there was no significant association between natural juice intake and incident CKD (eg, for >1 serving per day: HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.87-1.11]; P = .10). Substituting sugar-sweetened beverages with artificially sweetened beverages did not show any significant difference in the risk of CKD (HR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.96-1.10]). Conversely, replacing 1 serving per day of sugar-sweetened beverage with natural juice (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.87-0.97]) or water (HR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.88-0.99]) or replacing 1 serving per day of artificially sweetened beverage with natural juice (HR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.84-0.96]) or water (HR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.86-0.96]) was associated with a reduced risk of incident CKD. Findings from this cohort study suggest that lower consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or artificially sweetened beverages may reduce the risk of developing CKD.

Dietary assessment of type 2 diabetic patients using healthful plant-based diet score in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a wide range of metabolic problems. The current study sought to assess nutritional habits of Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and to propose recommendations to improve these patients’ dietary habits and delay possible disease complications.MethodsOver a period of three years, (2017–2019) 577 patients with T2D attending the outpatient’s diabetic clinics at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia were invited to participate in this study. Data of dietary intake were collected by trained nurses using a pretested structured validated semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The dietary data were collected using 7-day dietary recall questionnaire. A modified score system that associates dietary habits with glycemic control and lipid profile was used.ResultsOverall, a high healthful plant-based diet score was associated with a significant (P = 0.018) reduction in triglycerides (TG) level (mean difference − 3.78%; 95% CI, -0.65% to -6.81%) and a statistically non-significant (P = 0.06) increase in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (mean difference 1.87%; 95% CI -0.06–3.84%) in T2D patients from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Additionally, in our patient group, the prevalence of coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease in T2D patients was 11.3%, 6.2%, 3.3%, and 8.4%, respectively and were higher when compared to the prevalence in the general population.ConclusionThe present study showed that adherence to a healthful plant-based diet, when compared to high glycemic index diet, is associated with a favorable outcome in glycemic control and lipid profile in T2D patients. Prior assessment of total diet quality may be beneficial when giving nutritional advice to T2D patients with the possibility of improving glycemic control and lipid profile.

The Effect of Health Education Using Uric Acid Diary Book (URICAB) on Dietary Compliance and Uric Acid Levels in Gout Arthritis Patients

Introduction: Gout arthritis is a non-communicable disease that continues to increase. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is 7.30% because the adherence to an unbalanced diet. Therefore, innovation is needed to overcome the problems in gout arthritis patients. The Uric Acid Diary Book (URICAB) is a modification of the booklet media in supporting health education. URICAB contains information related to uric acid, diet lists, and diet diary tables. This study aims to analyze the effect of health education on URICAB media on dietary compliance and uric acid levels in gout arthritis patients. Methods: This study used the Quasy Experiment method pretest-posttest control group design with a population of 147 people and sample of 72 people. The independent variable is health education media URICAB, while the dependent variable is dietary adherence and uric acid levels in gout arthritis sufferers. The research instrument used blood samples and dietary compliance questionnaires. The data analysis used the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, Mann Whitney U Test, Paired Sample T Test, and Independent Sample T Test. Results: The results of the Mann-Whitney U Test obtained a value of p = 0.046 indicate that there are increasing dietary adherence. The results of the Independent Sample T Test obtained a value of p = 0.025 indicate that health education in URICAB media affected the reducing uric acid levels. Conclusion: URICAB media health education had significant effect to improve dietary adherence to the recommended diet and limiting high-purin diets and adherence to drinking as recommended by health workers and reduce uric acid levels.

Associations of a proinflammatory diet, habitual salt intake, and the onset of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study from the UK Biobank.

To explore the relationship between proinflammatory diet, habitual salt intake and the onset of type 2 diabetes. This prospective study was conducted among 171 094 UK Biobank participants who completed at least one 24-h dietary questionnaire and were free of diabetes at baseline. Participants were followed up until 1 March 2023 for type 2 diabetes incidence, with diagnosis information obtained from linked medical records. An Energy-adjusted Diet Inflammatory Index (E-DII) was calculated based on 28 food parameters. Habitual salt intake was determined through the self-reported frequency of adding salt to foods. The associations between E-DII, habitual salt intake and type 2 diabetes incidence were tested by the Cox proportional hazard regression model. Over a median follow-up period of 13.5 years, 6216 cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Compared with participants with a low E-DII (indicative of an anti-inflammatory diet), participants with a high E-DII (indicative of a proinflammatory diet) had an 18% heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The association between E-DII and type 2 diabetes tends to be linear after adjustment for major confounders. Participants with a proinflammatory diet and always adding salt to foods had the highest risk of type 2 diabetes incidence (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% confidence interval 1.32-1.94). Our findings indicate that a proinflammatory diet and higher habitual salt intake were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. These results support the public health promotion of an anti-inflammatory diet and reducing salt intake to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Association of sugar intake from different sources with cardiovascular disease incidence in the prospective cohort of UK Biobank participants

BackgroundThe relation between incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sugar might not only depend on the quantity consumed but also on its source. This study aims to assess the association between various sources of dietary sugars and CVD incidence in the prospective population-based UK Biobank cohort.MethodsA total of 176,352 participants from the UK Biobank with at least one web-based dietary questionnaire (Oxford WebQ) for assessment of sugar intake were included in this study. Mean follow-up lasted 10.9 years (standard deviation 2.0), with 12,355 incident cases of CVD. To determine the association of free sugar (FS) and intrinsic sugar intake with incident CVD, hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox proportional hazard regression models. FS intake from beverages and beverage subtypes, i.e., soda/fruit drinks, juice, milk-based drinks, and tea/coffee, as well as from solid foods and solids subtypes, i.e., treats, cereals, toppings, and sauces, was included as penalised cubic splines.ResultsFS intake showed a J-shaped relationship with CVD risk, reaching the lowest HR (HR-nadir) at 9 %E, while intrinsic sugars displayed a non-linear descending association, with the HR-nadir at 14 %E. FS in beverages demonstrated a significant linear relationship with CVD with the HR-nadir at 3 %E, while FS in solids exhibited a significant non-linear U-shaped relationship with the HR-nadir at 7 %E. Within the beverage subtypes, soda/fruit drinks displayed a linear relationship, as did to a lesser extent FS in milk-based drinks and tea/coffee. Juice, however, showed a significant U-shaped relationship with CVD risk. Among solid foods subtypes, FS in treats had a J-shaped relation with the HR-nadir at 5 %E, and FS in cereals showed a linear association. In comparison, FS in toppings and sauces exhibited a U-shaped pattern with HR-nadir at 3 %E and 0.5 %E, respectively. All major results remained similar in various sensitivity analyses and were more robust for ischemic heart disease compared to stroke.ConclusionsOnly some sources of FS exhibit a robust positive association with CVD incidence. Public health efforts aiming at the reduction of CVD risk should prioritise the reduction of sugary beverages with an emphasis on soda/fruit drinks.

Dietary phytoestrogen intake and ovarian cancer risk: a prospective study in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian (PLCO) cohort.

Estrogen plays a crucial role in ovarian tumorigenesis. Phytoestrogens (PEs) are a type of daily dietary nutrient for humans and possess a mild estrogenic characteristic. This study aimed to assess the correlation of the consumption of dietary PEs with ovarian cancer risk using data in the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Participants were enrolled in PLCO from 1993 to 2001. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized to determine the association between the intake of PEs and ovarian cancer occurrence, which were calculated by the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. In total, 24 875 participants were identified upon completion of the initial dietary questionnaire (DQX). Furthermore, the analysis also included a total of 45 472 women who filled out the diet history questionnaire (DHQ). Overall, after adjustment for confounders, the dietary intake of total PEs was significantly associated with the risk of ovarian cancer in the DHQ group (HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.95; P for trend = 0.066). Especially, individuals who consumed the highest quartile of isoflavones were found to have a decreased risk of ovarian cancer in the DHQ group (HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.94; P for trend = 0.032). However, no such significant associations were observed for the DQX group. In summary, this study suggests that increased dietary intake of total PEs especially isoflavones was linked with a lower risk for developing ovarian cancer. More research is necessary to validate the findings and explore the potential mechanisms.

The association of lifeline diet score (LLDS) with risk of irritable bowel syndrome: case-control study in adult men

PurposeIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorder that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals. Diet has been identified as a potential modifiable risk factor for IBS, yet its association with IBS risk in the Kurdish adult male population remains understudied. This case-control study aimed to investigate the association between the lifeline diet score (LLDS), a validated tool assessing overall diet quality and the risk of IBS in Kurdish adult men.Design/methodology/approachA total of 200 Kurdish adult men were recruited, comprising 100 IBS patients (cases) and 100 healthy controls without IBS. Medical records and interview questionnaires were used to confirm IBS diagnoses, while detailed dietary questionnaires were administered to assess participants’ dietary habits and calculate their respective LLDS scores. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between LLDS and IBS risk, adjusting for potential confounding factors.FindingsParticipants with higher LLDS scores exhibited a significantly reduced risk of IBS compared to those with lower LLDS scores (OR= 0.38, 95% confidence intervals = 0.18–0.77; p <0.001). The association remained statistically significant even after controlling for potential confounders such as socioeconomic status, age, eating rate, protein, fat, physical activity and body mass index.Originality/valueThis case-control study demonstrates a significant inverse association between the LLDS and the risk of IBS in Kurdish adult men. Higher LLDS scores, indicative of a healthier and more balanced diet, were associated with a decreased risk of IBS. These findings highlight the potential role of dietary patterns in IBS prevention and management within the Kurdish adult male population.

Impact of COVID-19 on food security and diet quality in Chilanga District, Zambia

IntroductionFood security and nutrition have been severely impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to quantify the impacts of the pandemic on food security and diet diversity within Chilanga District in Zambia and identify target areas for high-impact social protection and safety net programs.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in Chilanga district immediately after the Omicron variant surge in February 2022. Diet quality and food security were assessed based on a household diet questionnaire and a Minimum Dietary Diversity-Women (MDD-W) score was calculated. A paired t-test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant change in the MDD-W score and McNemar test was used to investigate the change in food security between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 period.ResultsCompared to the pre-COVID-19 period, there were increases in food prices across the board in the peri-COVID-19 period and decreased consumption of key food categories including legumes, dairy and vitamin A rich foods. Despite high rates of food insecurity, only 6.6% of surveyed households received any cash or in-kind assistance from a government agency, non-profit, or other organization in the post-COVID-19 period.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on food security and dietary diversity in Chilanga district. This is particularly relevant in the low-income communities that we surveyed, which had pre-existing challenges with food security. Additional resources must be invested in Chilanga District and similarly affected areas to address this gap in access to food and promote national equity.Trial Registration N/A.

A243 BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND DIETARY BONE NUTRIENTS DIFFER IN PATIENTS WITH CROHN'S DISEASE STRICTURES

Abstract Background Crohn’s disease (CD) phenotypes include inflammatory (non-stricture) and stricture behaviours. Strictures are bowel narrowing’s that may lead to obstructions and subsequent dietary restrictions to prevent blockages. Bone mineral density (BMD) in CD is affected by many factors including corticosteroid use, CD itself, but also dietary changes. Clinical gold standard for measuring BMD is by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), a more precise imaging modality assesses volumetric BMD, bone geometry and bone microarchitecture. We aim to compare dietary intake, and bone quality in both stricture and non-stricture CD. Aims To identify nutritional patterns, bone quality differences and deficiencies between two subtypes of CD; including energy intake, dietary components and/or micronutrients Methods Individuals (≥55 years old) with ileal CD strictures (fixed, angulated bowel or thickened bowel with pre-stenotic dilation on diagnostic imaging), or inflammatory CD were prospectively recruited. Patients with short gut, celiac disease, dysphagia history were excluded. All patients completed DXA hip and spine scans and HR-pQCT radius and tibia scans. Dietary assessment questionnaires (Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24), and Diet History Questionnaire III for food frequency over the past year were completed. Results 56 (27 inflammatory (48% female, mean age 64.2, BMI 28.7, 16 years CD duration) and 29 strictures (45% female, mean age 65.9, BMI 27.3, 25 years CD duration, 15 (51.7%) prior bowel resection) were included. 31/56 (55.4%) patients were on biologics and 11 (19.5%) had past corticosteroid exposure. DXA-based BMD for stricture versus non-stricture CD patients was not significantly different at the hip or spine. However, HR-pQCT-based radial total BMD (p=0.03), cortical thickness (p=0.01) and cortical area (p=0.04) were lower in stricture than non-stricture patients.11 (7 stricture, 4 inflammatory) patients with past steroids consumed more dairy (p=0.01), vitamin D (p = 0.04), and calcium (p=0.03) than other CD patients. Stricture patients had significantly less consumption of vitamin K (p=0.001), vegetables (p=0.02), calcium (p=0.03), and dairy (p=0.03). Conclusions Patients with CD strictures have lower BMD and cortical bone quality at the radius than those without strictures. Patients with CD strictures also consume significantly less vitamin K, calcium, and dairy, all vital dietary components to prevent OP, compared to non-stricture patients. Overall, the skeletal fracture risk is likely much greater in CD patients with strictures than without, due to greater inherent bone fragility, and less consumption of key nutrition building blocks of bones. Funding Agencies Koopmans Memorial Research Fund

A176 RESTORATION OF IMPAIRED MICROBIOTA-MEDIATED ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN PATIENTS WITH CELIAC DISEASE BY ORAL TRYPTOPHAN SUPPLEMENTATION: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY

Abstract Background Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune condition driven by gluten in individuals expressing celiac-specific genes (HLA-DQ2 and/or DQ8). A strict gluten-free diet (GFD) is currently the only treatment. 30-40% of celiac patients exhibit persistent symptoms despite following a GFD ampersand:003E1 year and are considered non-responsive. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid metabolized by gut microbiota to produce indoles that activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), contributing to intestinal barrier homeostasis. Our previous study showed CeD patients have altered tryptophan metabolism and limited AhR activation, only partially improving with a GFD. In healthy volunteers, oral tryptophan supplementation improved AhR activation in the small intestine, thus, indicating its feasibility as adjuvant to the GFD in non-responsive CeD. Aims The study aims were to: 1) determine whether tryptophan supplementation improves celiac specific symptoms in non-responders; and 2) if tryptophan supplementation modifies gut microbiota composition, intestinal indole production and AhR activity. Methods The study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with the aim to recruit 50 adults from the McMaster University Celiac Clinic. At visit 1, consented participants are randomized 1:1 to L-tryptophan (3g/day) or placebo and receive intervention capsules to be taken for 3 weeks after Visit 2. At Visits 2 and 3, participants complete dietary and symptom questionnaires, provide blood, stool, and urine samples, and undergo endoscopy. The primary outcome, improvement in symptoms, is assessed using the Celiac Symptoms Index (CSI); general GI symptoms by Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale (GSRS); mood symptoms by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); quality of life by Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders-Quality of Life questionnaire (PAGI-QoL). Results To- date we have recruited 10 participants. We will present blinded results from participants that have completed the study at the time of presentation based on responses to questionnaires pre, and post tryptophan/placebo intervention. At the time of analysis of this abstract, 5 participants had completed the study showing reduced CSI scores post intervention. The GSRS was also significantly reduced post intervention however, no change was observed in HADS and PAGI-QoL. Conclusions As all these results are currently blinded, we cannot attribute the symptom improvement to either tryptophan or the placebo effect. After unblinding the data, we will analyze the data to determine the extent of symptom reduction in relation to tryptophan metabolites (from urine, stool and duodenal aspirates) and AhR activation (from duodenal biopsy samples). Funding Agencies Weston Family Foundation

The use of dietary supplements, and the association between supplemental vitamin D and glycaemic control in adult individuals with type 1 diabetes.

To assess the dietary supplement use in adult individuals with type 1 diabetes, and to study the association between vitamin D supplementation and glycaemic control in an observational cross-sectional study. The study subjects were participants of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. Data were included from all individuals with type 1 diabetes with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, who had completed a diet questionnaire. In the questionnaire, the participants reported dietary supplement use for the past 30 days. A thorough investigation with an assessment of the blood panel was conducted at the study visit. Data were available from 1181 individuals (43% men, mean ± SD age 45 ± 13 years). Altogether 62% of the sample reported supplement use; 56% reported some vitamin or mineral and 27% reported non-vitamin and non-mineral supplement use. Supplement use was more frequent among women and those supplementing had better overall health. In the study sample, of the vitamins and minerals, vitamin D (45%) and magnesium (31%), respectively, were the most frequently reported. In the multivariable models, vitamin D supplementation was associated with better glycaemic control. Starting from a daily dose of ≥30 μg, there was evidence of improving glycaemic control with higher doses of supplemental vitamin D (e.g., for 30 μg: B [Wald Confidence Internal], p-value, -2.76 [-5.03 to -0.49], 0.017). Supplement use was frequent in this sample of adult individuals with type 1 diabetes. Due to potential drug-supplement interactions, the attending physicians should be aware of their patients' supplement use. The causality between vitamin D supplementation and glycaemic control should be assessed in a randomized controlled trial.

Dietary and Biological Assessment of Omega-3 Status in University Rugby Football Players: A Case-Control Study

Background: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been shown to help maintain muscle function and reduce muscle soreness after exercise-induced muscle damage. However, the relationship between the dietary and biological status of omega-3 fatty acids in rugby players remains unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the connection between the dietary and biological status of omega-3 fatty acids in university rugby players. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving university rugby players and age-matched sedentary controls. We assessed diets, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, using self-administered dietary questionnaires. Whole blood lipidomics was performed before and after a single training session. Results: The rugby group (n = 29) had significantly higher intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids compared to the control group (n = 31). While the blood omega-6 relative concentration did not differ between the groups, the rugby group had lower omega-3 fatty acid levels than the control group (4.4 ± 1.1 vs. 6.2 ± 1.8%). Approximately 48% of rugby players had an omega-3 index (O3i) considered as high risk for cardiovascular disease, and 52% were classified as intermediate risk. None of the players had a low-risk O3i. A single training session had an impact on the omega-3 and omega-6 metabolic pathways. Conclusions: Despite having a higher omega-3 fatty acid intake than controls, rugby football players may still be deficient in omega-3 fatty acids. Further nutritional interventions are needed to address these issues.

Impact of post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders on quality of life, hedonic experiences and psychiatric dimensions in general population

Background and objectiveOlfactory disorders in COVID-19 impact quality of life and may lead to psychological impairments. Prevalence ranges from 8 to 85%, persisting in about 30% of cases. This study aimed to evaluate the 6-month post-COVID-19 impact on quality of life, hedonic experiences, anxiety and depression due to olfactory disorders. Additionally, it sought to compare psychophysical tests and self-perceived olfactory evaluations.MethodsA prospective, longitudinal study was conducted over baseline (T0) and 6 months (T1) on individuals with persistent olfactory disorders post-COVID-19 for more than 6 weeks. Psychophysical tests employed the Sniffin’ Sticks Test® (TDI score), and self-perceived olfactory evaluation used a Visual Analogue Scale. Quality of life was assessed with an Olfactive Disorder Questionnaire and the French version of the Quality of Life and Diet Questionnaire. Hedonic experiences were gauged using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, while anxiety and depression dimensions were measured by The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Post Traumatic Stress Checklist Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Participants were classified into the “normosmic group” (NG) and the “olfactory disorders group” (ODG) at T0 and T1 based on the TDI score.ResultsWere included 56 participants (58.93% women, 41.07% men) with a mean age of 39.04 years and a mean duration of post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders of 5.32 months. At T1, ODG had a significantly lower quality of life and hedonic experiences than NG. No significant differences in anxiety and depression dimensions were observed between groups. At T0, psychophysical tests and self-perceived olfactory evaluations were significantly correlated with quality of life and hedonic experiences in both groups. At T1, self-perceived olfactory evaluation in NG correlated significantly with quality of life, hedonic experiences, anxiety and depression dimensions, whereas ODG only correlated with hedonic experiences.ConclusionIndividuals with persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory disorders after six months demonstrated compromised quality of life and hedonic experiences. Self-perceived olfactory evaluation played a more significant role in influencing quality of life and the dimension of anxiety and depression than the psychophysical presence of olfactory disorders. These findings emphasize the importance of considering patients’ perceptions to comprehensively assess the impact of olfactory disorders on their well-being.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov number (ID: NCT04799977).

Dietary Knowledge and Eating Habits among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Lebanon.

Little is known about the dietary knowledge (DK) and eating habits (EHs) of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Lebanon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the DK and EH of the population with T2D and determine their associated factors. A cross-sectional survey enrolling 351 patients with T2D was carried out, using the snowball sampling technique. The survey used the UK Diabetes and Diet Questionnaire and the Dietary Knowledge questionnaire to assess participants' EH including the frequency of consumption of certain foods and their knowledge of food groups and food choices. While a higher DK index indicated better knowledge, a higher EH index indicated less healthy EH. Independent sample T-test and Mann-Whitney test were used for dichotomous variables, and ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for polytomous variables. Correlation analysis tested the association between two continuous variables. Two multiple linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with DK and EH. Overall, 67% of participants had good or adequate DK, and around 25% and 75% of them had healthy and less healthy EH, respectively. Better knowledge was significantly related to occupation, BMI, presence of comorbidities, and HbA1c testing during the last 3 months. Higher family income, physical activity, family history of diabetes, receiving help in medication administration from family or friends, and higher DK level were factors associated with healthier EH. Nutrition education and awareness campaigns aimed at patients and their families are needed to empower patients with adequate DK and skills to facilitate the adoption of healthy EH.

Macronutrient Intake and Association with the Risk Factors of Diabetic Complications among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. There is little research on the relationship between T2DM problems and daily macronutrient intake in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Al-Madina Al-Munawara. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between T2DM complications and daily carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake in T2DM patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 138 T2DM patients in Al-Madina Al-Munawara City, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected using a questionnaire that was published on social media. The macronutrient data were collected by a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire on 2 non-consecutive days. Appropriate statistical tests were done, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine the association of macronutrient intake with diabetes complications among the studied patients. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 53.8 ± 11.3 years, and 55.8% were females. The prevalence of T2DM complications was 55.8% for diabetic retinopathy, 30.4% for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 26.1% for diabetic foot, 19.6% for stroke, and 5.3% for kidney diseases with no significant difference by patients’ sex. Daily carbohydrates intake &gt;65% was associated with an increased risk of CVD, retinopathy, and diabetic foot with odds ratio (OR) of 4.75, 4.35, and 65.5, respectively. Daily proteins intake &gt;20% and daily fat intake ≥30% were associated with a significant increased risk of stroke and CVD, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest that high daily calorie intake from carbohydrate protein and fat plays an important role in the risk of T2DM complications. Patients with diabetes who understand the value of consuming calories from macronutrients and how to distribute their daily intake of these calories may reduce their risk of developing diabetic complications.