Dietary Phospholipids Research Articles

Dietary Phospholipids and Phytostrerols: A Review on Some Nigerian Vegetable Oils

Dietary Phospholipids and Phytostrerols: A Review on Some Nigerian Vegetable Oils

Effects of dietary phospholipid level and fraction on the feed intake of non-fish meal diet in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel, 1845

Three feeding studies were conducted to investigate whether dietary soybean lecithin (SBL) enhanced feed intake of non-fish meal, SPC-based diet, in yellowtail, and also to clarify which fraction of phospholipid (PL) was effective to enhance feed intake. In experiments 1 and 2, fish were fed SBL level at 0%–5%, and it was revealed that the daily feeding rate (DFR) of fish was significantly higher for SBL 2% than for SBL 0%, while a further increase of SBL in the diet did not additionally increase the DFR. Moreover, the DFR of fish fed a diet without feeding stimulants (FS) was the lowest among the dietary treatments, indicating that the SBL does not have an effect of enhancing feed intake in yellowtail. In experiment 3, fish were fed a diet with several products containing PL at 2%. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol concentrations in these products positively correlated to the DFR of fish. This result revealed that these two fractions in the SBL are effective for enhancing feed intake of yellowtail when FS is present in the diet.

Dietary phospholipids requirement of the early juvenile (C1) swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

A 30-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of phospholipids (PLs) on growth performance, survival, fatty acid profile and gene expression of the early juvenile (C1) swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Five semi-purified diets were formulated with graded PLs levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%). Each diet was fed to four replicates of crabs (30 crabs per replicate, initial weight: 8.4 ± 0.1 mg). In this study, crabs fed diets with 2%, 4% and 8% PLs had significantly higher survival rates than crabs fed with 0% and 1% PLs. Crabs fed diets with 0% and 1% PLs had significant lower weight gain (WG) than crabs fed with 8% PLs. But crabs fed with diets containing 2%, 4% and 8% PLs showed no significant difference in WG. Besides, the content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in whole body was higher than that in diets, but the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content showed an opposite trend. The EPA and DHA content in whole body increased with the increase in dietary PLs. Moreover, the moulting number increased with the increasing dietary PLs levels, the lowest moulting number was observed in crabs fed diets without supplementation of PLs. The ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) was found to be significantly up-regulated by PLs levels. This study demonstrated that 2% PLs could meet the requirement of early juvenile (C1) swimming crab based on the growth and survival. And 4%–8% PLs supplemented in diets could reduce the leaching of feed.

Dietary choline and phospholipid supplementation enhanced docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in egg yolk of laying hens fed a 2% Schizochytrium powder-added diet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary phospholipid supplementation on laying hen performance, egg quality, and the fatty acid profile of egg yolks from hens fed a 2% Schizochytrium powder diet. Three-hundred-sixty 28-wk-old Hy-line W-36 laying hens were randomly allocated to one of the 5 dietary treatments, each treatment with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. All diets included 2% Schizochytrium powder (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], 137.09 mg/g). The control group was not supplemented with any additional phospholipids, whereas the other 4 experimental diets were supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg choline (CHO), 1,000 mg/kg monoethanolamine (MEA), 1,000 mg/kg lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), or 500 mg/kg LPC + 500 mg/kg MEA (LPC + MEA). The experimental diets were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 11.15 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (crude protein, 16.60%). The feeding trial lasted 28 days. Laying hen performance and egg quality were not affected (P>0.05) by the diets used. The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) level was reduced in the LPC group at d 28 (P < 0.01), whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level was increased (P < 0.05). The omega-6 (n-6) PUFA level of the egg yolks in the LPC group had a trend to increase in comparison to the control (P = 0.07). The CHO and LPC groups had higher omega-3 (n-3) PUFA and DHA levels and lower n-6/n-3 ratios than the other groups at d 28 (P < 0.01). The DHA content in egg yolk reached a plateau after the laying hens consumed the experimental diets for 14 days, and higher yolk DHA contents were observed in the CHO and LPC groups as compared with the other groups at d 14. It was concluded that dietary choline supplementation for more than 14 d enhanced egg yolk enrichment with n-3 PUFA and DHA when laying hen diets were supplemented with 2% Schizochytrium powder. All the diets had no adverse effect on hen performance, egg quality, or egg components under the experimental condition.

Higher Lipophilic Index Indicates Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential components of cell membranes and play an integral role in membrane fluidity. The lipophilic index [LI, defined as the sum of the products between FA levels and melting points (°C), divided by the total amount of FA: [Formula: see text]] is thought to reflect membrane and lipoprotein fluidity and may be associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we examined the associations of dietary and plasma phospholipid (PL) LI with CHD risk among postmenopausal women. We determined dietary LI for the cohort with completed baseline food frequency questionnaires and free of prevalent cardiovascular diseases in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) observational study (N=85,563). We additionally determined plasma PL LI in a matched case-control study (N=2428) nested within the WHI observational cohort study. Cox proportional hazard regression and multivariable conditional logistic regression were used to calculate HRs/ORs for CHD risk between quartiles of LI after adjusting for potential sources of confounding and selection bias. Higher dietary LI in the cohort study and plasma PL LI in the case-control study were significantly associated with increased risk of CHD: HR=1.18 (95% CI 1.07-1.31, P for trend <0.01) and OR=1.76 (95% CI 1.33-2.33, P for trend <0.01) comparing extreme quartiles and adjusting for potential confounders. These associations still persisted after adjusting for the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio. Our study indicated that higher LI based on either dietary or plasma measurements, representing higher FA lipophilicity, was associated with elevated risk of CHD among postmenopausal women.

Improving effect of dietary soybean phospholipids supplement on hepatic and serum indexes relevant to fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens.

In order to investigate the effect of dietary soybean phospholipid supplement on hepatic and serum indexes relevant to fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in layers, 135 300-day-old Hyline Brown layers were randomly divided into three groups (control, pathology and prevention), and each group had 45 layers with three replicates. Birds in the three groups were respectively fed the control diet, high-energy low-protein diet and high-energy high-protein diet affixed with 3% soybean phospholipid instead of maize. Results showed in the 30th day, birds' livers in the pathology group became yellowish, enlarged in size and had hemorrhagic spots, while the prevention and control groups' layers did not have such pathological changes. Contents of triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol, non-esterified fatty acid and malondialdehyde in serum or liver homogenate in prevention and control groups were remarkably lower than those in the pathology group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), as with the activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (P<0.01); high-density lipoprotein - cholesterol value was strikingly higher than that of the pathology group (P<0.01). It is suggested dietary soybean phospholipids supplement may effectively improve hepatic and blood indexes relevant to FLHS, which provides a new point for preventing FLHS occurrence rate in laying flocks and treating human non-alcohol fatty liver disease.

Roe-derived phospholipid administration enhances lymphatic docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipid absorption in unanesthetized rats

Plasma n-3 fatty acids are important as the supplying pool of n-3 fatty acids to various tissues including the brain, although the relationship between dietary n-3 fatty acids and their molecular species in the plasma are not fully clarified. We investigated the intestinal absorption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived from fish roe phospholipid (Roe-PL) and compared it with fish oil triacylglycerol and free DHA using unanesthetized lymph-cannulated rats. The DHA absorption from intraduodenally administered three samples were not significantly different, whereas Roe-PL administration resulted in a significantly higher level of DHA in the phospholipid fraction than the other two samples administrations. DHA in Roe-PL at the sn–2 position was less hydrolyzed by pancreatin than by purified phospholipase A2 in vitro and simultaneous administration of free DHA and lysophosphatidylcholine did not produce the same results as the Roe-PL administration. Our results indicate that dietary DHA-containing phospholipid is effective to increase the systemic DHA incorporated into phospholipids via intestinal absorption and biosynthesis.

Dietary phospholipids: lipid metabolism and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

Eggs are a major source of phospholipids (PL) in the Western diet. Dietary PL have emerged as a potential source of bioactive lipids that may have widespread effects on pathways related to inflammation, cholesterol metabolism, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function. Based on pre-clinical studies, egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin appeared to regulate cholesterol absorption and inflammation. In clinical studies, egg PL intake is associated with beneficial changes in biomarkers related to HDL reverse cholesterol transport. Recently, egg PC was shown to be a substrate for the generation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbe-dependent metabolite associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. More researches are warranted to examine potential serum TMAO responses to chronic egg ingestion and in different populations, such as diabetics. In this review, the recent basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings examining egg PL intake and risk of CVD are summarized.

Phytosomes as Biocompatible Carriers of Natural Drugs.

Natural products have been frequently used as sources of clinical useful pharmaceuticals. However, some intrinsic characteristics of the natural drugs have limited their use, namely their solubility and chemical stability in physiologic mediums. Innovative drug delivery systems may help overcome such limitations, thus providing more effective administration of natural products. Phytosome (Indena SPA, Italy) is one of the most exciting recent delivery technologies that improves the oral bioavailability of the phytopharmaceuticals by their inclusion in equimolar complexes with dietary phospholipids with vesicular shape in aqueous environments. The purpose of this review is to characterize the state of the art of the phytosome as drug delivery system of natural products, including a discussion of the natural drug-phospholipid complex interactions, mechanisms of oral and topical delivery, methods of preparation and phytosome recent applications and patents in the 2006-2016 period.

Cloning, tissue expression of the fatty acid-binding protein (Pt-FABP1) gene, and effects of dietary phospholipid levels on fabp and vitellogenin gene expression in the female swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

In the present study, the cDNA of fatty acid-binding protein (Pt-FABP1) from the hepatopancreas of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approaches. The full-length cDNA of Pt-fabp1 was 730bp and encoded a 130 amino acids polypeptide that was highly homologous to related genes from other crustacean. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that Pt-fabp1 expression was detected in various tissues, and the highest expression levels was occurred in the hepatopancreas. The Pt-fabp1 expression levels in the ovary would depend on the stages of ovarian development, and the expression of Pt-fabp1 reached the maximum at the stage IV. The effects of dietary soybean lecithin (SL) on the Pt-fabp1 and vitellogenin (VTG) expression, and steroid hormones levels were investigated. After 16weeks of feeding, the results showed that the expression level of Pt-fabp1 in hepatopancreas and the content of progesterone (PG) in hemolymph did significantly increase with dietary SL supplementation up to 2% (P<0.05). Swimming crab fed the diet containing 4% SL had higher hepatopancreas vtg gene expression and the content of 17 β-estradiol (E2) in hemolymph than those fed the control diet (P<0.05). This study suggested that Pt-FABP may have a positive function in ovary maturation of female swimming crab. Meanwhile, these results not only demonstrated that the gene expression of Pt-fabp1 and vtg in hepatopancreas can be modulated by dietary SL levels, but also clearly supported the hypothesis that the positive effects of dietary SL on the ovarian development of female swimming crab.

Effects of dietary phospholipid and cholesterol levels on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different phospholipids (PL) and cholesterol (CH) levels on the growth, moulting and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. Six diets were designed to contain three PL levels (0, 10 and 20 g/kg) and two CH levels (2 and 8 g/kg). Juvenile swimming crabs (3.48 ± 0.02 g/crab) were reared for 8 weeks. The weight gain (WG) was significantly (p .05). The moulting frequency (MF), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency ratio (FCR) were not significantly (p > .05) affected by the dietary treatments. The serum total cholesterol (TCH) significantly (p > .05) increased with increasing dietary PL level. The C20:4n-6 and C20:5n-3 content of the whole body of crabs increased with the addition of PL to the diet containing 2 g/kg CH of diet. An interaction was observed between PL and CH on certain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations of body.

Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy as phospholipids did not improve the incorporation of this fatty acid into rat fetal brain compared with the triglyceride form

Prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply is important to ensure an adequate infant neurodevelopment. Several fat supplements with DHA under different chemical structures are available. There is an increased placental phospholipase activity at the end of pregnancy. The hypothesis of this study was to discern whether DHA consumption during pregnancy as phospholipids (PLs) could be more available for placental DHA uptake and fetal accretion than triglycerides (TGs) form. We aimed to evaluate maternofetal DHA status in pregnant rats fed with DHA as PL from egg yolk or TG from algae oil to determine which source might be most effective during pregnancy. Three experimental diets were tested: 2.5% DHA-TG (n = 10), 2.5% DHA-PL (n = 9), and 9% DHA-PL (n = 9). The total PL content of these diets was 2%, 12%, and 38%, respectively. We determined dietary fat absorption and quantified fatty acids by gas chromatography in maternal and fetal tissues. Dietary PL enhanced significantly dietary fat absorption. However, animals fed the highest PL-content diet (38% PL and 9% DHA-PL) stored most of the absorbed fat in maternal liver, promoting hepatic steatosis, which was not observed in the lower PL-content diets (12% and 2%). Despite higher fat absorption of PL-containing diets, maternal and fetal tissues (including fetal brain) did not show major differences in DHA content between the 2.5% DHA-PL and 2.5% DHA-TG–fed groups. We conclude that the chemical form of DHA consumed by the rat during gestation (PL or TG) does not differentially affect DHA accretion into fetal brain, and both lipid sources can be equally used for maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy.

Effects of dietary phospholipids on growth performance and expression of key genes involved in phosphatidylcholine metabolism in larval and juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary phospholipids (PLs) on survival rate, growth performance and expression of key genes related with phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism in larval and juvenile large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with graded levels of PLs (2.53%, 6.32% and 12.7%) were randomly allocated to triplicate groups of larvae (initial body weight: 3.86±0.24mg) eight times daily for 30days. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with graded levels of PLs (1.32%, 3.05%, 5.86%, 7.4% and 9.63%) were randomly allocated to triplicate groups of juveniles (initial body weight: 7.36±0.33g) twice daily to apparent satiation for 60days. Results showed that survival rate and specific growth rate of larvae fed the diet with 2.53% PLs were significantly lower compared with those of larvae in other groups (P<0.05). However, specific growth rate and survival rate were not significantly different among dietary treatments in juveniles. No significant difference was observed in the transcript levels of key genes involved in PC de novo synthesis, including CTP: choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, in both the whole larvae body and the livers of juveniles fed diets with different concentrations of PLs. Although no significant difference was found, the mRNA expression levels of 1, 2-diacylglycerol choline phosphotransferase increased with the increasing levels of dietary PLs in the livers of juveniles, with acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 showing the opposite trend. These results confirmed that the beneficial effects of dietary PLs on survival and growth performance of large yellow croaker were restricted to fish larvae. Dietary PLs might reduce lipid deposition in the liver of juvenile large yellow croaker through utilizing more diacylglycerol for PC synthesis, rather than triglyceride synthesis. Statement of relevanceThe present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary phospholipids (PLs) on survival rate, growth performance and expression of key genes related to phosphatidylcholine (PC) biosynthesis in larval and juvenile large yellow croaker, (Larimichthys crocea). The results are reliable and of both theoretical and practical importance. For “theoretical importance”, our study provided the first evidence that dietary PLs might reduce lipid deposition in the liver of juvenile large yellow croaker through utilizing more diacylglycerol for PC synthesis, rather than triglyceride synthesis, which could contribute to better understanding the mechanisms underlying the discrepancy in requirements for phospholipids between larval and juvenile large yellow croaker. For “practical importance”, our study confirmed that the beneficial effects of dietary PLs on growth performance of large yellow croaker were restricted to larvae rather than juveniles (at least 7.36g) and these findings could be applied to reduce the supplementation of PLs in commercial feeds for large yellow croaker, which in turn might reduce the cost of the commercial feeds for large yellow croaker.The work described has not been submitted elsewhere for publication, in whole or in part, and all the authors listed have approved the manuscript that is enclosed. I have read and have abided by the statement of ethical standards for manuscripts submitted to Aquaculture.

Docosahexaenoic acid‐enriched phospholipids exhibit superior effects on obesity‐related metabolic disorders to egg yolk phospholipids and soybean phospholipids in mice

Bioactive phospholipids (PL) from different origins varied greatly in the chemical constitutions, especially the fatty acid compositions, which might influence its physiological activities in turn. In the study, egg yolk phospholipids (EGG‐PL), soybean phospholipids (SOY‐PL), and marine docosahexaenoic acid‐enriched phospholipids (DHA‐PL) were administered to high fat (HF) diet‐induced obese C57BL/6J mice for 7 weeks to compare their effects on obesity‐related metabolic disorders. EGG‐PL, SOY‐PL, and DHA‐PL significantly decreased epididymal adipose tissue weights, reduced blood pressures and lowered hepatic TG levels. Only DHA‐PL efficiently decreased perirenal adipose tissue weights, and reduced serum glucose, insulin, IL‐6 and TG levels. These three phospholipids significantly decreased delta‐9 desaturation indices, the ratio of oleic acid versus stearic acid, and reduced the enzyme activities and gene expressions of FAS in the liver, while DHA‐PL also markedly reduced mRNA levels of SREBP‐1c and SCD‐1. Hepatic total catalase and peroxisomal β‐oxidation activities were significantly increased after DHA‐PL supplementation. These data indicated that the biological effects of PL with different fatty acid compositions were not completely equivalent and DHA‐PL, rich in n‐3 PUFA, was more efficient in ameliorating obesity‐related metabolic disorders, especially the lipid metabolism, attributing to the better inhibition of SREBP‐1c mediated lipogenesis and the elevation of hepatic lipolysis.Practical applications: This research gives the public the guidance of the dietary intake of bioactive phospholipids from the perspective of nutrition and it supplies informational support for the development of functional foods containing DHA‐PL participating to the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases in humans. In another aspect, this research also provides an important direction for the development and utilization of marine aquatic raw materials since these materials are the best sources of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched‐phospholipids.Dietary egg yolk phospholipids, soybean phospholipids, and marine docosahexaenoic acid‐enriched phospholipids (DHA‐PL) could efficiently improve obesity‐related metabolic disorders in mice. Notably, DHA‐PL, rich in n‐3 PUFA, exhibited the best ameliorative effects, especially on the lipid metabolism, which could be attributed to the better inhibition of SREBP‐1c mediated lipogenesis and the elevation of hepatic lipolysis. Such findings would be useful in the development of functional foods containing DHA‐PL participating to prevent chronic metabolic disease in humans.

Effects of dietary phospholipid on lipase activity, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in large yellow croaker larvae (Larimichthys crocea).

It was previously shown that lipid content of the whole larvae body fed the phospholipid (PL)-devoid diet was significantly lower than that of larvae fed PL-supplemented diets (P<0.05) (Feng et al., unpublished results). The mechanisms involved remain unclear and were explored from the perspective of fatty acids delivery, uptake, synthesis and oxidation in the present study. Besides, this study was also designed to investigate the effect of dietary PL on antioxidant capacity in large yellow croaker larvae (Larimichthys crocea). Triplicate groups of larvae (initial body weight: 3.86±0.24mg) were fed three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with increasing levels of PL (2.53%, 6.32% and 12.7%) eight times daily for 30days. Results showed that the specific activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly higher in 12.7% PL group compared to those in 2.53% PL group (P<0.05), while an opposite trend was observed for MDA content (P<0.05). The specific activity of lipase and the mRNA abundance of fatty acids delivery and uptake-related genes, including lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and fatty acids translocase (cluster of differentiation) were significantly higher in 12.7% PL group than those in 2.52% group (P<0.05). Compared to 2.53% PL group, the transcript levels of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase I were significantly lower in 6.32% PL group (P<0.05), while peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α, carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I and acyl CoA oxidase mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in 12.7% PL group (P<0.05). These results indicated that dietary PL could enhance antioxidant capacity of larvae. Dietary PL might regulate lipid metabolism in large yellow croaker larvae by modulating fatty acids delivery, uptake, synthesis and oxidation at transcriptional level and improved fatty acids delivery and uptake might be responsible for higher body lipid content in 6.32% and 12.7% groups.

Composition and metabolism of phospholipids in Octopus vulgaris and Sepia officinalis hatchlings

The objective of the present study was to characterise the fatty acid (FA) profiles of the major phospholipids, of Octopus vulgaris and Sepia officinalis hatchlings, namely phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); and to evaluate the capability of both cephalopod species on dietary phospholipid remodelling. Thus, O. vulgaris and S. officinalis hatchlings were in vivo incubated with 0.3μM of L-∝-1-palmitoyl-2-[1-(14)C]arachidonyl-PC or L-∝-1-palmitoyl-2-[1-(14)C]arachidonyl-PE. Octopus and cuttlefish hatchlings phospholipids showed a characteristic FA profiles with PC presenting high contents of 16:0 and 22:6n-3 (DHA); PS having high 18:0, DHA and 20:5n-3 (EPA); PI a high content of saturated FA; and PE showing high contents of DHA and EPA. Interestingly, the highest content of 20:4n-6 (ARA) was found in PE rather than PI. Irrespective of the phospholipid in which [1-(14)C]ARA was initially bound (either PC or PE), the esterification pattern of [1-(14)C]ARA in octopus lipids was similar to that found in their tissues with high esterification of this FA into PE. In contrast, in cuttlefish hatchlings [1-(14)C]ARA was mainly recovered in the same phospholipid that was provided. These results showed a characteristic FA profiles in the major phospholipids of the two species, as well as a contrasting capability to remodel dietary phospholipids, which may suggest a difference in phospholipase activities.

Enhanced incorporation of dietary DHA into lymph phospholipids by altering its molecular carrier

Several previous studies indicated that for optimal uptake by the brain, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) should be present as phospholipid in the plasma. However most of dietary DHA is absorbed as triacylglycerol (TAG) because it is released as free fatty acid during digestion of either TAG-DHA (fish oil) or sn-2-DHA phospholipid (krill oil), and subsequently incorporated into TAG of chylomicrons. We tested the hypothesis that the absorption of DHA as phospholipid can be increased if it is present in the sn-1 position of dietary phospholipid or in lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), because it would escape the hydrolysis by pancreatic phospholipase A2. We infused micelle containing the DHA either as LPC or as free acid, into the duodenum of lymph cannulated rats, and analyzed the chylomicrons and HDL of the lymph for the DHA-containing lipids. The results show that while the total amount of DHA absorbed was comparable from the two types of micelle, the percentage of DHA recovered in lymph phospholipids was 5 times greater with LPC-DHA, compared to free DHA. Furthermore, the amount of DHA recovered in lymph HDL was increased by 2-fold when LPC-DHA micelle was infused. These results could potentially lead to a novel strategy to increase brain DHA levels through the diet.

The effect of marine and non-marine phospholipid rich oils when fed to juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

An experiment was conducted to assess the response of juvenile barramundi (Lates calcarifer) to four diets containing either marine- or non-marine derived neutral lipid (NL) or polar lipid (PL) sources for eight weeks in a 2×2 factorial design. The four diets contained 8.2% added lipid composed of a 1% fish oil base with 7.2% test lipid (n−3 NL: Fish oil, n−3 PL: Krill oil, n−6 NL: Soybean oil, n−6 PL: Soybean lecithin). The results demonstrated that the different lipid sources (either n−3 or n−6 omega series from either NL or PL class) had significant effects on growth performance and feed utilisation with some interaction terms noted. Growth was negatively affected in the n−6 NL fish and the feed conversion (FCR) was highest in the n−6 PL fish. Digestibility of total lipid and some specific fatty acids (notably 18:2n−6 and 18:3n−3) were also negatively affected in the n−6 PL fish. Analysis of the whole body neutral lipid fatty acid composition showed that these mirrored those of the diets and significant interaction terms were noted. However, the whole body polar lipid fatty acids appeared to be more tightly regulated in comparison. The blood plasma biochemistry and hepatic transcription of several fatty acid metabolism genes in the n−6 PL fed and to a lesser extent in the n−6 NL fed fish demonstrated a pattern consistent with modified metabolic function. These results support that there are potential advantages in using phospholipid-rich oils however there are clear differences in terms of their origin. Statement of relevanceJuvenile barramundi may benefit from dietary phospholipid.

Hypolipidemic Effects of Phospholipids (PL) Containing n‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) Are Not Dependent on Esterification of n‐3 PUFA to PL

Phospholipids (PL) containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have beneficial effects of maintaining and promoting health compared with triacylglycerols (TAG) containing n-3 PUFA or general PL. This study evaluated the effects of dietary PL containing n-3 PUFA and elucidated the effects of the glycerophosphate structure and n-3 PUFA on fatty acid (FA) metabolism in rats. Rats were fed a basal diet containing soybean oil alone, TAG containing n-3 PUFA (1.8%), soybean PL (2.7%), PL containing n-3 PUFA (2.7%), or TAG containing n-3 PUFA (1.8%) + soybean PL (2.7%). The present n-3 PUFA-supplemented diets had similar FA compositions, and the PL diets had similar PL compositions. TAG containing n-3 PUFA reduced serum TAG contents, but did not affect serum cholesterol contents compared with soybean oil alone. PL diets containing n-3 PUFA and the combination of TAG containing n-3 PUFA and soybean PL resulted in decreased serum and liver TAG contents compared with the diet containing soybean oil alone, reflecting enhanced liver FA β-oxidation. The results of this study show that TAG containing n-3 PUFA with added soybean PL affects serum and liver TAG and cholesterol contents to a similar degree as PL containing n-3 PUFA. TAG containing n-3 PUFA and soybean PL are widely used as functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical constituents and are inexpensive compared with PL containing n-3 PUFA. Therefore, the combination of TAG containing n-3 PUFA and soybean PL has potential as a useful and inexpensive component of functional foods.

Amending Reduced Fish Meal Feeds with Phospholipids to Improve Performance of Hybrid Striped Bass

Objective: In carnivorous fishes like hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops female x M. saxatilis male, sparing dietary fish meal with soybean meal may lead to reduced feed intake and growth performance. Dietary phospholipid supplements may help improve feed intake and growth by increasing palatability. The present study was designed to test the effects of dietary supplementation with marine- or soy-origin lecithins (sources of phospholipids) on the growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed reduced fish meal, soybean meal-based feeds. Methods: We evaluated the growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets containing 30% fish meal or 10% fish meal/65% soybean meal with and without supplementation of soy- or marine-origin lecithin at 2 or 4% of the diet. Juvenile fish (33 ± 0.6 g, mean ± SEM) were stocked in a recirculation aquaculture system (8 fish per tank), and diets were randomly assigned to tanks in quadruplicate (n=4). Fish were fed assigned diets daily to apparent satiation for 9 weeks, after which standard metrics of growth performance were assessed. Results: Growth performance was generally superior among fish fed the lecithinsupplemented diets. This effect was particularly evident among fish fed the 10% fish meal diet supplemented with 2 or 4% marine lecithin, which exhibited significantly greater feed intake, weight gain, and specific growth rate than those fed the 10% fish meal or 30% fish meal feed. Feed conversion ratio was not statistically different among the dietary treatments. Conclusion: Our results suggest amending reduced fish meal feeds with phospholipids can improve feed intake and growth in hybrid striped bass, and supplementing the diet with marine lecithin in particular may increase hybrid striped bass growth beyond that typically achieved with fish meal-based formulations.