Dietary Macronutrient Intake Research Articles

Dietary Calories And Macronutrients Intake In Crossfit® Practitioners

Adequate nutrition is extremely important to provide energy and nutrients for physical exercise and recovery of muscle damage. Crossfit® is a strength and conditioning program and the exercises are performed rapidly, repetitively in a high intensity with little or no recovery time between sets. PURPOSE: This study aimed to verify the nutritional intake as calories and macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) in Crossfit® practitioners using traditional dietary assessment methods. METHODS: Twelve male recreational Crossfit® practitioners (Mean ± SE: age 30.2 ± 5.5 years old/ body mass 80.8 ± 10.8 kg) were recruited to participate in this study. Dietary data were collected by self-reported 6 days intake record. They could choose 4 middle of weekdays and 2 weekends days for 20 days. These records were writing by which one and analyzed using nutrition software. RESULTS: The data are presented as Mean, SE, and %. Average daily intake was 2.561,9 ± 539,3 kcal/day, corresponding 31,7 ± 7,36 kcal.kg-1.d-1. The intake of protein was 118,9 ± 34 g/day (18,9% of total daily energy intake) and 1,5 ± 0,5 g.kg-1.d-1; carbohydrate 296,7 ± 78,1 g/d (47,4% of total daily energy intake) and 3,5 ± 1,2 g.kg-1.d-1 and fat 95,7 ± 21,7 g/d (33,7% of total daily energy intake). According to the intake recommendations, 100% (12 participants) reported lower energy intake daily, 83% (10 participants) carbohydrates, 41,6% (5 participants) protein. They reported were consuming sufficient (75% - 9 participants) or more (25% - 3 participants) fat daily. CONCLUSION: In our study, the daily diet of the Crossfit® practitioners indicates a lower intake of important nutrients that could lead to a risk of nutritional irregularities over longer periods. The daily energy intake and carbohydrate content were lower compared to recommendations. Also, we identified the importance of educating athletes and coaches about nutrition, the individual needs, and the energy and nutrients required for a good performance and to decrease the risks of injury.

Dietary Macronutrient and Micronutrient Intake over a 7-Day Period in Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players.

This study examined the energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intakes of female ice hockey players over a 7-d period including game, practice, and rest days. Twenty-three female varsity players (19.0 ± 1.1 yr, 167.1 ± 6.5 cm, 67.0 ± 8.0 kg) volunteered for the study. Average total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was estimated over the 7-day period. Average 7-day energy intake (EI) and TDEE were 2354 ± 353 and 2304 ± 204 kcal. The majority (n = 19) of athletes had an EI ≥ 90% of their estimated TDEE. Macronutrient intake was 52% carbohydrate (CHO), 32% fat, and 16% protein of total EI, although CHO intake was slightly below recommendations (5 g/kg BM/d) on game and practice (4.8 ± 1.4 and 4.5 g/kg BM/d) days. Game day EI was greater than practice and rest days. Recommended micronutrient intakes were not met by most athletes for iron, calcium, vitamin D, and potassium, and intakes were similar between game, practice, and rest days. In summary, the average EI for female varsity ice hockey players appeared adequate to meet their energy needs over a weekly cycle of game, practice, and rest days. However, these female athletes would benefit from increasing CHO intake on game and practice days and selecting foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Dietary Macronutrient Intake May Influence the Effects of TCF7L2 rs7901695 Genetic Variants on Glucose Homeostasis and Obesity-Related Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study.

Transcription factor-7–like 2 (TCF7L2) is one of the most important susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of our cross-sectional population-based study was to analyze whether daily macronutrient intake may influence the effects of the TCF7L2 rs7901695 genotype on glucose homeostasis and obesity-related parameters. We recruited 810 participants (47.5% men and 52.5% women), 18–79 years old (mean age, 42.1 (±14.5) years), who were genotyped for the common TCF7L2 rs7901695 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), and anthropometric measurements, body composition, body fat distribution (visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) content), blood glucose and insulin concentrations after fasting and during OGTTs, and HbA1c were assessed. The VAT/SAT ratio, HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), HOMA-B (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function), and CIR30 (corrected insulin response) were calculated. The daily macronutrient intake was evaluated based on 3-day food-intake diaries. Daily physical activity was evaluated based on a validated questionnaire. We performed ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests, and multivariate linear regression models were created to evaluate the effects of dietary macronutrient intake on glucose homeostasis and obesity-related parameters in carriers of the investigated genotypes. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03792685. The TT-genotype carriers stratified to the upper protein intake quantiles presented higher HbA1c levels than the CT- and CC-genotype participants in the same quantiles (p = 0.038 and p = 0.022, respectively). Moreover, we observed higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.014), as well as significantly higher blood glucose and insulin concentrations, during the OGTTs for those in the upper quantiles, when compared to subjects from the lower quantiles of protein intake, while the CC-genotype carriers presented significantly lower HbA1c (p = 0.033) and significantly higher CIR30 (p = 0.03). The linear regression models revealed that an increase in energy derived from proteins in TT carriers was associated with higher HbA1c levels (β = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.01–0.74, p = 0.05)), although, in general, carrying the TT genotype, but without considering protein intake, showed an opposite tendency—to lower HbA1c levels (β = −0.22 (95% CI: 0.47 to −0.01, p = 0.05). Among the subjects stratified to the lower quantile of carbohydrate intake, the TT-genotype individuals presented higher HbA1c (p = 0.041), and the CC-genotype subjects presented higher VAT (p = 0.033), lower SAT (p = 0.033), and higher VAT/SAT ratios (p = 0.034). In both the CC- and TT-genotype carriers, we noted higher VAT (p = 0.012 and p = 0.0006, respectively), lower SAT (p = 0.012 and p = 0.0006, respectively) and higher VAT/SAT ratios (p = 0.016 and p = 0.00062, respectively) when dietary fat provided more than 30% of total daily energy intake, without any differences in total body fat content. Our findings suggest that associations of the common TCF7L2 SNP with glucose homeostasis and obesity-related parameters may be dependent on daily macronutrient intake, which warrants further investigations in a larger population, as well as interventional studies.

1116-P: Macronutrient Intake and Risk of Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in TrialNet

Background: Prior research found that children at risk for type 1 diabetes (T1D) with increased dietary intake of sugar and higher glycemic index foods had quicker progression from islet autoimmunity (IA) to T1D diagnosis. However, this has not yet been studied in another population. Objective: To investigate the role of macronutrients in the progression to T1D in TrialNet’s cohort of individuals with IA, including older children and adults. Methods: Baseline dietary data derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) estimating intake over the past year, and longitudinal clinical data until development of T1D were obtained for individuals with IA from TrialNet’s Pathway to Prevention Study. Proportional hazard regression analysis stratified by age group (1-4 yrs, 5-12 yrs, 13-22 yrs, and 23+ yrs old) was used to evaluate the time from IA detection to T1D diagnosis, with regard to average daily dietary intake of carbohydrates, protein, fat, sugar, fiber, glycemic index, and glycemic load, after adjusting for confounders. Results: A total of 881 individuals age 1-51 years with at least one autoantibody were included, among whom 73/138 toddlers, 160/388 children, 48/166 adolescent/young adults (AYA), and 27/189 adults developed T1D. Given multiple comparisons, there was no significant association between rate of progression from IA to T1D and daily dietary intake of any macronutrients analyzed, after adjusting for baseline age, BMI, and number of autoantibodies, high risk HLA, and time from IA detection to FFQ completion. Borderline association with higher protein intake among AYA (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00-1.08) persisted after sensitivity analysis restricted to those with 2+ autoantibodies (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09). Conclusions: Baseline dietary macronutrient intake does not appear to influence rate of T1D diagnosis in children, adolescents, or adults with IA. Further study of dietary factors’ complex role in T1D progression is warranted, including effects of a change in diet over time. Disclosure E. L. Lundgrin: None. A. Viswanathan: None. S. B. Johnson: None. J. M. Norris: None. H. M. Ismail: None. J. R. Wood: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Xeris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. A. J. Thomas: None. D. J. Becker: None. Funding Rainbow Babies & Children’s Foundation; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; JDRF

Short-Term Protein Supplementation Does Not Alter Energy Intake, Macronutrient Intake and Appetite in 50-75 Year Old Adults.

Ageing is associated with a reduction in muscle mass and strength, termed sarcopenia. Dietary protein is important for the maintenance of muscle mass through the promotion of muscle protein synthesis. However, protein is also reported to be a highly satiating nutrient. This raises concerns that protein intake for musculoskeletal health reasons in older adults may exacerbate age-related decreased appetite and may result in reduced energy and nutrient intake. This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term protein supplementation and its timing (morning vs. evening), on energy and nutrient intake and appetite measures in middle-older age adults. Twenty-four 50–75 year olds were recruited to a randomised cross-over trial. In phase 1 (pre-supplementation) participants completed a food diary and reported hunger and appetite on three alternate days. During the second and third phases, participants consumed a 20 g whey protein gel (78 mL/368 kJ), for four days, either in the morning (after breakfast) or the evening (before bed), whilst completing the same assessments as phase 1. No differences in dietary intakes of energy, macronutrients and micronutrients were recorded when comparing the pre-supplementation phase to the protein supplementation phases, irrespective of timing (excluding the contribution of the protein supplement itself). Similarly, no differences were observed in self-reported feelings of hunger and appetite. In conclusion, a 20 g/day whey protein supplement given outside of meal-times did not alter habitual dietary intakes, hunger or appetite in this middle-older age adult population in the short-term. This approach may be a useful strategy to increasing habitual protein intake in the middle-older age population.

Impacts of an egg intervention on nutrient adequacy among young Malawian children.

Eggs are a rich source of multiple nutrients that support child growth and development. Provision of eggs as a complementary food may improve dietary adequacy among young children at risk for undernutrition. Our objective was to test the impact of an egg intervention on the adequacy of total nutrient intakes and micronutrient density among 6‐ to 15‐month‐old Malawian children. Children 6 to 9 months old, living in Mangochi District, Malawi, were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 331) receiving an egg per day or a control group (n = 329) consuming their usual diet. Dietary intakes of macronutrients, vitamins and minerals were assessed using 24‐h recalls at baseline, 3‐month midline and 6‐month endline, with repeat recalls in a subsample. Usual nutrient intake and micronutrient density distributions were modelled to estimate group means and prevalence of inadequacy. Group differences at midline and endline were tested using unequal variance t tests with bootstrapped standard errors. The egg intervention resulted in higher intakes of fat and protein and lower intakes of carbohydrates. The egg group had lower prevalence of inadequacy for selenium, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B5, vitamin B12 and choline. Micronutrient density inadequacy was lower in the egg group for vitamin A and choline at midline and endline, riboflavin at midline and vitamin B5 at endline. Inadequacy of nutrient intakes or density remained highly prevalent in both groups for multiple micronutrients. Though the egg intervention increased intakes of protein and several micronutrients, total intakes and micronutrient density of multiple micronutrients remained far below recommendations.

Eat yourself sexy: how selective macronutrient intake influences the expression of a visual signal in common mynas.

Producing colored signals often requires consuming dietary carotenoid pigments. Evidence that food deprivation can reduce coloration, however, raises the question of whether other dietary nutrients contribute to signal coloration, and furthermore, whether individuals can voluntarily select food combinations to achieve optimal coloration. We created a two-way factorial design to manipulate macronutrient and carotenoid access in common mynas (Acridotheres tristis) and measured eye patch coloration as a function of the food combinations individuals selected. Mynas had access to either water or carotenoid-supplemented water and could either eat a standard captive diet or choose freely between three nutritionally defined pellets (protein, lipid or carbohydrate). Mynas supplemented with both carotenoids and macronutrient pellets had higher color scores than control birds. Male coloration tended to respond more to nutritional manipulation than females, with color scores improving in macronutrient- and carotenoid-supplemented individuals compared with controls. All mynas consuming carotenoids had higher levels of plasma carotenoids, but only males showed a significant increase by the end of the experiment. Dietary carotenoids and macronutrient intake consumed in combination tended to increase plasma carotenoid concentrations the most. These results demonstrate for the first time that consuming specific combinations of macronutrients along with carotenoids contributes to optimizing a colorful signal, and point to sex-specific nutritional strategies. Our findings improve our knowledge of how diet choices affect signal expression and, by extension, how nutritionally impoverished diets, such as those consumed by birds in cities, might affect sexual selection processes and, ultimately, population dynamics.

Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study.

The current study aimed to customize dietary changes for lean patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The current study was done with a population-based cross-sectional design. The FFQ was used to analyse dietary macronutrient intake and ultrasonography results for NAFLD diagnosis. The study subjects were divided into the lean and non-lean groups based on their BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between dietary macronutrients and NAFLD. Substitution analyses were also performed. Amol and its suburban areas in Iran. Adults in the age range of 18 to < 65 with full relevant data. Among the total study subjects (2308), 46·7 % had fatty liver. The substitution of polysaccharides for animal protein and SFA in the lean group resulted in a significant NAFLD reduction, whereas the substitution of SFA for all types of macronutrients, except for n-6 and mono-disaccharides, led to a significant increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). In non-lean participants, the substitution of MUFA for mono-disaccharides resulted in a significant reduction of NAFLD (P < 0·05). In this group, the substitution of SFA and mono-disaccharides for MUFA, and n-6 for all macronutrients, except vegetable protein and SFA, were significantly related to an increase in NAFLD (P < 0·05). Lower lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing polysaccharides in exchange for SFA and animal protein intake, whereas lower non-lean NAFLD is correlated with increasing MUFA in exchange for mono-disaccharides and reducing n-6 and SFA.

Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iran

Background: Food insecurity and depression are two public health problems in the developing countries. This study aimed to determine the association of food insecurity with depression and socioeconomic status (SES) among medical university students. Methods: This study was conducted among 272 students within the age range of 18-22 years. Participants’ demographic and anthropometric information was evaluated using standard methods. The dietary intakes were collected using a 24-hour dietary recall. Physical activity level was estimated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short form. Food security status was evaluated by the 18-item United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) questionnaire. Depression was assessed by Beck Depression Inventory. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity and depression in participants were 44.1% and 62.5%, respectively. An inverse relationship was found between food insecurity and dietary intake of energy and macronutrients among university students (P ˂ 0.05). In addition, the results revealed an inverse relationship between food insecurity and SES status (P ˂ 0.05). In the food secure group, 19.1% of participants were depressed and in the food insecure group, 54.3% of them were depressed. A positive correlation (P &lt; 0.05) was found between food insecurity and depression. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed a significant relationship between food insecurity and depression. However, longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to establish a causal relationship.

Physical activity can change the physiological and psychological circumstances during COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review

Background: With the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many studies’ attention to this world’s complexity increased dramatically. Different views on sports and physical activities have been presented, which have addressed the advantages and disadvantages of sports activities in this period differently. The purpose of this review was to investigate the physiological and psychological effects of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Using PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, and Web of Science electronic databases, this review summarizes the current knowledge of direct and indirect effects of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, evaluating the advantages and drawbacks of specific exercise physiology conditions. All types of studies were assessed, including systematic reviews, case-studies, and clinical guidelines. The literature search identified 40 articles that discussed COVID-19, immune system, the relation between immune system and exercise or diet, and psychological impacts of physical activity. Results: Forty articles review showed that the immune system depends on the type, frequency, intensity, and duration of the exercise. Intense or prolonged exercise with short recovery periods can progressively weaken the immune system and increase the risk of COVID-19. One of the acute responses after moderate-intensity training is improved immune function and a decrease in inflammatory cytokines. Paying attention to dietary intakes of micro-and macronutrients in conjunction with exercise can strengthen the condition to fight against coronavirus. Exercise can also affect the psychological dimensions of the COVID-19 pandemic, including depression, anxiety, and stress, which improve community mental health during the quarantine. Conclusion: Setting appropriate physical activity based on individuals’ properties and proper diet plan may enhance the physiological and psychological body’s condition to fight against coronavirus.

Preterm human milk composition and dietary intake of breastfeeding mothers in the Indonesian population

Background Human milk consumption is a protective factor against infection. However, the high variability of human milk composition makes it difficult for clinicians and researchers to assess the adequacy of nutritional intake.&#x0D; Objective To identify the nutritional profiles and composition of premature human milk and dietary intake of breastfeeding mother.&#x0D; Methods Human milk specimens were collected from mothers who gave birth to very premature and/or very low birth weight infants. Infants had been admitted to the Neonatology Unit of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. The milk specimens were analyzed with a mid-infrared milk analyzerTM (MIRIS) for four weeks, and maternal dietary macronutrient intake was determined with food record questionnaires on food consumption frequency and food recall.&#x0D; Results Significant changes in nutritional composition of human milk were observed, with the fat concentration and calories increasing with time, and protein concentration decreasing with time. There were no significant differences observed in carbohydrate concentration of milk over the four weeks (P=0.447). Maternal intake of protein, carbohydrates, fat and calories was lower than the recommended values for breastfeeding women.&#x0D; Conclusion The macronutrient (protein and fat) and energy contents of human milk change weekly. Dietary intake of breastfeeding women are lower than recommended values.

Correlation Between Daily Energy Intake from Fat with Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the possible correlation between the percentage of daily energy intake from fat (PEF) with insulin resistance (IR) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 186 females with PCOS were screened. Daily dietary intake data were collected by a trained nutritionist using the 24-h dietary recall method over three consecutive days. A total of 111 subjects who had complete data were divided into two groups based on the percentage of daily energy intake from fat (PEF): the normal PEF (NPEF) group (PEF < 30%) and the high PEF (HPEF) group (PEF ≥ 30%). Pearson’s correlation analysis and stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis were used to analyze the correlation of PEF with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).ResultsThe total prevalence rate of overweight/obesity was 80.2%. There were significant differences in waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR (P < 0.001) among the normal weight, the overweight, and the obese groups, but no significant differences were observed in total energy and dietary macronutrients intake in the three groups. The daily intake of fat and protein, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR in the NPEF group were significantly higher than those in the HPEF group. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed PEF in PCOS women was negatively correlated with BMI (r= −0.189, p=0.047) and HOMA-IR (log-transformed) (r= −0.217, p=0.022). Further, stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed PEF was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (p<0.05).ConclusionThe percentage of daily energy intake from fat is negatively correlated with IR in women with PCOS.

Intakes of dietary energy and macronutrients among the elderly aged 65 and above in China in 2015

To analyze the intakes of dietary energy and macronutrients among the elderly aged 65 and above in China in 2015. Data was from the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance of adults in 2015. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used. The valid dietary data of 18 161 the elderly aged 65 and above were extracted from 302 surveillance sites in 31 provinces. Consecutive 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method and household cooking oils and condiments weighting method were applied to collect dietary intakes data. The intakes of daily energy and macronutrients were calculated using China Food Composition Tables 2004 and 2009, and the dietary quality were evaluated according to 2013 Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes. The study showed that the average intake of daily energy was 1595. 5 kcal, the average intake of carbohydrates, proteins and fats were 208. 7 g, 47. 9 g and 63. 6 g, respectively. The proportion of energy from carbohydrates, proteins and fats were 52. 7%, 12. 1% and 35. 4%, respectively. The carbohydrates intake and proportion of energy from carbohydrates among urban elderly were 202. 3 g and 51. 4%, all lower than that in rural(213. 6 g and 53. 7%, P&lt;0. 05). While the proteins intake and proportion of energy from proteins among urban elderly were 50. 8 g and 12. 9%, all higher than rural elderly(45. 6 g and 11. 5%, P&lt;0. 001). The fats intake and proportion of energy from fats among urban elderly were 64. 1 g and 35. 9%, rural elderly were 63. 3 g and 35. 0%, there were no significant differences in fats intake and proportion of energy from fats between urban elderly and rural elderly(P&gt;0. 05). The dietary intake of energy and macronutrients among the oldest old were lowest, especially those in rural areas, were 1394. 4 kcal, 182. 4 g, 40. 1 g and 56. 4 g. In 2015, the rate of energy lower than EER among the elderly was 75. 8%, and the rate of percentage of energy from carbohydrates lower than DRIs was 41. 5%. The rate of proteins lower than recommended nutrient intake was 76. 6%. The rate of percentage of energy from fats higher than dietary reference intakes was 64. 5%. In China, the unreasonable dietary intake among the elderly aged 65 and above is severe, and the oldest old especially those in rural areas have the most serious deficiency in proteins intake.

Dietary Practice and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women at Public Health Institution in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia.

Background:A poor dietary intake of key macronutrients and micronutrients adversely affects pregnancy outcomes and neonatal health. The occurrence of dietary inadequacy during pregnancy is higher compared to any other stage of the life cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dietary practice and associated factors among pregnant women.Methods:A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 378 pregnant women from March to May 2021 at the public health institution of Mizan-Aman town, southwest Ethiopia. A systematic random sampling technique was used to reach the study participants. The short food-frequency questionnaires and nutrition-behaviors checklist measurement were used to assess the dietary practice. Nine questions were applied to assess the dietary attitudes of the respondents. After the summation of the score, the respondent was categorized as favorable attitude if their score was > the median and unfavorable attitude if their score was ⩽ to the median of the score. The data were entered into Epi Data 3.1 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 21 software for analysis. Variables of P-value <.25 during bivariate logistic regression analysis were considered for multivariate analysis. Finally variables with an adjusted odds ratio of P-value <.05 along with a 95% Confidence interval (CI) were declared statistically significant.Results:The overall magnitude of good dietary practice among pregnant women was 25.1% (95% CI: 20.9, 29.71%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the variables having television/radio (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.8, 10.2), household food security (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 9.9), good dietary knowledge(AOR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.98, 8.6), favorable dietary attitude (AOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 1.2, 8.7), monthly income of 1000 to 2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.3,11.2) and >2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 7.0;95% CI: 3.3,15.4) were significantly associated with good dietary practice.Conclusion:The dietary practice among pregnant women was very low. The factors like having television/radio, good dietary knowledge, household food security, favorable dietary attitude, and monthly income of 1000 to 200 and greater than 2000 Ethiopian birr were significantly associated with the good dietary practice of pregnant women.

Association between Dietary Macronutrient Intake and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels among Obese Women in Kuantan, Malaysia

Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels may be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In general, an individual’s dietary intake may influence the hs-CRP level. However, evidence on the influence of dietary macronutrient intake on hs-CRP levels among obese Malaysian women remains fragmented. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the association between the hs-CRP level and dietary macronutrient intake of obese adults living in Kuantan. The assessment of 24-hour dietary recall and venous hs-CRP levels were investigated in 67 women with a body mass index of 27.5 to 39.9 kg/m². The findings revealed that obese women living in Kuantan had elevated hs-CRP levels (median = 7.95 mg/L, IQR = 7.90) and a significant negative correlation between the hs-CRP level and total dietary fiber intake (r = 0.205, p =.014). In conclusion, this study suggests that certain macronutrients, particularly dietary fiber, seem to be associated with elevated hs-CRP in obese women. Hence, this information could help assess and manage low-grade chronic inflammation and underlying obesity-related conditions.

Associations between preconception macronutrient intake and birth weight across strata of maternal BMI.

IntroductionMaternal nutrition during pregnancy is linked with birth outcomes including fetal growth, birth weight, congenital anomalies and long-term health through intra-uterine programming. However, a woman’s nutritional status before pregnancy is a strong determinant in early embryo-placental development, and subsequently outcomes for both mother and child. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake in the preconception period with birth weight.MethodsWe studied a group of 1698 women from the Dutch Perined-Lifelines linked birth cohort with reliable detailed information on preconception dietary macronutrient intake (using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and data available on birth weight of the offspring. Birth weight was converted into gestational age adjusted z-scores, and macronutrient intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the nutrient residual method. Preconception BMI was converted into cohort-based quintiles. Multivariable linear regression was performed, adjusted for other macronutrients and covariates.ResultsMean maternal age was 29.5 years (SD 3.9), preconception BMI: 24.7 kg/m2 (SD 4.2) and median daily energy intake was 1812 kcal (IQR 1544–2140). Mean birth weight was 3578 grams (SD 472). When adjusted for covariates, a significant association (adjusted z score [95% CI], P) between polysaccharides and birth weight was shown (0.08 [0.01–0.15], 0.03). When linear regression analyses were performed within cohort-based quintiles of maternal BMI, positive significant associations between total protein, animal protein, fat, total carbohydrates, mono-disaccharides and polysaccharides with birth weight were shown in the lowest quintile of BMI independent of energy intake, intake of other macronutrients and covariates.ConclusionOut of all macronutrients studied, polysaccharides showed the strongest association with birth weight, independent of energy intake and other covariates. Our study might suggest that specifically in women with low preconception BMI a larger amount of macronutrient intake was associated with increased birth weight. We recommend that any dietary assessment and advise during preconception should be customized to preconception weight status of the women.

Higher percent of energy intake as carbohydrates has a negative relationship with cognitive performance in APOE4 carriers

AbstractBackgroundExpression of the APOE4 allele is a known genetic risk factor of Alzheimer’s Disease. There is speculation that dietary carbohydrate intake may also influence AD risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cross‐sectional relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake and cognitive performance stratified by APOE status in a population of cognitively normal, older adults.MethodBaseline data from 62 cognitively normal older adults participating in a nutrition intervention study (Nutrition Interventions for Cognitive Enhancement study; NICE study) were analyzed. Dietary intake was obtained by 3‐day diet records and entered into the Nutrition Data System for Research. Fasting blood draws were attained and APOE status was determined by Quest Diagnostics®. A cognitive battery was conducted by a trained psychometrician. Individual test z‐scores were calculated to form domains of memory (Logical Memory Tests I and II and the Free and Cued Selective Recall Test), attention (Digit Span Forward and Backward and Stroop Number Letter), visuospatial processing (Stroop Color, Block Design, Trailmaking A, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test), and executive function (Trailmaking B and Category Fluency Animals/Vegetables). We constructed ordinary least squares regression models to assess the relation between proportion of carbohydrate as energy and cognition controlled for age and gender in an APOE‐dependent manner. Statistical analyses were performed using R (v. 3.6.2; R Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.ResultParticipants were 85% female and had a mean age of 72.1±4.9 years. APOE status was 32% APOE4 carriers (n=20) and 68% non‐carriers. There was no difference in age, sex or dietary macronutrient intake between carriers and non‐carriers. Within APOE4 carriers, higher percent of energy as carbohydrate was related to poorer memory (β̞=‐0.64, p=0.002) and executive function (β̞=‐0.51, p=0.02). Within the non‐carriers, there was no relationship between percent carbohydrate and cognitive performance.ConclusionAPOE4 carriers with higher percent dietary carbohydrate intake had worse performance on cognitive functions tests. These results support the concept that dietary carbohydrate may be an important modifiable risk factor for AD. These findings will be further investigated utilizing the final sample size of the NICE Study (n=200).

Cognitive dietary restraint score is associated with lower energy, carbohydrate, fat, and grain intake among female adolescent endurance runners

This cross-sectional study investigated associations between cognitive dietary restraint (CDR), energy, macronutrient and food group intake, menstrual function, and bone density in female adolescent endurance runners. Participants were forty female adolescent endurance runners. The independent variable was CDR, as assessed by the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Runners with CDR subscale scores ≥11 were classified with elevated CDR. The main outcomes measured were dietary intake measured by 24-hour recall for 7 days, menstrual history, and bone mineral density (BMD). Twelve of 40 participants (30.0%) met criteria for elevated CDR. Compared to runners with normal CDR, runners with elevated CDR scores reported consuming lower energy (kcal/kg/day) (37.5 ± 8.6 vs. 44.0 ± 9.6, p = 0.052), lower carbohydrate (g/kg/day) (5.3 ± 1.3 vs. 6.3 ± 1.3, p = 0.042), more fiber (g/day) (24.9 ± 6.7 vs. 20.0 ± 5.3, p = 0.018), more servings of fruit (3.3 ± 1.4 vs. 1.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.003), more servings of vegetables (2.7 ± 1.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7, p = 0.004), and fewer servings of grain (7.6 ± 2.4 vs. 9.8 ± 2.4, p = 0.009) per day. Runners with elevated CDR exhibited significantly lower lumbar spine BMD Z-scores (adjusting for BMI) (−0.78 ± 0.19 vs. −0.22 ± 0.12, p = 0.016) than runners with normal CDR. Menstrual history did not significantly differ based on CDR status. Elevated CDR may increase risk of dietary patterns associated with consuming inadequate levels of energy, key nutrients, and developing low BMD in endurance runners.Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01059968

Maternal macro- and micronutrient intake six months after hypertensive versus normotensive pregnancy: is poor diet quality contributing to future cardiometabolic disease risk?

Hypertensive pregnancy is associated with increased long-term cardiometabolic disease risk. Assessing dietary intake patterns after hypertensive (HP) versus normotensive pregnancy (NP) may provide insights into the mechanism of this risk. This study was a prospective sub-study of the P4 (Postpartum, Physiology, Psychology and Paediatrics) cohort. Women were studied six months after NP versus HP (preeclampsia or gestational hypertension). Dietary energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intake were measured using a three-day food diary (FoodWorks™) and assessed against Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values to determine nutritional adequacy. Comparisons between breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding women were assessed, and linear regression modelling (using hypertensive status, breastfeeding status, and demographic/pregnancy variables) performed to assess predictors of energy intake. Seventy-four women (60 NP, 14 HP) were included. HP women had higher mean body mass index (p=0.02) and lower breastfeeding rates (29% HP versus 83% NP, p<0.001) compared to NP women. Twenty-four-hour energy intake and total fat intake were 17% and 20% lower after HP respectively. Nutrient deficiencies were prevalent across all participants, however more HP women had inadequate magnesium, calcium and phosphorus intake. Breastfeeding women had significantly increased energy (17%), carbohydrate (15%) and total fat intake (21%), and increased vitamin A, vitamin E, riboflavin, magnesium and iron intake compared to non-breastfeeding women. HP and breastfeeding status were independent predictors of energy intake. HP women had lower micronutrient intake and greater prevalence of nutritional inadequacy compared to NP women, reflecting poorer diet quality and potentially contributing to future increased cardiometabolic disease risk.

The Effect of Lifestyle Modification Intervention with Motivational Construct on Dietary Macronutrient Intake among Obese Adults

Introduction: An unhealthy dietary practice as a result of environmental and societal changes is increasingly exposed to adults. These unhealthy practices lead to an increased cardiometabolic risk, and obese adults are at a higher risk as compared to normal-weight adults. The best strategy to promote healthy lifestyle practices among Malaysian obese adult is still fragmented. Materials and Methods: A single-centre randomised controlled trial was carried out to determine the effect of the lifestyle modification intervention (LMI) with the motivational construct, in comparison to the current standard LMI on the dietary macronutrient intake among obese adults. The dietary macronutrient intake and changes in body weight were assessed at baseline and after six months. Seventy-nine participants completed the study. Results: Our finding showed that six months of LMI with motivational construct resulted in a higher reduction of total fat and cholesterol from the dietary intake as compared to the control. In addition, the participants in the intervention group had a significant body weight loss after six months (-1.97 kg, 95% CI: -0.324, 1.360, t(39) = 3.397, p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the intervention had a meaningful impact on improving the dietary macronutrient intake, which is beneficial to support body weight loss in obese adults. Future trials with additional nutritional biomarkers are needed to extend these findings.