Dietary Lysine Research Articles

Utilization of different lysine isomers: A case study on the growth, metabolic enzymes, antioxidant capacity and muscle amino acid composition in Macrobrachium rosenbergii

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of different lysine isomers on growth performance, amino acid metabolism-related enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity and muscle amino acid composition of giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). The basal diet was formulated to be low in lysine and contained only 10.9 g/kg lysine. The other three experimental diets were supplemented with 12 g/kg D-lysine, L-lysine, and DL-lysine, respectively. Dietary lysine supplementation improved the growth rate and feed utilization of M. rosenbergii, but significant differences were only found between the prawn fed the control diet and the L-lysine diet. L-lysine supplementation significantly improved the intestinal and hepatic trypsin activities, but unaffected the lipase and amylase activities. The highest hepatic aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were observed in prawn fed the L-lysine diet, whereas the highest γ-glutamyl transferase activity was found in prawn fed the D-lysine diet. D-lysine supplementation significantly increased the intestinal and hepatic D-amino acid oxidase activities. However, L-lysine supplementation improved the hepatic lysozyme activity and total antioxidant capacity, depressed the hepatic lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities. Conversely, D-lysine supplementation generally depressed the hepatic superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, and nitric oxide content. Furthermore, L-lysine supplementation increased the muscle aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, lysine, arginine, delicious amino (DAA), non-essential amino acids, total amino acids (TAA) contents and DAA/TAA ratio. These results indicate that M. rosenbergii can effectively utilize L-lysine for growth; D-lysine may partly be used but reveal specific toxic effects on antioxidant response.

The role of serum and dietary advanced glycation endproducts in relation to cardiac function and structure: The Hoorn Study

Background and aimsThis study aims to investigate the relationship of serum and dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) with cardiac function and structure after eight years of follow-up. Methods and resultsWe included 370 Hoorn Study participants (aged 66.4 ± 6.1, 47% women). Serum protein-bound AGEs [Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine, Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine, and pentosidine], as well as echocardiography to assess left atrium volume index (LAVI), left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), and left ventricle mass index (LVMI), were measured at baseline and after 8 years of follow-up. Dietary AGEs [Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine and Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine] were estimated at baseline with a validated food-frequency questionnaire and an AGEs database. Increased pentosidine [-1.4% (−2.6;-0.2)] and overall serum AGEs Z-scores over time [-2.1% (−3.8;-0.5)] were associated with decreased LVEF at follow-up, adjusted for confounders. Glucose metabolism status was an effect modifier (P-for-interaction = 0.04). In participants with impaired glucose metabolism, but not type 2 diabetes, increased pentosidine was associated with decreased LVEF [-4.2 (−8.0;-0.3)%]. Higher dietary Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine [1.9 (0.1; 3.7)%] and overall dietary AGEs Z-scores [2.1 (0.1; 4.2)%] were associated with higher LVEF at follow-up. However, prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) was an effect modifier (P = 0.02). We found a stronger, non-significant, association of higher dietary (carboxyethyl)lysine with higher LVEF at follow-up in participants without CVD [2.3 (−0.1; 4.7)%] compared to participants with CVD [0.6 (−2.1; 3.4)%]. ConclusionOverall serum AGEs were longitudinally associated with impaired systolic function. Future research should focus on including changes in dietary AGEs intake over time and the relation of dietary AGEs with cardiac measures needs to be established in intervention studies using low AGEs diets.

Effects of replacing wet distillers grains with supplemental SoyPass in forage-based growing cattle diets.

One hundred twenty individually fed steers (initial BW 283 kg ± 32) were utilized in an 84-d growing trial to evaluate the effects of increased metabolizable lysine from non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (SoyPass) in grass hay-based diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). The treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two levels of protein supplement as 20% (low; DL20) or 35% (high; DL35) of dietary DM using WDGS as the basal protein source, and three increments of SoyPass (SP) replacing 0%, 30%, or 60% of the WDGS DM in the protein supplement yielding six dietary treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), gain:feed (G:F), and plasma urea N (PUN) data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as a 2 × 3 factorial. Animal was the experimental unit and fixed effects included body weight block, dietary inclusion of distillers grains (DL20, DL35), dietary inclusion of SoyPass (SP) (3 levels), and DL × SP inclusion interactions. Linear and quadratic interactions between DL and SP inclusion were analyzed using covariate regression. No interactions were detected for ADG between SP and DL (P = 0.76). Additionally, SP had no effect on ADG (P = 0.49). However, ADG was increased for steers consuming the DL35 diet compared to DL20 (1.13 vs. 0.86 kg/d, respectively; P < 0.01). A DL × SP interaction was detected for DMI (P = 0.01). As SP replaced WDGS in the DL35 diet, DMI increased linearly from 8.10 to 8.93 kg/d (P = 0.02). In the DL20 diet, DMI was not different as SP replaced WDGS (P ≥ 0.11). Therefore, G:F tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as SP replaced WDGS in the DL35 diet, while no difference (P ≥ 0.11) was detected in the DL20 diet, suggesting SP contained less energy than WDGS but did improve dietary lysine balance. Furthermore, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) increased linearly as SP replaced WDGS in the DL20 diet (P < 0.01) but was not affected by SP substitution in the DL35 diet (P ≥ 0.19). When WDGS is fed at a low (20% DM) or high (35% DM) inclusion rate in a forage-based diet, replacing the distillers with a source of protected amino acids supplied through heat-treated soybean meal, did not improve performance. A more concentrated or energy-dense form of amino acids may be beneficial in forage-based growing cattle diets containing 20% distillers grains but is not needed in diets with 35% distillers grains.

Lysine supplemented to poultry by‐product meal replacement diet modulates body growth, metabolism and related gene expressions of hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii ♀ × Acipenser baerii ♂)

Hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii♀×Acipenser baerii♂) were fed with four isonitrogenous (approximately 43.0%) and isolipidic (approximately 13.6%) diets: FM-based diet (lysine control diet, LC diet), poultry by-product meal totally substitute diet (lysine low diet, LL diet), LL diet supplemented lysine to match the LC diet group level (lysine medium diet, LM diet) and LL diet supplemented lysine over the LC diet group level (lysine high diet, LH diet) for 8 weeks to determinate the effect of dietary lysine supplementation on growth performance, metabolism and immunity response. The results indicated that compared with control diet, LL diet led to depressed growth performance and feed utilization. Lysine supplementation had a significant effect on improving the growth performance and feed utilization. Moreover, LL diet also decreased the plasma-free amino acid concentration, nutrient content and mRNA expression level of IGF system and increased plasma immunity indexes and gene expression level of HSP70 than the control diet. LM diet had marked efficiency to eliminate the differential effects caused by lysine insufficiency. However, high-level lysine addition had undesirable effect on regulating the growth performance, feed utilization, plasma-free amino acid concentration, nutrient content, immunity indexes and gene expression level. Present study demonstrated that poultry by-product meal with lysine addition could totally substitute FM without adverse effects on growth performance, plasma AA concentration, nutrient content and immune response in hybrid sturgeon. Our results provide a solid evidence for using lysine to improve the body growth performance and metabolism in hybrid sturgeon.

Effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine during gestation on reproductive performance of gilts and sows

Limited information is available on lysine requirement estimates of modern, high-producing gestating sows Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine during gestation on piglet birthweight and reproductive performance of gilts and sows. A total of 936 females (498 gilts, 438 sows; Camborough®, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were group-housed (approximately 275 females per pen) and individually fed with electronic sow feeders. Females were moved from the breeding stall to pens on d 4 of gestation and allotted to one of four dietary treatments on d 5. Dietary treatments included increasing SID lysine intake (11.0, 13.5, 16.0, and 18.5 g/d). Gilts (parity 1) and sows (parity 2+) received 2.1 and 2.3 kg (22.2 and 24.3 MJ net energy per day) of feed throughout the entire gestation period, respectively. Dietary treatments were achieved by different blends of low (0.48% SID lysine) and high (0.88% SID lysine) lysine diets, prepared by changing the amount of corn and soybean meal in these two diets. Female weight and backfat were recorded on d 4 and 111 of gestation. Individual piglet weight was obtained within 12 h of birth on litters from 895 females. Final weight, and calculated maternal BW, body lipid, and body lean at d 111 of gestation increased (linear, P < 0.01) for gilts and sows as SID lysine increased. There was no evidence for differences in final backfat depth. Average total born for gilts and sows was 15.3 and 16.0 pigs with no evidence for differences among treatments. The percentage of pigs born alive increased (P = 0.01) with increasing SID lysine intake for sows, but not in gilts as a result of a treatment by parity group interaction (P = 0.04) for percentage of stillborn pigs. Increasing SID lysine intake during gestation did not affect the percentage of mummified fetuses, total born, or birthweight of piglets born alive in this study. In addition, increasing SID lysine intake during gestation did not affect subsequent reproductive performance. In conclusion, increasing dietary SID lysine intake in gestation increased female BW, without changing backfat depth. The minimal effects on female reproductive performance and piglet birthweight suggest that 11 g/day of SID lysine intake appears to be adequate for gestating gilts and sows; however, providing sows with 18.5 g/d SID lysine reduced (P = 0.01) stillbirth rate by 2.3 percentage points.

Effect of dietary energy and lysine levels on cost of production and profit of meat production in “TANUVAS Namakkal gold Japanese quails”

Two biological trials were conducted to determine the energy and lysine requirements of “TANUVAS Namakkal gold Japanese quail” for production performance. The economic impact of different levels energy and lysine during the chick (0-2 weeks) and grower (3-5 weeks) phases was assessed using seven hundred and twenty straight-run, day-old chicks randomly grouped in nine treatments with four replicates of twenty chicks each. Three levels of energy (2800, 2900 and 3000 kcal/kg) and three levels of lysine (1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) were tested for chick and grower phase of the first experiment. The net profit per bird (Rs. 8.49) was high in group T1 (low energy and low lysine) and the net profit per kg live weight (Rs. 48.57) was high in T2 (2900 kcal/kg and 1.2%). For the second experiment an energy level of 2700, 2800 and 2900 kcal/kg was fixed for chick and grower mash, lysine level of 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4% was fixed for chick phase and 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3% for grower phase and the crude protein level was fixed as 20.3 and 19.4 per cent for chick and grower mash respectively for the second trial. The net profit per bird (Rs. 7.18) was high in group T6 and the net profit per kg live weight (Rs. 37.62) was high in T6 (2900 kcal/kg and 1.3% lysine during chick phase and 1.2% lysine during the grower phase).

Lysine and Threonine Restriction Reproduced the Lower Synthesis but Not the Higher Catabolism of Liver and Muscle Protein of Severely Protein Restricted Growing Rats

Abstract Objectives The availability of indispensable amino acids (IAA) modulates protein turnover. More particularly AAI deficiency reduces protein synthesis while the consequence on proteolysis remains unclear. The present study aims to evaluate the specific response of both protein synthesis and proteolysis to a diet restricted on one strictly indispensable IAA, either lysine or threonine Methods Sixty-four growing rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 8/group). They were fed for 3 weeks isocaloric diets composed with different levels of lysine or threonine (L or T), 15, 25, 40, 60, 75, 100 or 170% of the theoretical lysine/threonine requirements. At the end of the experiment, rats were injected with valine13C and tissues and biological fluids were collected for gene expression measurement and blood amino acids (AA). Protein synthesis rate (Fractional and Absolute rate synthesis, ie FSR, ASR) were determined in liver and muscle. Statistical analysis was done by 1- or 2-factor ANOVA, when data were repeated. Results Severe (L/T15, L/T25) and moderate (T40) lysine or threonine deficiency resulted in a decrease in body weight gain due to a decrease in lean body mass. Severe restriction (L15, T15, T25) decreased the muscle FSR whereas no effect was observed in the liver. When the rate of protein synthesis was expressed per tissue, the ASR was decreased by severe restriction of lysine and threonine in liver and muscle and by moderate threonine deficiency (T40, T60, T75) in muscle. In liver, no effect of lysine and threonine on proteolysis was observed. In muscle, only severe lysine (L15) deficiency increased proteolysis. Dietary lysine deficiency induced a decrease in lysine concentration in the portal vein and in the vena cava whereas for threonine deficiency, all AAIs except threonine were decreased in the portal vein and vena cava. Conclusions These results indicate that the decreased protein synthesis is the primary mechanism involved in decreased lean body mass in response to the severe deficiency in a single AAI. Deficiency of a single AAI reproduce the effect of the low protein diet on protein synthesis. Lysine and threonine deficiency differently affect for a part protein turnover probably in relation with the tissue where they are metabolized. Funding Sources This study was funded by the doctoral school ABIES and AlimH-INRAE department.

PSVI-15 Effects of Dietary SID Lysine Restriction in the Growing Period and Number of Dietary Phases on Growth Performance of Growing-finishing Pigs

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of dietary SID lysine restriction in the growing period and number of dietary phases in the growing-finishing (GF) period on growth performance of GF pigs (32.7 ± 9.43 kg to 115.5 ± 8.18 kg BW). A RCBD (block = gender and start day) was used with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) Dietary SID Lysine Level {Control [NRC (2012) recommendation]; Moderate Restriction [0.15% lower than Control]; Aggressive Restriction [0.30% lower than Control]} and 2) Number of Dietary Phases in GF (4 vs. 2). Lysine level treatments were applied from 32 to 64 kg BW. Diets were based on corn-soybean meal and corn coproducts, formulated to be isocaloric, and to meet or exceed recommendations of NRC (2012) for each phase, with the exception of SID lysine levels which were according to treatment. A total of 4,488 pigs were housed in single-sex groups of 34 pigs (22 replicates) with floor space of 0.63 m2/ pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout and were weighed at start and end of the study; feeder additions were recorded. Pen was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using R version 3.6.2. The model accounted for the fixed effect of treatments, the interaction, and random effect of block. There were no treatment interactions (P &amp;gt; 0.05) and no effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) of Number of Dietary Phases on overall growth performance. Decreasing dietary SID lysine linearly reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) overall ADG and ADFI with no effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) on G:F. Restricting dietary SID lysine level to the extent used in this study reduced overall growth rate with no impact on feed efficiency.

118 Increased Growth and Carcass Attributes in Improvest®-treated Gilts Do Not Require Additional Dietary Lysine

Abstract Numerous studies have shown that gilts treated with Improvest® have greater carcass weights and increased ADG compared with untreated gilts. To develop the optimum nutritional program for Improvest-treated gilts, a randomized 5×2 factorial design of dietary lysine levels (90, 100, 110, 120, and 130% of NRC recommendations) with or without Improvest was performed. Gilts were housed in 120 pens (4 pigs/pen) at 8 weeks of age (day 0). Gilts and feed were weighed immediately prior to each dietary phase change (days 0, 21, 42, 70, 91, and 105). Improvest was administered at 9 and 19 weeks of age (4 weeks pre-harvest). There was no diet × treatment × day (P &amp;gt; 0.78) nor diet × treatment (P &amp;gt; 0.11) interactions for any variables. Gilts had similar BWT, ADG, and ADFI until after the 2nd dose of Improvest, when Improvest-treated gilts were heavier (123.62 vs. 121.59 ± 0.68 and 138.16 vs. 133.97 ± 0.71 kg, days 91 and 105; P &amp;lt; 0.01), had increased ADG (1.19 vs. 1.09 ± 0.01 and 1.03 vs. 0.88 ± 0.02 kg/day days 91 and 105; P &amp;lt; 0.01) and consumed more feed (2.99 vs. 2.84 ± 0.03 and 3.19 vs. 2.68 ± 0.04 kg/pig/day; days 91 and 105; P &amp;lt; 0.01) compared with untreated gilts. Carcass evaluation was conducted on 120 pigs (2 pigs/60 pens). No significant structures were present on ovaries of Improvest-treated gilts. Improvest-treated gilts were heavier (market and HCW; P ≤ 0.02) than controls. Improvest-treated gilts tended (P ≤ 0.08) to have heavier bone-in butt and bone-in ham weights. Belly weights were heavier (kg and %HCW; P ≤ 0.05) in Improvest-treated vs control gilts and were thicker (P = 0.01) but were similar (P &amp;gt; 0.3) in length and width. While IV was similar (P &amp;gt; 0.2) in belly fat, loin intramuscular fat was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) from Improvest-treated gilts. Without additional dietary amino acids, Improvest-treated gilts delivered greater gain after the 2nd dose, yielding significantly heavier carcasses and primal cuts, including bellies which were larger as a percentage of HCW, and increased loin intramuscular fat.

36 Evaluation of Compensatory Growth of 90-kg Finishing Pigs Previously Fed a Low Lysine Diet

Abstract A total of 346 pigs (241×600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 88.6 kg) were used in a 44-day trial to evaluate compensatory growth of pigs previously fed very low lysine diets. Two diets [control and corn (98% corn and 2% vitamins and minerals)] were arranged into 4 nutritional strategies. One group of pigs (control) was fed the control diet from d 0 to 44. The other three groups of pigs were fed the corn diet for 14, 21, or 28-d and then fed the control diet until day 44. The control and corn diets contained 0.70 and 0.18% standardized ileal digestible Lys, respectively. Pens were assigned to nutritional strategies in a randomized complete block design based on initial BW with 9 pens per treatment. On average, pigs fed the corn diet grew 49% slower than the control. Pigs previously fed the corn diet had 28% increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG during the first week of switching to the control diet and 12% faster (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG than the control for the rest of the trial. Despite this increase in ADG, final BW on d 44 was lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the control for pigs fed the corn diet for 21 or 28-d. From d 0 to 44, control pigs and pigs fed the corn diet for only 14-d had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) ADG compared to pigs fed the corn diet for 21 and 28-d. Feed efficiency was decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) when the corn diet was fed and increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) during the period of compensatory growth; however, overall G:F decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) as pigs were fed the corn diet longer. The data suggest that compensatory growth was observed when pigs fed the corn diet for 21 or 28-d followed by the control diet within a 6-week-period, but overall growth performance was still reduced compared to the control.

Lysine requirements of finishing boars and gilts: A meta-analysis

The expected increase in boar (pig entire male) production while societal concerns for castration increase requires good estimations of their nutrient requirements. In this work, a meta-analytical approach was used to overcome the inconsistent results between studies that compared lysine requirements of boars and gilts. For this meta-analysis, data from 14 different studies analysing the effect of increasing dietary lysine on growth performance of finishing pigs, 70–100 kg average body weight, were extracted from 11 publications. Those studies represented 128 different treatments (53 for boars and 75 for gilts). Diets were reformulated based on NRC (2012) ingredient values to calculate standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE) and daily SID Lys intake using average daily feed intake (ADFI). As expected, no evidence for differences in ADFI (P = 0.303) was observed between boars and gilts. However, boars grew faster (P < 0.001) and had higher gain to feed (G:F; P < 0.001). The divergent effect of SID Lys:NE on average daily gain (ADG) and G:F was analysed in a quadratic polynomial model showing different parameters for each sex (P < 0.001). Although performance between sexes was similar at low SID Lys:NE, differences were greater at higher SID Lys:NE. Furthermore, broken-line linear, broken-line quadratic (BLQ) and quadratic polynomial (QP) models were fitted to each sex to determine SID Lys:NE and SID Lys daily intake requirements to maximize ADG and G:F. Overall, QP models showed the best fit, and reported that to reach maximum ADG 0.88 (95% CI:[0.82–0.94]) or 1.01 (95% CI:[0.91–1.11]) g SID Lys/MJ, NE was required for gilts and boars, respectively. However, boar ADG was best fitted by BLQ using SID Lys daily intake as independent variable, with the requirement for maximum ADG at 24.2 (95% CI:[21.3–27.2]) g SID Lys/day. The three models reported wide confidence intervals for the requirements at maximum performance, and consequently those were overlapped when comparing boars and gilts. Maximum boars’ productive performance when dietary lysine was not limiting was 116% of gilts, and at those levels the amount of SID Lys intake required per kg gain was similar between both sexes. Thus, because ADFI and Lys efficiency of gain was similar, the requirement differences were driven by the increased growth rate and gain to feed ratio between boars and gilts. In conclusion, the present study confirmed a greater productive response of boars compared to gilts when increasing dietary lysine.

The first knock-in rat model for glutaric aciduria type I allows further insights into pathophysiology in brain and periphery

Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I, OMIM # 231670) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by a deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH). Patients develop acute encephalopathic crises (AEC) with striatal injury most often triggered by catabolic stress. The pathophysiology of GA-I, particularly in brain, is still not fully understood.We generated the first knock-in rat model for GA-I by introduction of the mutation p.R411W, the rat sequence homologue of the most common Caucasian mutation p.R402W, into the Gcdh gene of Sprague Dawley rats by CRISPR/CAS9 technology. Homozygous Gcdhki/ki rats revealed a high excretor phenotype, but did not present any signs of AEC under normal diet (ND). Exposure to a high lysine diet (HLD, 4.7%) after weaning resulted in clinical and biochemical signs of AEC.A significant increase of plasmatic ammonium concentrations was found in Gcdhki/ki rats under HLD, accompanied by a decrease of urea concentrations and a concomitant increase of arginine excretion. This might indicate an inhibition of the urea cycle. Gcdhki/ki rats exposed to HLD showed highly diminished food intake resulting in severely decreased weight gain and moderate reduction of body mass index (BMI). This constellation suggests a loss of appetite. Under HLD, pipecolic acid increased significantly in cerebral and extra-cerebral liquids and tissues of Gcdhki/ki rats, but not in WT rats. It seems that Gcdhki/ki rats under HLD activate the pipecolate pathway for lysine degradation. Gcdhki/ki rat brains revealed depletion of free carnitine, microglial activation, astroglyosis, astrocytic death by apoptosis, increased vacuole numbers, impaired OXPHOS activities and neuronal damage. Under HLD, Gcdhki/ki rats showed imbalance of intra- and extracellular creatine concentrations and indirect signs of an intracerebral ammonium accumulation.We successfully created the first rat model for GA-I. Characterization of this Gcdhki/ki strain confirmed that it is a suitable model not only for the study of pathophysiological processes, but also for the development of new therapeutic interventions. We further brought up interesting new insights into the pathophysiology of GA-I in brain and periphery.

Enrichment of Broiler Chickens' Meat with Dietary Linseed Oil and Lysine Mixtures: Influence on Nutritional Value, Carcass Characteristics and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four combinations of dietary linseed oil and lysine mixtures on performance, fatty and amino acid profiles, oxidative stress biomarkers, cell energy and meat quality parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred and sixty broiler chicks were allocated into four groups. Birds of groups 1–4 were fed diets containing optimum lysine and 2% of linseed oil, optimum lysine and 4% of linseed oil, high lysine and 2% of linseed oil, and high lysine and 4% of linseed oil, respectively, for a period of 35 days. High linseed oil or lysine levels did not affect the performance of the tested birds, but the high level of dietary linseed oil decreased the concentrations of muscles’ saturated fatty acids (SFA). The highest values of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty (ω-3 PUFA) and arachidonic acids with lowest levels of monounsaturated fatty (MUFA) were detected in the muscles of birds fed diets containing high linseed oils and/or lysine levels. High linseed oil or lysine levels provided the best essential amino acid profile and improved antioxidant components as well as cell energy, and tenderness and redness of the meat. Conclusively, high dietary lysine and linseed oil combinations improved the nutritional value, antioxidant status and cell energy of broiler chickens’ meat.

Lysine deficiency impaired growth performance and immune response and aggravated inflammatory response of the skin, spleen and head kidney in grown-up grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).

This dissertation was primarily focused on the immune response, inflammatory response and molecular mechanisms in the skin, head kidney and spleen of grown-up grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six iso-nitrogen diets differing in lysine concentrations (5.6, 8.5, 11.6, 14.4, 17.5 and 20.7 g/kg) were fed to 540 grass carp (164.85 ± 0.79 g) for 60 d. After that, grass carp were challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila for 6 d. This study revealed that lysine deficiency (1) suppressed the growth performance of the fish and decreased their ability to resist skin lesion morbidity, (2) impaired the immune organ's immune response by decreasing the gene expressions of mucin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide (LEAP)-2B, β-defensin-1 and LEAP-2A and the production of antibacterial compounds of grown-up grass carp, and (3) aggravated the inflammatory response of immune organs in the fish by increasing the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon γ2 [IFN-γ2], tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-15, IL-17D, IL-12p40, IL-6 and IL-8) and down-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-11, transforming growth factor β1 [TGF-β1], IL-10 and IL-4/13A), which were tightly correlated with signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 and STAT3 signaling pathway, respectively. The different phenomenon in the skin, spleen and head kidney of fish may be correlated with the difference in gene subtype. In addition, using quadratic regression analysis of percent weight gain (PWG), skin lesion morbidity, and the lysozyme activities in the spleen and head kidney, the dietary lysine requirements for grown-up grass carp were estimated to be 13.58, 13.51, 14.56 and 14.18 g/kg, respectively.

Evaluation of nutritional strategies to slow growth rate then induce compensatory growth in 90-kg finishing pigs.

Two 44-d experiments were conducted to evaluate nutritional strategies with different concentrations of dietary lysine (and other amino acids) on growth rate and subsequent compensatory gain of 90-kg finishing pigs. Three diets were formulated to contain 0.70 (control), 0.50% and 0.18% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys. In Exp. 1, 356 pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA; initially 89.0 ± 1.10 kg) were used with four treatments. From d 0 to 28, pigs received either the control or the 0.50%-Lys diet. On d 28, pigs either remained on these diets or were switched the 0.18%-Lys diet until d 44. There were 18 pens per treatment from d 0 to 28 and 9 pens per treatment from d 28 to 44. From d 0 to 28, pigs fed the 0.50%-Lys diet had decreased (P < 0.001) ADG and G:F compared to those fed the control diet. From d 28 to 44, pigs switched to the 0.18%-Lys diet had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to pigs that remained on the control or 0.50%-Lys diets. From d 0 to 44, pigs fed 0.50%-Lys diet for 44-d had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, and percentage carcass lean compared to pigs fed the control diet. Pigs fed the 0.50%-Lys diet then the 0.18%-Lys diet had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to other treatments. Pigs fed the 0.50%-Lys diet for 44-d and pigs fed the control diet then 0.18%-Lys diet had decreased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, and percentage carcass lean compared to control pigs. In Exp. 2, 346 pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA; initially 88.6 ± 1.05 kg) were used to evaluate compensatory growth after varying durations of dietary lysine restriction. A total of four treatments were used including pigs fed the control diet for 44-d or fed the 0.18%-Lys diet for 14, 21, or 28-d and then fed the control diet until the conclusion of the experiment on d 44. There were nine pens per treatment. On average, pigs fed the 0.18%-Lys diet grew 49% slower than the control. Compared to the control, ADG of pigs previously fed the 0.18%-Lys diet increased (P < 0.05) 28% during the first week after switching to the control diet and 12% for the rest of the trial. Despite this improvement, overall ADG, G;F, final BW, and percentage carcass lean decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as the duration of Lys restriction increased. In summary, feeding Lys-restricted diets reduced the ADG and G:F of finishing pigs. Compensatory growth can be induced in Lys-restricted finishing pigs, but the duration of restriction and recovery influences the magnitude of compensatory growth.

Optimal feed level during the transition period to achieve faster farrowing and high colostrum yield in sows.

This study aimed to determine the optimal supply of lactation feed during the transition period to minimize farrowing duration (FD) and maximize colostrum yield (CY) and quality with the overall aim of reducing piglet mortality. A total of 48 sows were stratified for body weight and assigned to six levels of feed supply (1.8, 2.4, 3.1, 3.7, 4.3, and 5.0 kg/d) from day 108 of gestation until 24 h after the onset of farrowing. The number of total born, live-born, and stillborn piglets; birth time and birth weight of each piglet; and frequency of farrowing assistance (FA) was recorded, and blood samples were obtained from newborn piglets at birth. Live-born piglets were further weighed at 12 and 24 h after birth to record weight gain, which in turn was used to estimate intake and yield of colostrum. Colostrum samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, and 36 h after the onset of farrowing. FD was shortest (4.2 h) at intermediate (3.7 kg/d), longest (7.1 to 7.6 h) at low (1.8 and 2.4 kg/d), and intermediate (5.6 to 5.7 h) at high (4.3 and 5.0 kg/d) feed intake (P = 0.004; mean comparison). FA was lowest (0.7% to 0.8%) at intermediate feed intake (3.7 and 4.3 kg/d) and substantially elevated (4.3% to 4.7%) at both lower and higher feed intake (P = 0.01; mean comparison). The cubic contrast revealed 4.1 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to achieve the shortest FD and to minimize FA. Newborn piglets from second-parity sows were less vital than piglets from gilts as evaluated by blood biochemical variables immediately after birth. CY was greatest at 3.1 kg/d (P = 0.04), whereas the cubic contrast revealed 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake to maximize CY. Concentrations of colostral components were affected by the diet, parity, and their interaction except for lactose concentrations. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the importance of proper feed level during the transition period on sow productivity. Moreover, this study estimated 4.1 and 3.0 kg/d as the optimal feed intake during the transition period to improve farrowing characteristic and CY, respectively, and these two feed intake levels supplied daily 38.8 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) and 23.9 g standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (3.0 kg/d) or 53.0 MJ ME and 32.7 g SID lysine (4.1 kg/d). The discrepancy of optimal feed intake for optimal farrowing and colostrum performance suggests that it may be advantageous to lower dietary lysine concentration in the diet fed prepartum.

Efficiency of lysine utilization by growing meat quail

The objective of present study was to estimate the efficiency of lysine utilization by meat quail of 21 to 35 d of age. A total of 500 meat quails were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with 2 sexes (male and female) and 5 digestible lysine levels (0.714, 0.816, 0.918, 1.020, and 1.122%) and 5 replications of 10 birds each. The variables studied were feather-free body weight (FFBW), feed intake (FI), lysine intake (LysI), feather-free body protein deposition (FFBPD), feather-free body lysine deposition (FFBLysD), feather-free body fat deposition (FFBFatD), feather weight (FW), feather protein deposition, feather lysine deposition, and feather fat deposition. The FFBW, FFBPD, FFBLysD, and FFBFatD were regressed as a function of LysI for each sex to estimate the efficiency of lysine utilization in the feather-free body (ELysFFB), and the individual equations were compared. In addition, a multiple regression without intercept was also used to estimate the ELysFFB and in feathers (ELysF) individually. To compare the ELysFFB obtained by the different methods, the t-statistic was used. There was no effect on sex × lysine level interactions for any variable. The females showed higher FFBW (5.07%) and FFBFatD (26.23%) than males. All variables increased with the level of dietary lysine, with the exception of FI, FW, and the deposition of nutrients within them. The ELysFFB values obtained by simple linear regression and multiple linear regression were 48.0 and 44.6%, respectively. As there was no difference in the efficiencies estimated by the different methodologies, the best estimate of ELysFFB was 46.3%, that is, the average. The best estimate of ELysF was 18.1%, obtained by multiple linear regression.

Growth performance and accretion of selected amino acids in response to three levels of dietary lysine fed to fast- and slow-growing broilers

Literature data indicate that feed intake is sensitive to the dietary Lys content particularly in fast-growing birds. From a conceptual and a practical viewpoint, an interaction between genotype (i.e., fast-growing vs. slow-growing birds) and dietary Lys content is of interest, but it needs confirmation owing to a dearth of studies addressing this issue. A study was conducted with 266 Cobb 500 birds and 266 Thai native crossbreed birds serving as models for fast-growing broilers (FGB) and slow-growing broilers (SGB), respectively. Within genotype, chicks were randomly allocated to diets containing either a high (H-LYS = 1.36%), medium (1.17%), or low Lys (1.01%) content. Growth performance and the accretion of protein and selected amino acids were determined in birds from 1 to 21 d of age. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with 6 replications/treatment. Low Lys vs. H-LYS caused a 42.1% lower feed intake in FGB (P < 0.001), but not in SGB (P = 0.596). The feed conversion ratio (FCR (g feed/g BW gain)) was lowest in FGB (P < 0.001) and increased with decreasing dietary Lys contents (P < 0.001). The Lys induced increase in FCR, however, was more pronounced in SGB (P = 0.025). The absolute protein gain (g/bird) was influenced by the Lys content of feed and decreased by ∼54% and ∼23% in FGB and SGB, respectively (P < 0.001). The efficiency (% of intake) of protein accretion was found to be greater in FGB (P ≤ 0.001) and decreased with decreasing dietary Lys (P ≤ 0.001). The efficiency of Lys accretion was found to be negatively affected by the dietary Lys content in FGB (P < 0.001) but not SGB (Pgenotype × dietary Lys = 0.008). It can be concluded that a dietary Lys content of 1.01% does not safeguard both growth performance and body protein accretion efficiency in both FGB and SGB. The suboptimal growth performance in FGB, but not SGB, is partially counteracted by a Lys-induced reduction in feed intake.

Utilization of coconut meal based diets supplemented with lysine by broiler chicken

Coconut meal (CM) was included in a broiler diet to supply 40% of the total groundnut cake protein. The diet was formulated based on the recommendations of a previous study that coconut meal protein can replace 40% of groundnut cake (GNC) in broilers diet. A control diet was formulated containing 22% GNC, the protein of which was replaced by coconut meal protein. Five diets were prepared . The control (Diet A) and 4 others that contained essentially the same proximate composition (Diets B-E) were supplemented with synthetic lysine at 0.30, 0,60, 0.90 and 1.20% dietary levels. 240 broiler chicks were alotted into 5 dietary treatment groups of 3 sub-groupa. Each sub-group contained 16 birds. The dietary lysine content from diets A-E were 1.20, 1.15, 1.45, 1.76 and 2.00% respectively and were fed to the broilers for a period of 56 days. Performance indices, average feed consumption, average body gain, live weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) were monitored. The dry matter, protein and ether extractretentions were all equally monitored twice at the 4th and 8th week. Haematological and enzyme assays were investigated at 4th and 8th week. The average feed consumption and FCR were significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) by the increasing level of lysine supplementation both at the 4th and 8th week. The body gain also decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while the live weight was significantly (P&lt;0.05) better in the control and 0.6% lysine supplementation at the 56th day of the study. The dry matter, nitrogen and other extract retentions significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The total protein and albumin decreased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week while, creatinine and urea increased with increasing level of lysine supplementation. The serum glutamate amino transaminase and alanine amino transaminase both increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) at the 4th and 8th week. The study indicated that 0.6% lysine supplementation (of diet containing coconut meal contributing 40% protein of the major vegetable protein source) enhance the utilization of the coconut meal by broilers.

RESPONSE OF GROWING GUINEA FOWLS (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS) TO DIETARY L-LYSINE SUPPLEMENTATION

In two experiments, the performance of growing (day 1-6 weeks) guinea fowls, given 20 and 22.5% dietary protein supplemented with graded levels of lysine, was compared with control (25% protein birds). Weight gain, feed conversion and nitrogen retention were significantly (P.05) better in the control than other treatments at both 4 and 6 weeks of age. There was no growth response to 0.05% lysine supplementation in any of the diets. Supplementation of the 20% protein diets with 0.5% lysine produced significant (P.05) weight gains at both 4 and 6 weeks of age. However, supplementation of 22.5% protein diet with 0.5% lysine produced significant (P.05) weight gains, only, at 6 weeks. Best performances were obtained when total dietary lysine level was between 1.6% and 1.8% of the diet.