Dietary Fatty Acid Intake Research Articles

The Effect of Fat Intake with Increased Omega-6-to-Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio in Animal Models of Early and Late Alzheimer’s Disease-like Pathogenesis

This work aims to clarify the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake on the adult brain affected by amyloid pathology. McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic (Tg) rat and 5xFAD Tg mouse models that represent earlier or later disease stages were employed. The animals were exposed to a control diet (CD) or an HFD based on corn oil, from young (rats) or adult (mice) ages for 24 or 10 weeks, respectively. In rats and mice, the HFD impaired reference memory in wild-type (WT) animals but did not worsen it in Tg, did not cause obesity, and did not increase triglycerides or glucose levels. Conversely, the HFD promoted stronger microglial activation in Tg vs. WT rats but had no effect on cerebral amyloid deposition. IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6 plasma levels were increased in Tg rats, regardless of diet, while CXCL1 chemokine levels were increased in HFD-fed mice, regardless of genotype. Hippocampal 3-nitrotyrosine levels tended to increase in HFD-fed Tg rats but not in mice. Overall, an HFD with an elevated omega-6-to-omega-3 ratio as compared to the CD (25:1 vs. 8.4:1) did not aggravate the outcome of AD regardless of the stage of amyloid pathology, suggesting that many neurobiological processes relevant to AD are not directly dependent on PUFA intake.

Effects and mechanisms of nutritional interventions on extradigestive complications in obese patients.

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of multiple extradigestive complications. Thus, understanding the global epidemiology of obesity and its relationship with extradigestive complications, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is important. However, nutritional intervention can positively manage issues associated with obesity. Hence, the identification of the current high prevalence of extradigestive complications among patients with obesity and the potential role of nutritional interventions is also essential. To determine the relationship between obesity and extradigestive complications and emphasize the importance of nutritional interventions in the management of patients with obesity. Overall, 110 patients with obesity admitted to our hospital from February 2020 to November 2022 and 100 healthy individuals were included in the present study. Information of the study population, including demographic characteristics, such as age, sex, body mass index, indicators of extradigestive complications, dietary intake, and biomarkers was collected. The study design, participant selection, interventions, and development of the nutritional intervention program were described. The collected data were analyzed to assess the effect of nutritional interventions on extradigestive complications. As a part of nutritional intervention, the dietary structure was modified to decrease the saturated fatty acid and cholesterol intake and increase the dietary fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake to improve the blood lipid levels and cardiovascular health. Mechanistic studies showed that these nutritional interventions positively affected mechanisms that regulate lipid metabolism, improved inflammatory markers in the blood, and improved vascular functions. The study discusses the consistency of the present results with previous findings to assess the clinical significance of the present findings. The study provides direction for future research on improving nutritional intervention strategies.

Shigella flexneri remodeling and consumption of host lipids during infection.

Bacterial pathogens have vastly distinct sites that they inhabit during infection. This requires adaptation due to changes in nutrient availability and antimicrobial stress. The bacterial surface is a primary barrier, and here, we show that the bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri increases its surface decorations when it transitions to an intracellular lifestyle. We also observed changes in bacterial and host cell fatty acid homeostasis. Specifically, intracellular S. flexneri increased the expression of their fatty acid degradation pathway, while the host cell lipid pool was significantly depleted. Importantly, bacterial proliferation could be inhibited by fatty acid supplementation of host cells, thereby providing novel insights into the possible link between human malnutrition and susceptibility to S. flexneri.

The Assessment of Fatty Acid Composition in Deep-Fried Dough Sticks across Five Cities in China in 2020

Objective: To analyze and compare the concentrations and dietary intake of different fatty acids (FAs) in deep-fried dough sticks (Chinese fried bread) across various cities in China. Method: Sixty-one deep-fried dough stick samples were collected from five cities (Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Guangzhou, Chongqing, and Hangzhou), and the contents of FA monomers were determined using gas chromatography. Moreover, the dietary FA intake was estimated. Results: The mean FA concentration was 18.83 g/100 g (maximum, 41.59 g/100 g; minimum, 4.88 g/100 g). Polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) accounted for the highest proportion of the total FAs at 41.7% (7.86 g/100 g), followed by monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) at 30.77% (5.79 g/100 g), saturated FAs (SFAs) at 26.27% (4.95 g/100 g), and trans-FAs (TFAs) at 1.18% (0.22 g/100 g). The Guangzhou deep-fried dough stick samples had a significantly different FA composition than those from the other cities, presenting with the highest concentration of SFAs (8.64 ± 4.74 g/100 g) and lowest concentration of PUFAs (5.01 ± 3.41 g/100 g). Beijing had the highest intake of PUFAs and MUFAs, whereas Guangzhou had the highest intake of SFAs. Conclusion: The contents and intake of saturated and unsaturated FAs in deep-fried dough sticks varied across the five cities in China. These results are useful for comparing the nutritional characteristics of deep-fried dough sticks in the different cities of China, thereby promoting further research on the relationship between deep-fried dough stick consumption and human health.

Is There any Correlation Between Nutrient Intake and Mental Health in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease? A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression seems to be high in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which may influence their quality of life. Due to limiting some food groups, these patients suffer from a deficiency of some nutrients, which may be related to mood disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between nutrient intake, stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with CKD. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 90 patients with CKD. To assess the diet of the patients, the researchers completed three days of the 24-hour food recall. The short self-report Iranian version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) was also used to investigate the participants' mental health. Results: Of the 90 patients examined, 64 were men and 26 were women. There was a significant inverse correlation between depression and the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (β = -0.214, P = 0.039) and α-tocopherol (β = -0.225, P = 0.025). A significant inverse correlation was also found between anxiety and the dietary intake of iron (β = -0.319, P = 0.003), copper (β = -0.25, P = 0.031), vitamin B1 (β = -0.314, P = 0.004), vitamin B5 (β = -0.262, P = 0.016), vitamin B6 (β = -0.292, P = 0.007), vitamin B9 (β = -0.241, P = 0.026), fiber (β = -0.224, P = 0.04), and vitamin K (β = -0.26, P = 0.015). Conclusions: The dietary intake of nutrients such as PUFAs, α-tocopherol, B vitamins, vitamin K, iron, copper, and fiber might be associated with depression and anxiety. However, further studies with longitudinal designs are needed to reveal cause-effect relationships in this regard.

Association between the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids and stroke in US adults: A cross-sectional study of NHANES 2007–2018

Background The association between the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids and the risk of stroke is subject to debate. The primary objective of the present research was to establish the correlation in a large sample of American adults. Methods Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2007 and 2018, the association of the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids with stroke events was analyzed in a sample of 29,459 adults. The intake of n3 and n6 fatty acids intake was assessed though two 24-h dietary recalls. Stroke outcomes were identified based on the responses provided in self-reported questionnaire. Logistic regression was fitted to evaluate the correlation of dietary n3, n6 fatty acids intake with stroke events. Results Subjects in the highest tertile (T3) of dietary n3 (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49–0.93), n6 (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.95) fatty acids intake were found to have obviously lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest tertile (T1), but the n6:n3 ratio was not found to be associated with a stroke event. Results from stratified analysis demonstrated that dietary n3 fatty acids had an inverse correlation of stroke in both male and female, but dietary n6 fatty acids only had this correlation in male. Moreover, findings were made that the interaction was significant in terms of age in the subgroup analysis, and the negative relationship between the intake of dietary n3 and n6 fatty acids and stroke event were particularly pronounced among participants aged ≥60. Conclusions The present results suggested that increased dietary n3, n6 fatty acids intake correlated with a lower risk of stroke.

Association of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake with Allergic Rhinitis in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2005–2006

Introduction: The incidence of allergic rhinitis (AR) is increasing year by year, and the pathogenesis is complex, in which diet may play an important role. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in AR is still controversial. Previous studies have looked at the effects of PUFA during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. In this study, we aimed to determine the association between dietary intake of PUFA and AR in adults. Methods: We used the NHANES database from 2005 to 2006 to include a total of 4,211 adult subjects. We collected dietary PUFA intake data and information on AR. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were constructed to examine the association between PUFA intake and AR in adults. The t test was used to compare daily PUFA intakes in patients with and without AR. Results: In the fully adjusted model (OR: 1.016; 95% CI: 1.003; 1.028), PUFA intake was positively correlated with allergic symptoms, hay fever, and AR in adults (p < 0.05). In addition, daily PUFA intake was significantly higher in people with allergic symptoms, hay fever, and AR than in people without the disease (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our results suggest a positive association between dietary PUFA intake and AR in adults to a certain extent. Future studies on dietary PUFA dose will provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases such as AR related to non-pharmaceutical interventions.

Dietary medium-chain fatty acids and risk of incident colorectal cancer in a predominantly low-income population: a report from the Southern Community Cohort Study

BackgroundNo prospective observational study has specifically examined the associations between dietary intakes of medium-chain fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer. ObjectivesThis study examined the association between dietary intakes of medium-chain fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk overall and by racial subgroups in a predominantly low-income United States population. MethodsThis prospective study included 71,599 eligible participants aged 40 to 79 who were enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study between 2002 and 2009 in 12 southeastern United States states. Incident colorectal cancer cases were ascertained via linkage to state cancer registries, which was completed through 31 December, 2016. The dietary intakes of medium-chain fatty acids were assessed using a validated 89-item food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between intakes of medium-chain fatty acids and risk for incident colorectal cancer. ResultsAmong 71,599 participants, 48,008 (67.3%) were Black individuals and 42,260 (59.0%) were female. A total of 868 incident colorectal cancer cases occurred during a median follow-up of 13.7 y. Comparing the highest to the lowest quartile, high intake of dodecanoic acid/lauric acid (C12:0) was associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer among White participants (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.91; P-trend = 0.05), but not in Black individuals (HR: 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68, 1.24; P-trend = 0.80) in multivariable-adjusted models. No associations were found between intakes of hexanoic acid/caproic acid (C6:0), octanoic acid/caprylic acid (C8:0), or decanoic acid/capric acid (C10:0) and risk of incident colorectal cancer overall or within racial subgroups. ConclusionsIn a predominantly low-income United States population, an increased dietary C12:0 intake was associated with a substantially reduced risk of colorectal cancer only among White individuals, but not in Black individuals.

Dietary saturated fatty acids increased all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in an elderly population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The influence of dietary saturated fatty acids intake on human health and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains debated. The aim of this study was to explore the association between dietary saturated fatty acid consumption and all-cause and CVD mortality among the elderly population. Data for the participants in this study were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset spanning the years 2003 through 2008. Information regarding mortality and the follow-up duration were extracted from the 2019 public-use linked mortality files provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. A total of 3404 participants were included in this study. The ratio of dietary saturated fatty acids to total fat was associated with the mortality from all-cause, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease after adjusting confounding factors (P < .05). For every 10% increase in the saturated fatty acids to total fat ratio, all-cause mortality increased by 24% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–1.37), the heart disease mortality increased by 26% (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05–1.52), and the cerebrovascular disease mortality increased by 67% (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.14–2.45) at 10 years’ follow-up. In addition, low dietary saturated fatty acids intake was associated with reduced mortality because of all-cause and heart disease after adjusting confounding factors (P < .05). In conclusion, in this elderly population, dietary saturated fatty acid intake was associated with all-cause mortality, heart disease mortality, and cerebrovascular disease mortality. Reducing saturated fatty acid intake in the diet may extend the survival rate for the elderly population. However, the difference of the effects of specific dietary saturated fatty acids with different chain lengths on mortality needs further study.

Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency: Family Impact and Perspectives.

Very-Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VLCADD) is a fatty acid oxidation disorder characterized by the decreased ability of the enzyme very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase to break down fatty acids with 14 to 20-long carbon chains. The resulting clinical manifestations are variable in severity and include hypoketotic hypoglycemia, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiomyopathy. Treatment can consist of limiting the dietary intake of long-chain fatty acids, the prevention of fasting, and the supplementation of medium-chain fats. This study, conducted in the context of a 5-year long-term follow-up on VLCADD, evaluates how the diagnosis of this fatty acid disorder impacts the family, specifically as it relates to the medical diet and barriers to care. Caregivers (n = 10) of individuals with VLCADD responded to a survey about how VLCADD potentially impacts their family. The review included the clinical outcomes of the patients (n = 11), covering instances of rhabdomyolysis, cardiomyopathy, and hospitalizations related to VLCADD. Families affected by VLCADD experience barriers to care, including difficulties with finances, ability to work, and access to nutrition.

Gut microbiota regulation of inflammatory cytokines and microRNAs in diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a major comorbidity known as diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD). Studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota is crucial in mediating the cognitive abnormalities that occur in diabetic individuals. Additionally, changes in dietary fatty acid intake levels, inflammatory cytokines, and microRNAs (miRs) have an effect on cognitive performance. However, further studies are needed to identify the link between gut microbiota and cognition in T2DM patients and the role that the above indicators play in this process. In order to provide a new rationale for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in diabetes, this study was conducted in the middle-aged and elderly Beijing population to examine the differences in gut microbiota between DACD and T2DM patients as well as to further explore the role of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, and miRs in gut microbiota-mediated cognitive impairment. According to the results, the abundance of norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Acidaminococcus, Enterorhabdus, and norank_f_Clostridium_methylpentosum_group was higher in DACD patients compared to T2DM patients at the genus level. Compared with T2DM patients, plasma interleukin-12 (IL-12) concentrations were significantly higher in DACD patients than in T2DM patients, and IL-12 was significantly positively correlated with norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group. In addition, plasma miR-142-5p was significantly positively correlated with Enterorhabdus and norank_f_Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group. We therefore hypothesize that cognitive impairment in T2DM patients is associated with altered gut microbial composition and that the effect of microbiota on cognition may be mediated through IL-12 and miR-142-5p. KEY POINTS: • Type 2 diabetes with or without cognitive impairment differs in gut microbiota. • Differential genera of gut microbiota were associated with inflammatory cytokines. • Differential genera of gut microbiota were associated with plasma microRNAs.

Association between dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among hypertensive adults: Results from NHANES 1999–2018

Hypertensive adults are at a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFA) intake has been associated with cardiovascular benefits. However, few studies have specifically investigated whether dietary intake of N3-PUFA is associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among hypertensive adults in the U.S. This prospective cohort study included 26,914 hypertensive individuals 18 years or older who participated in 10 NHANES cycles from 1999 to 2018. Dietary levels of N3-PUFA were obtained from the 24-hour dietary recalls. The dietary data were linked to mortality records from the National Death Index through December 31, 2019. The associations between dietary N3-PUFA levels and mortality were evaluated by constructing the Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazards models. We observed an increasing trend of dietary N3-PUFA intake levels over the years, mainly driven by alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Lower all-cause mortality risk was observed among hypertensive adults with higher consumption of total N3-PUFA [adjusted hazards ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.91 (0.86, 0.97)], plant-based ALA [0.88 (0.83, 0.93)], fish oil-based eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)+docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [0.91 (0.83, 0.99)], EPA [0.93 (0.88, 0.98)], docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) [0.73 (0.58, 0.91)], or DHA [0.95 (0.90, 0.99)]. Hypertensive adults were at lower risk of cardiovascular mortality if their diet contained higher levels of total N3-PUFA [0.68 (0.53, 0.88)], ALA [0.89 (0.80, 0.99)], EPA [0.87 (0.79, 0.97)] or DPA [0.86 (0.78, 0.95)]. Weighted quantile sum analysis showed that ALA, EPA, and DPA were the main contributors of the N3-PUFA benefits against mortality among hypertensive adults. Dietary intake of N3-PUFA, particularly ALA, EPA, and DPA, was associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among U.S. hypertensive adults. These findings suggest that increasing dietary intake of N3-PUFA may serve as a potential strategy to lower hypertension-associated mortality risk.

Lipidomic studies reveal two specific circulating phosphatidylcholines as surrogate biomarkers of the omega-3 index

Optimal dietary intake of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFAs) is critical to human health across the lifespan. However, omega-3 index (O3I) determination is not routinely assessed due to complicated procedures for n3-LCPUFA analysis from the phospholipid (PL) fraction of erythrocytes. Herein, a high-throughput method for lipidomics based on multisegment injection-nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry was applied to identify circulating PLs as surrogate biomarkers of O3I in two randomized placebo-controlled trials. An untargeted lipidomic data workflow using a subgroup analysis of serum extracts from sunflower oil versus high-dose fish oil (FO)-supplemented participants revealed that ingested n3-LCPUFAs were primarily distributed as their phosphatidylcholines (PCs) relative to other PL classes. In both high-dose FO (5.0 g/day) and EPA-only trials (3.0 g/day), PC (16:0_20:5) was the most responsive PL, whereas PC (16:0_22:6) was selective to DHA-only supplementation. We also demonstrated that the sum concentration of both these PCs in fasting serum or plasma samples was positively correlated to the O3I following FO (r = 0.708, P = 1.02 × 10−11, n = 69) and EPA- or DHA-only supplementation (r = 0.768, P = 1.01 × 10−33, n = 167). Overall, DHA was more effective in improving the O3I (ΔO3I = 4.90 ± 1.33%) compared to EPA (ΔO3I = 2.99 ± 1.19%) in young Canadian adults who had a poor nutritional status with an O3I (3.50 ± 0.68%) at baseline. Our method enables the rapid assessment of the O3I by directly measuring two circulating PC species in small volumes of blood, which may facilitate screening applications for population and precision health.

Association of dietary fatty acid intake with hypertension in children and adolescents: evidence from the NHANES 2005-2018.

This study aims to evaluate the association between dietary fatty acid intake and hypertension in children and adolescents. This cross-sectional study used data of children and adolescents aged 8-17 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. Dietary intake of total fat and fatty acid was evaluated via two 24-h dietary recall interviews. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between fatty acid intake and hypertension, with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) calculated. A subgroup analysis was conducted according to gender, age, and body mass index Z-score. This study included 13,330 subjects, of which 11,614 were non-hypertensive and 1,716 were hypertensive. Higher intake of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.97, P = 0.018). No significant associations were found between the density of total saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, and PUFAs and the odds of hypertension (all P > 0.05). Increased intake of omega-3 (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, P = 0.002) and omega-6 (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, P = 0.025) PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72-0.93, P = 0.003), and octadecadienoic acid (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.75-0.98, P = 0.025) was associated with significantly lower odds of hypertension, and individuals with higher omega-6/omega-3 ratio had significantly higher odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 0.025). The density of omega-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, P = 0.004) and octadecatrienoic acid (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78-0.96, P = 0.006) was inversely associated with the odds of hypertension, and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio was positively associated with the odds of hypertension (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, P = 0.012). Total PUFA intake was negatively associated with the odds of hypertension in children and adolescents. Higher intake of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, octadecatrienoic acid, and octadecadienoic acid, as well as density of omega-3 PUFAs and octadecatrienoic acid, was associated with lower odds of hypertension.

Dietary fatty acids intake and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis

The relationship between dietary fatty acids (FA) and clinical outcomes are relatively lacking in non-dialyzed and dialyzed chronic kidney disease (CKD) population, resulting in insufficient guide about the dietary FA intake in this population. In this study, we aimed to observe the association between the intake of total or different types of FA and all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). This is a prospective cohort study with data retrospectively analyzed in 881 patients undergoing PD. Dietary FA intake measured by 3-day dietary records. The outcomes were defined as all-cause and CV death. Baseline FA intake and time-averaged FA intake were categorized by tertiles based on the distribution among the study population. We used univariate and multivariate Cox proportional regression models to determine the association between amounts and types of FA and all-cause and CV mortality. During a median follow up of 45 months, 93 patients were still being maintained on PD, 467 had died, including 189 (40.5%) attributable to CV death. Compared to patients in the low tertile of total FA (TFA) intake at baseline group, the middle or/and high tertile groups were more likely to be male, younger, well-educated and better nutritional status (P<0.05). At the baseline, no association was found between all-cause and CV death in either total or different types of FA after adjusting for nutritional variables. As for time-averaged analyses, the associations of TFA, saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and all-cause mortality were weakened after adjustment for laboratory and nutrients variables. However, PUFA independently reduced 5% of mortality even after adjustment for laboratory and nutrients variables [HR 0.95 (0.91, 0.99), P=0.023], and the ratio of MUFA/PUFA was positively associated with the risk for all-cause mortality [HR 1.05 (1.01, 1.09), P=0.008]. Furthermore, each 10% increase of the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 was only weakly associated with the risk for all-cause mortality [HR 1.02 (1.00, 1.04), P=0.034]. As for CVD mortality, the impacts of total and each type of FA disappeared after adjustment for laboratory or nutrients variables. Time-averaged PUFA intake was independently associated with a lower risk for all-cause mortality in our PD cohort, while the higher ratio of MUFA/PUFA and ω-6/ω-3 increased all-cause mortality. More observational and interventional researches are needed to determine these associations.

Association of free-living diet composition with plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in healthy adults

BackgroundLipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] is an apoB100-containing lipoprotein with high levels being positively associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) levels are genetically determined. However, previous studies report a negative association between Lp(a) and saturated fatty acid intake. Currently, apoB100 lowering therapies are used to lower Lp(a) levels, and apheresis therapy is FDA approved for patients with extreme elevations of Lp(a). The current study analyzed the association of free-living diet components with plasma Lp(a) levels.MethodsDietary composition data was collected during screening visits for enrollment in previously completed lipid and lipoprotein metabolism studies at Columbia University Irving Medical Center via a standardized protocol by registered dietitians using 24 hour recalls. Data were analyzed with the Nutrition Data System for Research (Version 2018). Diet quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. Fasting plasma Lp(a) levels were measured via an isoform-independent ELISA and apo(a) isoforms were measured using gel electrophoresis.ResultsWe enrolled 28 subjects [Black (n = 18); Hispanic (n = 7); White (n = 3)]. The mean age was 48.3 ± 12.5 years with 17 males. Median level of Lp(a) was 79.9 nmol/L (34.4–146.0) and it was negatively associated with absolute (grams/day) and relative (percent of total calories) intake of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) (R = -0.43, P = 0.02, SFA …(% CAL): R = -0.38, P = 0.04), palmitic acid intake (R = -0.38, P = 0.05), and stearic acid intake (R = -0.40, P = 0.03). Analyses of associations with HEI score when stratified based on Lp(a) levels > or ≤ 100 nmol/L revealed no significant associations with any of the constituent factors.ConclusionsUsing 24 hour recall, we confirm previous findings that Lp(a) levels are negatively associated with dietary saturated fatty acid intake. Additionally, Lp(a) levels are not related to diet quality, as assessed by the HEI score. The mechanisms underlying the relationship of SFA with Lp(a) require further investigation.

The relationship between the intake of dietary fatty acids and minerals with sperm parameters in infertile men

Infertility has been increasing among Iranian couples. Some epidemiological studies have reported a relationship between infertility and lifestyle patterns, including dietary habits. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between sperm parameters and the intake of dietary fatty acids and minerals among Iranian infertile men. This cross-sectional was performed on 400 newly diagnosed infertile men at Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute from July to December 2019. Men whose infertility was confirmed by an andrologist based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were selected. They delivered a semen sample and answered a 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. All data were analyzed using SPSS and STATA software. A p-value of less than 0.5 was considered significant. In the adjusted model, a significant negative association between sperm motility and the 3rd quartile (Q) of poly-unsaturated fatty acids compared to the 1st quartile) P=0.02). Also, in the adjusted model, total mobility was significantly increased in the second, third and last quartiles of omega-3 fatty acids compared to the first quartile (P<0.001, P=0.02, P<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, omega-6 fatty acid intake in the last quartile were positively associated with sperm motility (P=0.01). Moreover, there was a significant association between omega-3 fatty acid intake in the second, third, and last quartiles and sperm normal morphology (P=0.003, P=0.018, and P=0.005, respectively) compared with the first quartile. Further, we observed a significant association between omega-6 fatty acid intake and sperm normal morphology in the last quartile compared with the reference quartile (P=0.04). Also, the findings showed a significant negative association between the second quartile of sodium and calcium intake and sperm volume compared with the first quartile (P=0.04, for both) in the adjusted model. We concluded that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid, sodium, and calcium intake are related to sperm morphology, volume, and total motility in Iranian infertile men. However, more research is needed to confirm these relationships and provide evidence to exert these findings into clinical practice.

Associations between Fatty Acid Intakes and Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acid Concentrations in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.

The aim of this study is to determine the correlations between dietary fatty acid (FA) intakes and plasma phospholipid (PL) FA levels in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. The dietary intake of 60 individual FAs was estimated using centre-specific validated dietary questionnaires. Plasma PL FA concentrations of these FAs were measured in non-fasting venous plasma samples in nested case-control studies within the EPIC cohort (n = 4923, using only non-cases). Spearman rank correlations were calculated to determine associations between FA intakes and plasma PL FA levels. Correlations between FA intakes and circulating levels were low to moderately high (-0.233 and 0.554). Moderate positive correlations were found for total long-chain n-3 poly-unsaturated FA (PUFA) (r = 0.354) with the highest (r = 0.406) for n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Moderate positive correlations were also found for the non-endogenously synthesized trans-FA (r = 0.461 for total trans-FA C16-18; r = 0.479 for industrial trans-FA (elaidic acid)). Our findings indicate that dietary FA intakes might influence the plasma PL FA status to a certain extent for several specific FAs. The stronger positive correlations for health-enhancing long-chain PUFAs and the health-deteriorating trans-FA that are not endogenously produced are valuable for future cancer prevention public health interventions.

Association between nineteen dietary fatty acids and hearing thresholds: findings from a nationwide survey

IntroductionHearing loss is a prevalent health concern, and dietary factors, such as fatty acid intake, may play a role in its development. The current study aimed to investigate the association between the intake of dietary fatty acids and hearing thresholds among U.S. adults.MethodsThe researchers examined data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including 7,623 participants with available dietary fatty acid intake and audiometry data. Dietary fatty acid intake was assessed using dietary recalls, and hearing thresholds were measured using pure-tone audiometry. Multivariate linear regression models and smoothing curve fitting were utilized to explore the associations between dietary fatty acid intake and hearing thresholds, adjusting for relevant covariates.ResultsThis study reveals a direct association between both low and high frequency pure tone average (PTA) hearing thresholds and the dietary intake of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Conversely, the intake of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) demonstrates an inverted U-shaped correlation with low-frequency and high-frequency PTA hearing thresholds, having inflection points at 11.91 (energy (%)) and 10.88 (energy (%)), respectively.ConclusionDietary intake of certain fatty acids may influence hearing thresholds in adults.

Associations between fatty acid intake and diabetic retinopathy in a Japanese population

Residents of Chikusei City, aged 40–74 years, underwent systemic and ophthalmological screening, and participants with diabetes were included in this analysis. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and calculated as a percentage of the total energy. The presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was defined as Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study levels ≥ 20 in either eye. The association between dietary fatty acid intake and DR has been examined in a cross-sectional study. Among the 647 diabetic participants, 100 had DR. The mean total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intakes were 22.0% and 7.3% of the total energy intake, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, the highest quartiles of total fat and SFA intake were positively associated with the presence of DR compared with the lowest quartiles (odds ratios (95% confidence intervals), 2.61 (1.07–6.39), p for trend = 0.025, and 2.40 (1.12–5.17), p for trend = 0.013, respectively). No significant associations were found between DR prevalence and monounsaturated or unsaturated fatty acid intake. These results suggest that a high intake of fat and SFA may affect the development of DR, even in individuals whose total fat intake is generally much lower than that of Westerners.