Dietary Mineral Intake Research Articles

The Potato in the Human Diet: a Complex Matrix with Potential Health Benefits

Beyond providing energy through its high starch content, the potato tuber can make a significant contribution to the dietary intake of certain minerals including potassium, phosphorous, magnesium and iron, as well as of vitamin C, dietary fibres and phenolic compounds. While some animal and human studies have shown beneficial associations between the consumption of potato, or some of its components, and health, some other studies could not confirm these positive effects. Numerous factors may indeed influence (i) the composition of the potato tuber itself, i.e. genotype, environmental conditions during growth, post-harvest storage conditions, cooking and processing, and (ii) the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of its components, affecting the final bioactivity. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of potato composition variability followed by an analysis of potential health-promoting effects and bioavailability of specific components including iron and phenolic compounds. It appeared that the various components of the potato matrix might interact with each other at the intestinal level, leading to favourable or detrimental effects on their bioavailability. The consumption of a potato cultivar with a high level of phenolic compounds may improve the health status of an individual regarding its risk of developing chronic diseases on the one hand, but may reduce iron absorption on the other hand, putting an individual at risk of micronutrient deficiency. Tailoring potato varieties or products to match the population nutritional needs appears therefore of major importance.

Ethnic differences in urinary calcium and phosphate excretion between Gambian and British older adults.

SummaryEthnic differences in renal calcium and phosphate excretion exist, which may depend on differences in their dietary intakes and regulatory factors. We report highly significant differences in urinary calcium and phosphate excretion between white British and Gambian adults after statistical adjustment for mineral intakes, indicating an independent effect of ethnicity.IntroductionPopulations vary in their risk of age-related osteoporosis. There are racial or ethnic differences in the metabolism of the bone-forming minerals calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P), with a lower renal Ca and P excretion in African-Americans compared to white counterparts, even at similar intakes and rates of absorption. Also, Africans in The Gambia have a lower Ca excretion compared to white British subjects, groups known to differ in their dietary Ca intake. Here, we report on differences in urinary Ca and P excretion between Gambian and white British adults while allowing for known predictors, including dietary intakes.MethodsParticipants were healthy white British (n = 60) and Gambian (n = 61) men and women aged 60–75 years. Fasting blood and 2-h urine samples were collected. Markers of Ca and P metabolism were analysed. Dietary intake was assessed with country-specific methods.ResultsWhite British older adults had higher creatinine-corrected urinary Ca and P excretion (uCa/uCr, uP/uCr) and lower tubular maximum of Ca and P compared to Gambian counterparts. The predictors of urinary Ca and P differed between groups. Multiple regression analysis showed that dietary Ca and Ca/P were predictors of uCa/uCr and uP/uCr, respectively. Ethnicity remained a significant predictor of uCa/uCr and uP/uCr after adjustment for diet and other factors.ConclusionsGambian older adults have higher renal Ca conservation than British counterparts. Dietary mineral intakes were predictors of the differences in urinary Ca and P excretion, but ethnicity remained a highly significant predictor after statistical adjustment. This suggests that ethnicity has an independent effect on renal Ca and P handling.

Bread with whole quinoa flour and bifidobacterial phytases increases dietary mineral intake and bioavailability

The purpose of the present work was to provide further information on how replacing wheat flour by whole quinoa flour (at 25 and 50 g/100 g of flour) affects bread performance and to assess its potential as a nutritious ingredient. Bread with quinoa resulted in a depreciation in quality in terms of loaf specific volume (from 4.48 to 3.46/2.63 cm3/g), crumb firmness (from 0.77 to 1.55/2.64 N) and acceptability (from 7.94 to 7.58/5.94). Quinoa increased the bread nutritional value, raising fibre (from 5.5 to 7.2 g/100 g) and minerals (Ca from 0.35 to 1.28 mg/g, Fe from 17 to 34 μg/g, and Zn from 23 to 48 μg/g). The phytates were controlled by bifidobacterial phytase treatment during breadmaking (from 4.7 μmol/g to below the detection limit), which decreased phytate/mineral molar ratios to values lower than the threshold for inhibition of Fe and Zn absorption.Quinoa could partially replace wheat flour in bread, increasing its nutritional value in terms of dietary fibre, minerals, proteins of high biological value and healthy fats, with only a small depreciation in bread quality at 25 g/100 g of flour substitution. The high phytate contents were efficiently removed by phytase treatment and the breads were accepted by consumers.

Nutritional Status, Fecal Elastase-1, and 13C-labeled Mixed Triglyceride Breath Test in the Long-term After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

This study aimed to compare the body composition, dietary intake and serum levels of vitamins and minerals, and exocrine pancreatic function in patients late after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and healthy subjects. Fifteen patients (PD group) who had undergone PD over 1 year before the study and 15 health volunteers (control group) were included in the study. All volunteers underwent dietary intake evaluation, body composition, laboratory data, exocrine pancreatic function by elastase-1, and carbon (C )-labeled triglycerides in breath tests. The PD group subjects also underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth analysis. Nutrient intake was adequate, and there were no differences in body mass index and mineral serum levels between the groups. The PD group showed lower serum levels of retinol, α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth occurred in 39% of the patients. Fecal elastase-1 was lower in the PD group. The PD group had a higher C peak time; the cumulative label C recovery in 7 hours was similar in both groups. Fecal elastase-1 decreased, and the excretion of C in breath was similar to healthy controls. Although the data point toward an adaptation in the absorptive capacity of fats, A, C, and E hypovitaminosis indicate that some absorptive insufficiency persists late after PD.

Dietary intake of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins of patients on chronic hemodialysis

We aimed to estimate dietary intakes of trace elements, minerals, and vitamins in hemodialysis patients (HDP) of three centers in one metropolitan and two urban areas of Italy. Daily dietary intake was assessed using a 3-day diet diary in 128 HDP. Mean daily intakes of trace elements were as follows: zinc, 7.6 ± 5.4 mg; copper, 14.3 ± 11.8 mg; selenium, 28.3 ± 18.1 μg; and iron, 7.2 ± 4.1 mg (7.8 ± 2.6 mg in women, 6.9 ± 2.4 mg in men). The distribution of patients by daily intakes of trace elements showed most were under the recommended values, with the exception of copper intake, which was much higher. Mean daily intakes of minerals were as follows: magnesium, 174.4 ± 94.3 mg; phosphorus, 842.6 ± 576.8 mg; calcium, 371.8 ± 363.7 mg; potassium, 1,616.2 ± 897.3 mg; and sodium, 1,350 ± 1,281 mg. Mean daily intakes of vitamins were as follows: vitamin A, 486.1 ± 544.6 μg; vitamin B1, 0.86 ± 0.7 mg; vitamin B2, 1.1 ± 0.7 mg; vitamin B3, 13.3 ± 8.1 mg; vitamin C, 47.8 ± 50.3 mg; and vitamin E, 9.5 ± 3.6 mg. The distribution of patients by daily intakes of vitamins showed most were under the recommended values. Daily intakes of trace elements and vitamins were similar among the three centers and did not differ between dialysis and non-dialysis days. Many HDP have daily dietary intakes of trace elements and vitamins below the recommended values, whereas the intake of copper is much higher.

Dietary Mineral Intake and Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment: The PATH through Life Project

Background: Higher dietary intake of potassium, calcium, and magnesium is protective against ischemic strokes while also being associated with a decreased risk of all-cause dementia. The effect of dietary iron intake on cerebral function is less clear but iron is also implicated in Alzheimer neuropathology. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dietary intake of these minerals was also associated with increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI, amnestic) and other mild cognitive disorders (MCD).Methods: Associations between dietary mineral intake and risk of MCI/MCD were assessed in cognitively healthy individuals (n = 1406, 52% female, mean age 62.5 years) living in the community, who were followed up over 8 years. Relative risk was assessed with Cox hazard ratios (HRs) after controlling for health and socio-demographic covariates.Results: Higher magnesium intake was associated with a reduced risk of developing MCI/MCD (MCI: HR 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01–0.56, p = 0.013; MCD: HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22–0.99, p = 0.046) in multivariate analyses. Higher intake of potassium (MCI: HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17, p = 0.028; MCD: HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.99–1.10, p = 0.107) and iron (MCI: HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.03–2.29, p = 0.034) was associated with an increased risk of developing MCI/MCD.Conclusion: These findings suggest that dietary intake of minerals known to be implicated in biological processes associated with vascular and Alzheimer’s pathology may contribute to disease progression earlier in the disease process and require further attention.

Analysis of energy expenditure in diet-induced obese rats.

Development of obesity in animals is affected by energy intake, dietary composition, and metabolism. Useful models for studying this metabolic problem are Sprague-Dawley rats fed low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diets beginning at 28 days of age. Through experimental design, their dietary intakes of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals per kg body weight (BW) do not differ in order to eliminate confounding factors in data interpretation. The 24-h energy expenditure of rats is measured using indirect calorimetry. A regression model is constructed to accurately predict BW gain based on diet, initial BW gain, and the principal component scores of respiratory quotient and heat production. Time-course data on metabolism (including energy expenditure) are analyzed using a mixed effect model that fits both fixed and random effects. Cluster analysis is employed to classify rats as normal-weight or obese. HF-fed rats are heavier than LF-fed rats, but rates of their heat production per kg non-fat mass do not differ. We conclude that metabolic conversion of dietary lipids into body fat primarily contributes to obesity in HF-fed rats.

Socioeconomic, Lifestyle and Dietary Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement Use during Pregnancy

BackgroundInformation on dietary supplement (DS) use during pregnancy is largely lacking. Besides, little is known about the share of DS use as self-medication versus such use following a physician's advice/prescription. Our aim was to evaluate DS use and its socioeconomic, lifestyle and dietary correlates among pregnant women participating in the French NutriNet-Santé cohort study.MethodData were collected by self-administered web-based questionnaires. Food intake was assessed by repeated 24 h dietary records. 903 pregnant women provided data on their DS use (both “regular” DS and medication containing mainly vitamins/minerals). Supplement users were compared to non-users by unconditional logistic regression.ResultsDS use—in general and as regards folic acid in particular—was positively correlated with age, being primiparous, having higher income and belonging to a higher socioprofessional category. DS users had significantly higher dietary intakes of most vitamins and minerals. The proportion of DS users (e.g., those reporting use at least three days a week) increased significantly with the trimester of pregnancy (58.0%, 62.2% and 74.5%, respectively). 50.2% of women in their 1st trimester used folic acid. The proportion of iron users tripled from the 1st to the 3rd trimester (18.5 to 63.9%). DS use was prescribed or recommended by a physician in 86.7% of the cases.ConclusionThis study provided new and detailed information on DS use and its correlates during pregnancy. Even in this relatively well-educated population, folic acid supplementation at the beginning of pregnancy was inadequate and was associated with socioeconomic and demographic disparities.

Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic–Hunter–Gatherer-type diets

Formulas developed to estimate diet-dependent net acid excretion (NAE) generally agree with measured values for typical Western diets. Whether they can also appropriately predict NAE for 'Paleolithic-type' (Paleo) diets-which contain very high amounts of fruits and vegetables (F&V) and concurrent high amounts of protein is unknown. Here, we compare measured NAEs with established NAE estimates in subjects with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thirteen subjects with well-controlled T2D were randomized to either a Paleo or American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet for 14 days. Twenty-four hour urine collections were performed at baseline and end of the diet period, and analyzed for titratable acid, bicarbonate and ammonium to calculate measured NAE. Three formulas for estimating NAE from dietary intake were used; two (NAE_diet R or L) that include dietary mineral intake and sulfate- and organic acid (OA) production, and one that is empirically derived (NAE_diet F) only considering potassium and protein intake. Measured NAE on the Paleo diet was significantly lower than on the ADA-diet (+31±22 vs 112±52 mEq/day, P=0.002). Although all formula estimates showed similar and reasonable correlations (r=0.52-0.76) with measured NAE, each one underestimated measured values. The formula with the best correlation did not contain an estimate of dietary OA production. Paleo-diets are lower in NAE than typical Western diets. However, commonly used formulas clearly underestimate NAE, especially for diets with very high F&V (as the Paleo diet), and in subjects with T2D. This may be due to an inappropriate estimation of proton loads stemming from OAs, underlining the necessity for improved measures of OA-related proton sources.

The mineral content of tap water in United States households

The composition of tap water contributes to dietary intake of minerals. The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) conducted a study of the mineral content of residential tap water, to generate current data for the USDA National Nutrient Database. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, phosphorus, and zinc content of drinking water were determined in a nationally representative sampling. The statistically designed sampling method identified 144 locations for water collection in winter and spring from home taps. Assuming a daily consumption of 1L of tap water, only four minerals (Cu, Ca, Mg, and Na), on average, provided more than 1% of the US dietary reference intake. Significant decreases in calcium were observed with chemical water softeners, and between seasonal pickups for Mg and Ca. The variance of sodium was significantly different among regions (p<0.05) but no differences were observed as a result of collection time, water source or treatment. Based on the weighted mixed model results, there were no significant differences in overall mineral content between municipal and well water. These results, which are a nationally representative dataset of mineral values for drinking water available from home taps, provides valuable additional information for assessment of dietary mineral intake.

Socio-economic differences in food group and nutrient intakes among young women in Ireland

The present study aimed to investigate socio-economic disparities in food and nutrient intakes among young Irish women. A total of 221 disadvantaged and seventy-four non-disadvantaged women aged 18-35 years were recruited. Diet was assessed using a diet history protocol. Of the total population, 153 disadvantaged and sixty-three non-disadvantaged women were classified as plausible dietary reporters. Food group intakes, nutrient intakes and dietary vitamin and mineral concentrations per MJ of energy consumed were compared between the disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged populations, as was compliance with dietary fibre, macronutrient and micronutrient intake guidelines. The disadvantaged women had lower intakes than the non-disadvantaged women of fruit, vegetables, fish, breakfast cereals, low-fat milk and wholemeal bread (all P<0·001), yogurt (P=0·001), low-fat spread (P=0·002) and fresh meat (P=0·003). They also had higher intakes of butter, processed red meats, white bread, sugar-sweetened beverages, fried potatoes and potato-based snacks (all P<0·001) and full-fat milk (P=0·014). Nutritionally, the disadvantaged women had higher fat, saturated fat and refined sugar intakes; lower dietary fibre, vitamin and mineral intakes; and lower dietary vitamin and mineral densities per MJ than their more advantaged peers. Non-achievement of carbohydrate (P=0·017), fat (P<0·001), saturated fat (P<0·001), refined sugar (P<0·001), folate (P=0·050), vitamin C (P<0·001), vitamin D (P=0·047) and Ca (P=0·019) recommendations was more prevalent among the disadvantaged women. Both groups showed poor compliance with Fe and Na guidelines. We conclude that the nutritional deficits present among these socially disadvantaged women are significant, but may be potentially ameliorated by targeted food-based interventions.

Adequacy of the intake of vitamins and mineral in women participants in the Mexican National Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT‐2006)

ObjectiveTo evaluate the adequacy of intake of micronutrients and fiber in women from the ENSANUT‐2006.MethodsDietary intake and compliance with dietary recommendations were estimates for a sample of Mexican women aged &gt;;19 years from ENSANUT‐2006. Food intake came from a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary adequacy was classified into adequate (adequacy &gt;;100%), moderately inadequate (50–99%), and highly inadequate (&lt;50%).AnalysisMeans of adequacy were estimated through linear and polynomial multiple regression.ResultsThe adequacy for vitamin A varied by age from 69–79%, the following intakes decreased progressively with age: Vitamin C 69–50%, folate 26–12.4%, vitamin B12 56.4–34.4%. For minerals iron decreased from 21.2–12‐13% and increased to 45% in &gt;;50 years of age. Calcium increased with age from 24.9–32.9% and declined to 15.0%. Magnesium intake decreased from 56.6–36.9% and phosphate increased from 57.8–88.2%. The adequacy for fiber increased with age from 12–36%.DiscussionWe documented evidence about the low dietary intake of vitamins and minerals prevailing in Mexican women, although the coincidence with the prevalence of micronutrients deficiencies only occurred with vitamins A and C, calcium, magnesium.

Applicability of food composition tables as a tool to estimate mineral and trace element intake of pre-school children in Japan: A validation study

Because dietary intakes of some minerals (including trace elements), especially iron (Fe), are insufficient for the needs of the general Japanese population, accurate estimation of mineral intake is important. This capability is especially necessary to preserve the health of Japanese children. Therefore, the current version of food composition tables (FCT) in Japan was evaluated for validity as tools to estimate dietary intake of minerals for children. For this purpose, 24h food duplicate samples were collected from 292 pre-school children in Miyagi prefecture, Japan. From the weights of items and food codes, intakes of nine minerals were estimated taking advantage of the FCT. In parallel, amounts of minerals in each duplicate samples were instrumentally measured by ICP-AES for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn, and by flame AAS for K and Na, both after wet-ashing. The distributions of the mineral amounts were essentially normal. The comparison of the FCT-based estimates (E) and instrumental measures (M) showed that the E/M ratio was close to 1 for Ca, K, Mn, P and Zn, suggesting that E may be a surrogate of M for Ca, K, Mn, P and Zn on a group basis. The ratio being larger than 1.2 for Cu, Fe, Mg and Na indicates that a risk of over-estimation exists when E is relied upon in place of M. On an individual basis, significant differences were detected for all 9 minerals suggesting that the use of E as a surrogate for M should be practiced with care for the estimation of mineral intake.

A survey on daily physical activity level, energy expenditure and dietary energy intake by university students in Chungnam Province in Korea

This study investigated the daily physical activity level, energy expenditure, energy balance, and body composition and their relationship with university students. The participants were 130 male students (19.5 ± 0.5 yrs) and 139 female students (19.5 ± 0.3 yrs) at a university in Chungnam province. Physical activity level was evaluated by an equation based on 24 hr-activity record and dietary nutrient intake was evaluated using the food record method during a three-day period consisting of two week days and one weekend. Body composition was measured using Inbody 430 (Biospace Co., Cheonan, Korea). As a result, mean body mass index (BMI) of subjects indicated that they had normal weight, however mean body fat ratio was 19.1 ± 5.4% for males and 28.4 ± 5.0% for females, indicating that they had higher than normal weight. Daily mean physical activity level was 1.55 for males and 1.47 for females, which was regarded as ‘low active’, respectively. Females had more light activity than males (p ＜ 0.01). Daily mean energy expenditure was 2,803.5 ± 788.9 kcal/d for males and 1,915.4 ± 510.2 kcal/d for females (p ＜ 0.001). Daily mean dietary energy intake was 2,327.0 ± 562.5 kcal/d for males and 1,802.1 ± 523.6/d for females (p ＜ 0.001), and daily mean energy balance was -476.5 ± 955.9 kcal/d for males and -113.3 ± 728.1 kcal/d for females (p ＜ 0.01). Daily mean dietary intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals, except Ca, satisfied recommended nutrient intake. Daily energy expenditure was positively related to body weight (p ＜ 0.01), BMI (p ＜ 0.01), and fat free mass ratio (p ＜ 0.05), but was negatively related to body fat ratio (p ＜ 0.01). In conclusion, subjects had a negative energy balance and low physical activity. They had a normal weight by BMI but had a more fat than normal weight by body fat ratio. This appears to be related to their low physical activity. Thus, nutrition education should be provided for university students in order to increase their physical activity for maintenance of normal weight by body composition and health promotion.

Comparison of some mineral contents of common Iranian food items with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) table

PurposeThe importance of adequate dietary intake of essential minerals for the maintenance of optimal health and growth in humans is well recognized. Accordingly, food composition tables are used for evaluating nutrient adequacy and for nutritional policy making. As in Iran there is no up‐to‐date national food composition table, usually data of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) are used. However, because of environmental and genetic differences, the applicability of this information in Iran had been questioned. Hence, the purpose of the present study is to analyze micronutrients content of different food items.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 85 samples of 17 different food items were chosen for this study. The iron, phosphorus, calcium and zinc contents of food items were measured using spectrophotometric method and the values were compared with the data of USDA food composition table.FindingsThere were differences between the micronutrient content of Iranian food items when compared with USDA values. The greatest variation was observed in the case of calcium content for which 58.82 percent of products had appreciable differences followed by iron (47.17 percent), phosphorus (47.05 percent) and zinc (35.29 percent). Given these differences, caution must be taken in using data from other countries tables especially in the case of evaluating nutrient adequacy and nutritional policy making.Originality/valueThis paper is believed to be the only one which compared some mineral content of Iranian food items with USDA food composition table as a most commonly used table in Iran.

Mineral Concentrations in Hair of Belgian Elementary School Girls: Reference Values and Relationship with Food Consumption Frequencies

Although evidence suggests that hair elements may reflect dietary habits and/or mineral intake, this topic remains controversial. This study therefore presents age-specific reference values for hair concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, Na, Mg, P and Zn using the LMS method of Cole, and investigates the relationship between dietary habits (i.e. food consumption frequencies) and hair mineral concentrations in 218 Belgian elementary school girls by reduced rank regression (RRR). Hair minerals were quantitatively determined via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted acid digestion of 6-cm long vertex posterior hair samples. The Children's Eating Habits Questionnaire-Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to obtain information on food consumption frequency of 43 food items in the month preceding hair collection. The established reference ranges were in line with data for other childhood or adolescent populations. The retained RRR factors explained 40, 50, 45, 46, 44 and 48% of the variation of Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, P and Zn concentrations in hair, respectively. Although this study demonstrated that a large proportion of hair mineral variation may be influenced by food consumption frequencies in elementary school girls, a number of food groups known to be rich sources of minerals did not show a relation with certain hair minerals. Future research should focus on mechanisms and processes involved in mineral incorporation and accumulation in scalp hair, in order to fully understand the importance and influence of diet on hair minerals.

Abstract P217: Metabolic Effects of a Nutrient-Dense High Fiber Supplement

Achieving recommended dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals, fiber, and other health-promoting small molecules, such as fruit polyphenolics and essential fatty acids, is difficult, even for healthy adults consuming generally good diets. We assessed the hypothesis that short term consumption of a comprehensive nutrition bar can favorably impact metabolic biomarkers linked to future disease risk. Methods: An approximately 100 kcal nutrition bar containing a vitamin, mineral, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-fortified polyphenolic-rich whole food matrix composed of fruit, walnuts, and dark chocolate blended with insoluble and soluble fiber was developed. Pooled results are presented from 3 pilot trials in which 25 generally healthy adults (15 F, 10 M) were enrolled in 2-wk interventions to study the effect of twice-daily consumption of the bar on plasma lipoprotein subfractions (ion mobility analysis), and redox status (thiol amino acids) in addition to conventional biomarkers associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation. All variables were continuous, and paired t-tests were used to test for significant change between baseline and follow-up measures. Results: Mean HDL cholesterol increased by 6.6 + 9.7% ( p = 0.001), predominantly due to a rise in the large buoyant HDL2b subclass which rose from 1665.9 ± 1017.7 to 2089.4 ± 1197.6 nmol/L ( p &lt; 0.0001; 28% increase). Plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels did not change significantly but there was a trend towards increased LDL peak particle diameter (p = 0.086). Mean plasma homocysteine decreased from 12.6 ± 6.4 to 10.2 ± 3.7 µM (p=0.006, 19.2% decline). Measures of insulin resistance and inflammation did not change. Weight remained stable despite intake of 200 additional daily calories. Participants reported a significant decrease in hunger on an analog scale and compensatory decreased intake of other foods. Summary: Twice daily consumption of a low-calorie complete nutritional supplement increases satiety and large HDL particle concentrations within 2 weeks without weight gain.

Vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in the United Kingdom Dietary Cohort Consortium.

The risk for colorectal cancer may be influenced by the dietary intake of various vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids. We conducted a pooled analysis of dietary data collected using food diaries in seven prospective studies in the United Kingdom Dietary Cohort Consortium. Five hundred sixty-five cases of colorectal cancer were matched with 1,951 controls on study centre, age, sex and recruitment date. Dietary intakes of retinol, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, n - 6 fatty acids, n - 3 fatty acids and the ratio of n - 6 to n - 3 fatty acids were estimated and their associations with colorectal cancer examined using conditional logistic regression models, adjusting for exact age, height, weight, energy intake, alcohol intake, fiber intake, smoking, education, social class and physical activity. There were no statistically significant associations between colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of any of the vitamins, minerals or essential fatty acids examined.

Dietary Intake of Vitamins and Minerals in Adolescent Sprint Athletes: A Three Year Follow-up Study

This study aimed to assess micronutrient intake and supplement use in adolescent sprint athletes. Anthropometrics, micronutrient intake and supplement use of 60 adolescent sprint athletes were recorded every six months over a 3-year period. Age at start was 14.8 ± 1.6 years for the female and 14.7 ± 1.9 years for the male athletes. Over the 3 years, both girls and boys normally gained in body height and - weight. Consistent low intakes were observed for iron in girls, and for calcium, vitamin E and B2 in both sexes, whilst sodium intake exceeded the upper reference limit. Supplements were used without prescription and athletes with the better nutritional profile showed higher supplement use compared to those with poorer habits. General non-stringent advice for dietary improvement resulted in significantly favourable changes only for the consumption of wholegrain bread, vegetables, and soft drinks. Micronutrient intakes of adolescent sprint athletes are relatively stable and not always according the guidelines, regardless of supplement use. Repeated nutritional feedback induced only moderate improvements.

Dietary intake of minerals and trace elements in rice on the Jamaican market

Twenty-five rice brands, available on the Jamaican market, and a local field trial sample were collected and analyzed for 36 essential, non-essential and toxic elements using four techniques: flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (F-AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The mean values for both white and brown rice respectively for calcium (127mg/kg; 104mg/kg), chromium (0.08mg/kg; 0.157mg/kg), copper (1.65mg/kg; 2.96mg/kg), iron (22.3mg/kg; 20.1mg/kg), magnesium (371mg/kg; 1205mg/kg), manganese (10.5mg/kg; 26.5mg/kg), molybdenum (0.790mg/kg; 0.770mg/kg), phosphorus (1203mg/kg; 3361mg/kg), potassium (913mg/kg; 2157mg/kg), selenium (0.108mg/kg; 0.131mg/kg), sodium (6.00mg/kg; 15.1mg/kg), sulfur (1131mg/kg; 1291mg/kg) and zinc (15.6mg/kg; 20.2mg/kg) were used to calculate intake values. The percentage contribution to Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes were also estimated for the toxic elements aluminum (6.6–17.9%), arsenic (7.8–10.2%), cadmium (5.1–9.0%) and mercury (3.2–12.0%) with ranges dependent on white or brown rice consumption and gender. It was concluded that, for most essential elements, rice does not significantly contribute to mineral nutrition. The local field trial sample yielded encouraging results in terms of uptake of toxic elements.