Dietary Fat Intake Research Articles

Effect of the Implementation of a Multiple-Behavior Self-Monitoring Intervention on Dietary Intake in Type 2 Diabetes: Secondary Data Analysis.

An electronic diary embedded in a mobile device to monitor lifestyle can be as effective as traditional methods. However, the efficacy of self-monitoring multiple behaviors for dietary intake has not been well studied in people with diabetes. This study aimed to compare the effect of using technology-assisted self-monitoring versus paper diaries on changes in dietary intake. This is a secondary analysis of data collected from 39 people with type 2 diabetes as part of a 3-month pilot clinical trial. Changes in energy intake and the contribution of total fat intake and total carbohydrate intake to total calories (%) from baseline to after intervention (3 months) were evaluated. In total, 26 (67%) of the 39 participants preferred mobile diaries over paper diaries. Participants in the mobile diary group showed slightly higher self-monitoring adherence. Linear mixed modeling results indicated a significant overall decrease in total energy intake (P=.005), dietary fat intake (P=.01), and carbohydrate intake (P=.08) from baseline to 3 months. No significant group differences were detected (P>.05). The implementation of a 3-month, multiple-behavior, self-monitoring intervention in Diabetes Self-Management Education programs has resulted in successful reduction in dietary intake (energy, fat, and carbohydrate), whichever self-monitoring method is chosen by participants according to their preferences. Long-term studies are needed to confirm our findings on dietary intake and examine other behavioral and disease outcomes that require monitoring.

Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

The impact of dietary fat intake on long-term human health has attracted substantial research interest, and the health effects of diverse dietary fats depend on available food sources. Yet there is a paucity of data elucidating the links between dietary fats from specific food sources and health. To study associations of dietary plant and animal fat intake with overall mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. This large prospective cohort study took place in the US from 1995 to 2019. The analysis of men and women was conducted in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Data were analyzed from February 2021 to May 2024. Specific food sources of dietary fats and other dietary information were collected at baseline, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 24-year adjusted absolute risk differences (ARDs) were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression. The analysis included 407 531 men and women (231 881 [56.9%] male; the mean [SD] age of the cohort was 61.2 [5.4] years). During 8 107 711 person-years of follow-up, 185 111 deaths were ascertained, including 58 526 CVD deaths. After multivariable adjustment (including adjustment for the relevant food sources), a greater intake of plant fat (HRs, 0.91 and 0.86; adjusted ARDs, -1.10% and -0.73%; P for trend < .001), particularly fat from grains (HRs, 0.92 and 0.86; adjusted ARDs, -0.98% and -0.71%; P for trend < .001) and vegetable oils (HRs, 0.88 and 0.85; adjusted ARDs, -1.40% and -0.71%; P for trend < .001), was associated with a lower risk for overall and CVD mortality, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintile. In contrast, a higher intake of total animal fat (HRs, 1.16 and 1.14; adjusted ARDs, 0.78% and 0.32%; P for trend < .001), dairy fat (HRs, 1.09 and 1.07; adjusted ARDs, 0.86% and 0.24%; P for trend < .001), or egg fat (HRs, 1.13 and 1.16; adjusted ARDs, 1.40% and 0.82%; P for trend < .001) was associated with an increased risk for mortality for overall and CVD mortality, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintile. Replacement of 5% energy from animal fat with 5% energy from plant fat, particularly fat from grains or vegetable oils, was associated with a lower risk for mortality: 4% to 24% reduction in overall mortality, and 5% to 30% reduction in CVD mortality. The findings from this prospective cohort study demonstrated consistent but small inverse associations between a higher intake of plant fat, particularly fat from grains and vegetable oils, and a lower risk for both overall and CVD mortality. A diet with a high intake of animal-based fat, including fat from dairy foods and eggs, was also shown to be associated with an elevated risk for both overall and CVD mortality.

Gut microbiota metabolite indole-3-acetic acid maintains intestinal epithelial homeostasis through mucin sulfation

ABSTRACT The global incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are gradually increasing. A high-fat diet (HFD) is known to disrupt intestinal homeostasis and aggravate IBD, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here, a positive correlation between dietary fat intake and disease severity in both IBD patients and murine colitis models is observed. A HFD induces a significant decrease in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and leads to intestinal barrier damage. Furthermore, IAA supplementation enhances intestinal mucin sulfation and effectively alleviates colitis. Mechanistically, IAA upregulates key molecules involved in mucin sulfation, including 3’-phosphoadenosine 5’-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (Papss2) and solute carrier family 35 member B3 (Slc35b3), the synthesis enzyme and the transferase of 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate (PAPS), via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). More importantly, AHR can directly bind to the transcription start site of Papss2. Oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri, which can produce IAA, contributes to protecting against colitis and promoting mucin sulfation, while the modified L. reuteri strain lacking the iaaM gene (Lactobacillus ΔiaaM ) and the ability to produce IAA fail to exhibit such effects. Overall, IAA enhances intestinal mucin sulfation through the AHR-Papss2-Slc35b3 pathway, contributing to the protection of intestinal homfeostasis.

A potential association between recent increased incidence of breast and uterine body cancers in Japanese women and changes in dietary saturated fat and folate intake: A meta-analysis

Recent increases in breast and uterine body cancers among Japanese women suggest the involvement of some modifiable factors in cancer development, including drinking and smoking habits, which are generally associated with Westernized lifestyles. Using national data on annual cancer incidence, this study examines the associations between recent changes in cancer incident rates and dietary habits. Data on age-specific incidence and mortality rates of breast, uterine body, colon, and lung cancers from 2004 to 2019, as well as annual changes in the intake of animal protein, plant protein, saturated fatty acids, and folate from 2001 to 2019 among Japanese women, were obtained from e-Stat, a portal site of Japanese Government Statistics. The analysis indicates that the incidence rates of breast and uterine body cancers among Japanese women increased from 2004 to 2019, displaying distinct distribution patterns with two peaks for breast cancer and one peak for uterine body cancer. The rising incidence rates of both cancers were positively correlated with annual changes in animal protein and saturated fat intake and inversely correlated with changes in plant protein and folate intake. Health-care professionals should be aware of the notable and characteristic increase in breast and uterine body cancer incidence among Japanese women and emphasize the importance of lifestyle modifications to counteract Westernized dietary habits.

The association between dietary intake of fats and transient global amnesia (TGA)

ABSTRACT Background: Different types of dietary fat may influence memory and cognitive functions. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary fat intake and transient global amnesia (TGA). Methods: This case–control study was conducted using Persian Sabzevar cohort data on 258 individuals with TGA and 520 individuals without amnesia in Sabzevar Iran. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the intake of dietary fats of the participants. All study participants were screened for TGA by a neurologist and their status was determined based on the diagnostic symptoms defined by the Kaplan and Hodges criteria. Results: There was an inverse association between the risk of TGA and dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (OR = 0.94, CI95%:0.88-0.99, P = 0.01). Also, a positive association was observed between TGA and dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids (OR = 1.18, CI 95%: 1.04-1.33, P = 0.01). The results remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, education, job, marital status, physical activity, BMI, and calorie intake. Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acids may have beneficial effects; however, omega-6 fatty acids may have adverse effects on the risk of amnesia. Further longitudinal studies are warranted.

Lipidome changes due to improved dietary fat quality inform cardiometabolic risk reduction and precision nutrition

Current cardiometabolic disease prevention guidelines recommend increasing dietary unsaturated fat intake while reducing saturated fats. Here we use lipidomics data from a randomized controlled dietary intervention trial to construct a multilipid score (MLS), summarizing the effects of replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat on 45 lipid metabolite concentrations. In the EPIC-Potsdam cohort, a difference in the MLS, reflecting better dietary fat quality, was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular disease (−32%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): −21% to −42%) and type 2 diabetes (−26%; 95% CI: −15% to −35%). We built a closely correlated simplified score, reduced MLS (rMLS), and observed that beneficial rMLS changes, suggesting improved dietary fat quality over 10 years, were associated with lower diabetes risk (odds ratio per standard deviation of 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59 to 0.98) in the Nurses’ Health Study. Furthermore, in the PREDIMED trial, an olive oil-rich Mediterranean diet intervention primarily reduced diabetes incidence among participants with unfavorable preintervention rMLS levels, suggestive of disturbed lipid metabolism before intervention. Our findings indicate that the effects of dietary fat quality on the lipidome can contribute to a more precise understanding and possible prediction of the health outcomes of specific dietary fat modifications.

Dietary fats as regulators of neutrophil plasticity: an update on molecular mechanisms.

Contemporary guidelines for the prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases focus on the control of dietary fat intake, because of their adverse metabolic effects. Moreover, fats alter innate immune defenses, by eliciting pro-inflammatory epigenetic mechanisms on the long-living hematopoietic cell progenitors which, in the bone marrow, mainly give rise to short-living neutrophils. Nevertheless, the heterogenicity of fats and the complexity of the biology of neutrophils pose challenges in the understanding on how this class of nutrients could contribute to the development of cardio-metabolic diseases via specific molecular mechanisms activating the inflammatory response. The knowledge on the biology of neutrophils is expanding and there are now different cellular networks orchestrating site-specific reprogramming of these cells to optimize the responses against pathogens. The innate immune competence of neutrophil is altered in response to high fat diet and contributes to the development of metabolic alterations, although the precise mechanisms are still poorly understood. Defining the different molecular mechanisms involved in the fat-neutrophil crosstalk will help to reconcile the sparse data about the interaction of dietary fats with neutrophils and to tailor strategies to target neutrophils in the context of cardio-metabolic diseases.

Dietary and nursing management of calcium oxalate renal stones in patients with a jejunocolic anastomosis: a narrative review

Jejunocolic anastomosis (JCA) is a surgical procedure that can result in various complications. Depending on how much of the jejunum remains, these patients are often defined as having intestinal failure (IF) because of short bowel syndrome (SBS). One of the significant complications among these patients is the formation of calcium oxalate renal stones. It has been estimated that 24% of patients with a JCA develop symptomatic renal stones. This narrative review aims to explore the nursing and dietary management strategies for individuals with oxalate stones following JCA. This includes providing adequate hydration, limiting dietary intakes of fat and oxalate, and optimising dietary intake of fluid and calcium whilst discussing the evidence for dietary magnesium, vitamin C and citric acid.

Association Between Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Association Between Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Association of Maternal Serum Vitamin D Level with Hydatidiform Mole-A Systemic Review

Hydatidiform mole is an abnormal type of pregnancy, in which a potentially anomalous ovum is abnormally fertilized resulting in a subsequently non-viable conceptus becoming an enlarged growth in the uterus with dangerous complications. These moles can occur as either complete or partial, each with its own unique features. Like other risk factor, nutritional risk factors are associated with increased likelihood of development of HM. Low dietary intake of carotene, inadequate protein and animal fats are thought to be associated with increased risk of HM. Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with receptors found throughout the body including ovary, uterus, and placenta and has natural immunomodulator with anti-inflammatory properties. At the ovarian level, vitamin D has been shown to enhance ovulation. In the human syncytiotrophoblast, vitamin D and its components act together to enhance the expressions of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen, estrogen and progesterone. Furthermore, vitamin D co-regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in numerous tissues and 1,25(OH)2D3 also inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis. Deficiency of vitamin D may lead to increased ROS and decreased antioxidative defense systems that could lead to oxidative injury in patients with HM. In the human syncytiotrophoblast, vitamin D and its components act together to enhance the expressions of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human placental lactogen, estrogen and progesterone. Furthermore, vitamin D co-regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in numerous tissues and 1,25(OH)2D3 also inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis. Deficiency of vitamin D may lead to increased ROS and decreased antioxidative defense systems that could lead to oxidative injury in patients with HM. Studies showed there is significant association of low vitamin D level and obstetric complications like early pregnancy loss, premature rupture of membrane, fetal growth restriction and also many extra-skeletal diseases like ovary and colon cancer. In developing countries like-Bangladesh, vitamin D deficiency is much more common and starting in early life and persisting across the life span due to limited exposure to sunlight and low consumption of animal sources food. Therefore, this study was intended to determine the association of vitamin D and hydatidiform mole in a Bangladeshi woman, which may help in deciding about vitamin D supplementation as a preventive measure of hydatidiform mole.

The Recombinant Lactobacillus Strains with the Surface-Displayed Expression of Amuc_1100 Ameliorate Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Adult Mice.

Excessive dietary fat intake is closely associated with an increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal diseases, and certain types of cancer. The administration of multi-strain probiotics has shown a significantly beneficial effect on the mitigation of obesity induced by high-fat diets (HFDs). In this study, Amuc_1100, an outer membrane protein of Akkermansia muciniphila, was fused with green fluorescent protein and LPXTG motif anchor protein and displayed on the surface of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (pLR-GAA) and Lactobacillus plantarum (pLP-GAA), respectively. The localization of the fusion protein on the bacterial cell surface was confirmed via fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. Both recombinant strains demonstrated the capacity to ameliorate hyperglycemia and decrease body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, daily oral supplementation of pLR-GAA or pLP-GAA suppressed the HFD-induced intestinal permeability by regulating the mRNA expressions of tight junction proteins and inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide concentration in serum and mitigating damage to the gut, liver, and adipose tissue. Compared with Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment, high-dose pLR-GAA restored the expression level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin-10 in the intestine. In conclusion, our approach enables the maintenance of intestinal health through the use of recombinant probiotics with surface-displayed functional protein, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for HFD-induced obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities.

Associations between dietary fatty acids and liver fat accumulation in the UK Biobank

Steatotic liver disease, defined as &gt;5% of hepatic fat content, is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality, in particular due to its category metabolic associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)(1). While its prevention focuses on promoting physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight and balanced diet, the associations between dietary fatty acids and liver fat remain unclear(2,3). The aim of this study was to examine the associations between dietary fatty acids and liver fat in the absence of excessive alcohol intake, independently of energy intake.Analyses were conducted on 9,268 non-diabetic participants from the UK Biobank with no pre- existing liver chronic illness or cardiovascular disease at baseline, and without excessive alcohol consumption. Dietary intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) was measured using the mean of ≥2 Oxford WebQ 24-hr dietary assessments, responded to between 2009 and 2012. Liver proton density fat fraction (LPDFF) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging between 2016 and 2020. Multivariable linear regression models were calculated to assess the associations between fatty acid intakes and LPDFF, adjusting for key demographic and lifestyle confounders. In addition, associations between LPDFF and 10 individual SFAs, 7 PUFAs, and 4 MUFAs were also examined. Sensitivity analyses were carried out including participants who responded ≥4 dietary assessments (N=2,828).After fully adjusting for confounders, no significant associations between LPDFF (%) and MUFAs were found. Inverse associations with LPDFF were observed for PUFAs (−5.8% relative difference [95% confidence interval −0.6, −1.9]), per 5% increase in intake, while SFAs were positively associated with LPDFF (5.8% [3.3, 8.3]). Positive associations were observed per 1 SD increase in intake of individual fatty acids SFA stearic acid (4.20% [2.84, 5.57]) and palmitic acid (3.15% [1.78, 4.54]). Negative associations were observed for PUFAs alpha-linoleic acid (−2.32% [−3.47, −1.17]) and docosahexaenoic acid (−2.14% [−3.23, −1.0.3], and for MUFA erucic acid (−2.52% [−3.61, −1.43]). Sensitivity analyses presented similar results, and the associations between PUFAs and liver fat became slightly stronger (−10.73%, [−17.58, −3.32]).This observational study suggests that SFAs and PUFAs are associated with liver fat in opposite directions, independently of energy intake. While total MUFAs did not present significant associations with LPDFF, erucic acid was inversely associated with liver fat, highlighting the value of studying individual fatty acids. These different associations provide valuable information for the design of dietary trials that compare interventions with different types of fatty acids. These further studies would allow a better understanding of the ideal dietary advice to prevent liver steatosis and its global health impact.

74P The association of dietary fat and fatty acid intake with ovarian cancer survival: Findings from the OOPS — A prospective cohort study

74P The association of dietary fat and fatty acid intake with ovarian cancer survival: Findings from the OOPS — A prospective cohort study

Association of specific nutritional intake with periodontitis

BackgroundThe present study aimed to evaluate nutritional intake among a group of male patients in the dental clinic with and without periodontal disease to search for associations between nutritional profile and periodontal health.MethodsTo this purpose, nutritional intake of macronutrients, fiber, vitamins, and minerals were compared evaluating both clinical parameters and periodontal status. Non periodontitis patients were compared with stage III and IV periodontitis and its extension according to the 2017 classification.ResultsAfter multivariate analysis, statistically significant associations were found between the dietary intake of energy, total fat, cholesterol, calcium, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and folic acid and iodine and periodontitis status. This study reports an inverse association between cholesterol and iodine and periodontitis and a direct association with saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and folic acid.ConclusionsMaintaining an adequate intake of fat, iodine, calcium, and cholesterol and avoiding an excessive intake of energy, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, and folic acid could be important to controlling periodontitis.

Association between dietary fat intake and risk of polycystic ovary syndrome

To analyze the association between dietary fat intake and the risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome(PCOS). PCOS patients treated in a tertiary hospital in Anhui Province from October 2021 to October 2022 were selected as the case group, and non-PCOS patients treated in the hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. A total of 262 subjects were included in the study, 131 were included in the case group and 131 in the control group. A semi-quantitative dietary frequency questionnaire was used to investigate the dietary intake in the past year, and the daily intake of various fatty acids and the ratio of fatty acid energy supply were calculated according to the food intake. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between dietary fat intake and the risk of PCOS. The dietary intakes of total fat, fatty acid, saturated fatty acid and monounsaturated fatty acid in PCOS patients were higher than those in control group(P&gt;0.05), and there was statistical significance in daily intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid between two groups(P&lt;0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors such as long-term residence, occupation, family per capita monthly income, menstrual cycle regularity, menstrual volume, and weight loss experience, Logistic regression analysis showed that the ratio of fat supply to energy was positively correlated with the risk of PCOS(OR=1.622, 95%CI 1.237-2.127). The energy supply ratio of monosaturated fatty acids(OR=0.597, 95%CI 0.373-0.955) and polyunsaturated fatty acids(OR=0.585, 95%CI 0.372-0.921) were negatively correlated with the risk of PCOS(P&lt;0.05). The energy supply ratio of fat was positively correlated with the risk of PCOS, while the energy supply ratio of monosaturated fatty acids and the energy supply ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids were negatively correlated with the risk of PCOS.

Plasma pentraxin-3 levels and its role in childhood obesity-Is it anti-inflammatory? A matched group study.

Obesity has been associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) with anthropometric measurements, dietary content and physical activity level in children. A matched group study. This study was conducted with 91 children aged 6-17 years, divided into two groups: "non-obese group" (Body Mass Index Standard Deviation Score [BMI SDS] <95th percentile) and "obese group" (BMI SDS ≥95th percentile). Plasma PTX-3 levels. The mean age of 91 children included in the study was 12.34 ± 2.86 years. Plasma PTX-3 levels were significantly higher in obese children (p = .028). No significant correlation was found between BMI SDS and plasma PTX-3 values, but a weak positive correlation was found when physical activity level was controlled (r = .176, p = .049). In addition, it was found that fat mass was a partial mediator of plasma PTX-3 level, and an increase in the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue negatively affected plasma PTX-3 level. Plasma PTX-3 level showed a weak positive correlation (r = .223, p = .017) with physical activity score and dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, while a weak negative correlation with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. One unit increase in physical activity score or polyunsaturated fatty acid level caused 0.730 and 2.061 unit increases in plasma PTX-3 level, respectively; while one unit increase in dietary fat intake caused 0.413-unit decrease. There was an indirect relationship between the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue and PTX-3 level. The results of our study suggested that plasma PTX-3 was associated with lower levels of inflammation in children.

Relationship Between Dietary Intakes and Elevated Diastolic Blood Pressure Among Children: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Wearable Devices.

Elevating systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) independently influences clinical outcomes and adverse cardiovascular events. Blood pressure can be affected by modifiable (such as diets and physical activities) and non-modifiable factors (such as age and gender). Elevated blood pressure (EBP or formerly prehypertension) during childhood is associated with hypertension incidence in later adulthood. This cross- sectional study investigated modifiable risk factors for blood pressure among children (aged 3-12). We employed wearable devices to monitor the blood pressure of 45 preschool and primary school children and analyze this data with secondary blood pressure data of their parents from electronic medical records. EBP phenotypes in children (offspring) were not related to their parent's blood pressure phenotypes (P = 0.15 and 0.19 for SBP). Consumption of high saturated fat (P = 0.032), copper (P = 0.026), and vitamin B12 (P = 0.032) was associated with a significant increase in DBP. Daily sodium intakes between normal and DBP hypertensive groups were not significantly different (P = 0.75). This study indicates that dietary intakes of high saturated fat, copper, and vitamin B12, but not parental blood pressure statuses, determine high diastolic blood pressure among children regardless of daily sodium intake. Early dietary consumption behavioral adaptation should be considered to prevent further hypertension in adulthood.

Dietary fat intake with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE) are commonly observed medical complications in pregnancy. Dietary total fat and fatty acids associated with GDM and PE risk have been examined in several epidemiological studies. In some instances, systematic reviews and meta-analyses might provide more accurate dietary recommendations. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between dietary total fat and fatty acids and the risk of GDM and PE. Research on dietary fat intake and the risk of GDM and PE was conducted through systematic searches of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for articles published up to August 19, 2023. An investigation of associations between dietary intake of total fat and fatty acids and the risk of GDM and PE was performed using prospective cohort study designs. Twenty-one prospective cohort studies were considered eligible. Findings indicated that higher intakes of total fat (relative risk [RR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.14), animal fat (RR, 1.56; 95%CI, 1.34-1.89), vegetable fat (RR, 1.23; 95%CI, 1.05-1.45), dietary cholesterol (RR, 1.48; 95%CI, 1.10-2.00), and omega-3 fatty acid (RR, 1.11; 95%CI, 1.02-1.20) are associated with a greater risk of GDM. However, no significant association was found between dietary total fat and fatty acids and the risk of PE. Dose-response meta-analyses suggested every 10% increment in total energy intake from total fat, 5% from animal fat, 5% from vegetable fat, and 100 mg from cholesterol was related to 15%, 12%, 7%, 14%, and 20% higher GDM risk, respectively. Overall, total fat, animal fat, vegetable fat, dietary cholesterol, and omega-3 fatty acid consumption are associated with a small but statistically significant increase in GDM risk. PROSPERO (CRD42023466844).

Dietary fat intakes and food sources in early childhood: results from the Melbourne Infant Feeding, Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT) Program

Dietary fat is a major energy source and an essential nutrient that supports healthy growth and development in young children(1). Despite the important role of dietary fat in early childhood, our understanding of fat intake trends during this period is limited, particularly among Australian children. Insufficient evidence has led to the establishment of an Adequate Intake (AI) for infants aged 0-12 months in Australia, while no recommendation is available for children ages 1-5 years. This study aimed to comprehensively describe fat intake and major food sources in young Australian children. The data of children at ages 9 months (n = 393), 18 months (n = 284), 3.5 years (n = 244), and 5 years (n = 240) from the Melbourne InFANT Program were used(2). At each time point, child dietary intake data were collected via three 24-hour recalls. Food measurement booklets were utilised to estimate food portions. Food groups and nutrient intakes per day were calculated using the 2007 AUSNUT Food Composition Database. Daily energy (kJ/d) and fat (g/d) intake, the contribution of fat to total energy intake, and key food sources of fat intake were calculated. Descriptive statistics (mean and SD) were used to summarise all data. The mean daily energy intake increased from 3490 kJ/d at 9 months to 5889 kJ/d at 5 years. The mean (SD) fat intake (g/d) was 33.7 (8.0) (Australian AI is 30 g/d) at 9 months, 37.5 (9.5) at 18 months, 44.6 (13.4) at 3.5 years, and 49.0 (15.1) at 5 years. The WHO/FAO recommends that total fat intakes should constitute a minimum of 35% of energy (%E) for children aged 6-24 months, gradually reducing to a range of 25% to 35 %E for children aged 2 to 5 years(3). Notably, 40% of children at 9 months, 76% at 18 months, 14% at 3.5 years, and 12% at 5 years had fat intakes below the WHO/FAO recommendations. In contrast, 24% of children at 3.5 years and 28% at 5 years exceeded the recommendation. At 9 months, the primary source of fat was formula/breastmilk, while at later ages, the major sources were milk/milk products, cakes/cookies, and breads/cereals. The proportion of fat from discretionary foods, such as cakes/cookies, processed meats, butter, oil or fat spreads, increased with age. The percentage of total fat from fish, nuts, and seeds was low, contributing &lt;4 %E at all time points. The study highlights a significant proportion of children exceeding or falling below fat intake recommendations. Moreover, the results suggest low consumption of healthy fat sources such as fish, nuts, and seeds. The study findings will contribute to the refinement of fat recommendations in young Australian children and contribute to interventions that aims to improve fat intakes.

Dietary fat consumption frequency and body mass index of middle-age adults in Mumbai city, India during COVID-19 pandemic

Obesity and COVID-19 are global pandemics listed by World Health Organization, which need urgent attention. Obesity involves low grade chronic inflammation, which is characterised by sustained pro-inflammatory innate immune responses mediated through activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/IL-1 axis, and is a strong risk factor for Diabetes and Heart diseases(1). Dietary fats provide energy, satiety, source of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids – Omega 3 (n-3) and Omega 6 (n-6) fatty acids, but must be consumed in right amounts and ratios. Essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and n-6/n-3 imbalance is linked with chronic illnesses such as, heart attacks, cancer, insulin resistance, stroke, obesity, and diabetes(2). Excess dietary fat intake and imbalance of fatty acids, contribute to obesity, inflammation, comorbidities and faster disease progression. A cross-sectional survey aimed to understand the fatty food frequency of overweight and obese middle age adults from Mumbai, India during the COVID-19 outbreak. Using purposive sampling, 100 adults (30-60 years), a questionnaire (demographics, anthropometrics and fat food frequency questionnaire) was administered. Data was analysed using SPSS 26.0. As per BMI standards, 60.2% participants were overweight, 12.6% were obese and 27.1% had normal BMI. For visible fat consumption, sunflower oil (47.6%), ghee (38.8%), rice bran oil (34%) groundnut oil (11.7%) and invisible fats – milk (100%). Other dairy products, nuts and oilseeds were consumed weekly. twice a week, majority (92.3%) consumed packaged high fat foods as compared to eating deep-fried items (58.9%). We concluded that excess dietary fat intake is high risk factor for obesity and related comorbidities diabetes, and hypertension. High BMI increases the risk for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, cardiovascular disease (CVD), insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. People with co-morbidities are high risk groups for COVID-19 infection susceptibility. Hence, managing weight could be a cost-effective preventive strategy to help in delaying the onset and progression of NCDs, thereby lowering the susceptibility to COVID-19. Our findings have important implications in working towards adopting healthy fats and reducing mortality and reducing the global burden of pandemic. High dietary fat intake is a modifiable risk factor for overweight and obesity. Comorbidities increased risk for COVID-19 infection, disease severity and mortality. Hence, there is a need to understand the dietary fat consumption patterns in obesity and COVID-19. Dietary carbohydrate, sugar and fat quality in relation to obesity and pandemic such as, COVID-19 could be explored in future studies.