Dietary Calcium Intake Research Articles

Association between dietary minerals and glioma: A case-control study based on Chinese population.

As one of the essential nutrients for the human body, minerals participate in various physiological activities of the body and are closely related to many cancers. However, the population study on glioma is not sufficient. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between five dietary minerals and glioma. A total of 506 adult patients with glioma and 506 healthy controls were matched 1:1 according to age (±5 years) and sex. The food intake of the subjects in the past year was collected through the food frequency questionnaire, and the intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper in the diet were calculated. The logistic regression model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for dietary minerals to gliomas. After adjusting for confounders, higher intakes of calcium (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.57-0.74), magnesium (OR = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.11-0.29), iron (OR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02-0.11), zinc (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.54-0.73), and copper (OR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13-0.39) were associated with a significantly decreased risk of glioma. Similar results were observed in gliomas of different pathological types and pathological grades. The restriction cubic spline function suggested significant linear dose-response relationships between intakes of five minerals and the risk of glioma. When the dietary minerals exceeded a particular intake, the risk of glioma stabilized. Our study suggests that higher dietary intakes of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper are associated with a decreased risk of glioma. However, the results of this study require further exploration of potential mechanisms in the future better to elucidate the effects of mineral intake on gliomas.

Abstract P210: Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Intakes at Middle Age and Their Associations With Vascular Calcification at Older Age: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Background: High dietary calcium and phosphorus intakes may accelerate vascular calcification. A few studies have explored the association of dietary calcium and phosphorus intakes with vascular calcification but reported inconsistent results. Most studies relied on dietary assessment at one time point and evaluated only coronary artery calcification. Aim: To assess the associations of dietary calcium and phosphorus intakes over two time points during middle age with coronary artery and extra-coronary calcification at older age. Methods: We studied 1,940 ARIC participants who underwent chest CT scans at ≥75 years of age in 2018-19 and completed a 66-item food frequency questionnaire at two earlier visits (1987-89 and 1993-95). We calculated the average of dietary calcium and phosphorus intakes across these two visits. Calcification was quantified as Agatston score in coronary arteries, ascending aorta, descending aorta, aortic valve ring, aortic valve, and mitral valve. We ran multivariable linear (for continuous Agatston score) and logistic regression models (for Agatston score >75 th percentile). Results: The mean dietary calcium and phosphorus intake was 659 mg/day and 1,074 mg/day, respectively. Overall, we did not observe any positive associations of dietary calcium intake with vascular/valvular calcification. Rather, we saw its inverse association with ascending aorta calcification (Figure). In contrast, dietary phosphorus was not associated with the calcification of any vascular beds. The results were largely similar in linear regression models and after excluding 332 participants (17%) taking calcium supplements. Conclusion: Dietary calcium intake at middle age was largely neutral in its association with vascular calcification while showing a mild inverse association with ascending aorta calcification at older age. No evident associations were seen for dietary phosphorus. Our findings do not support a concern that a calcium or phosphorus-rich diet may accelerate vascular calcification.

Short-term Changes in Calcium but not Protein Intake Alter the Rate of Bone Resorption in Healthy Subjects as Assessed by Urinary Pyridinium Cross-Link Excretion

This study was conducted to determine whether the markers of bone resorption, pyridinium cross-links of collagen, are sensitive to changes in dietary protein and calcium intake. Fifteen young healthy subjects (7 males and 8 females) participated in three 5-d diet periods. Dietary intake during each dietary period consisted of: 1) low nitrogen and low calcium [0.49 ± 0.11 g protein/ (kg·d), 429 ± 190 mg calcium/d]; 2) low nitrogen and high calcium [0.44 ± 0.08 g protein/ (kg·d), 1643 ± 171 mg calcium/d]; and 3) a high nitrogen and high calcium [2.71 ± 0.75 g protein/(kg·d), 1589 ± 633 mg calcium/d] diet, and this was compared with subjects' baseline dietary intake [0.99 ± 0.51 g protein/(kg·d), 589 ± 152 mg calcium/d]. The order of these diets was randomly assigned. Twenty-four-hour and 3-h urine samples were collected before and during each dietary period and were analyzed for pyridinium cross-links (pyridinoline, deoxypyridinoline), nitrogen and creatinine. The rate of pyridinium cross-link excretion did not vary with protein intake but was ∼33% lower (P < 0.01) during periods of high compared with low calcium intake. These data indicate that a short-term increase in calcium intake is accompanied by a reduced rate of bone resorption and that this effect is independent of dietary protein intake.

Calculation of the contribution of water to calcium intake in low- and middle-income countries.

Dietary calcium intake is low in many countries, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Water is often overlooked as a source of dietary calcium despite it being universally consumed and providing good calcium bioavailability. Our objective was to assess water distribution systems in LMICs and to develop a formula to simulate the contribution of different water sources to calcium availability. We calculated the contribution of drinking water considering different calcium concentration levels to estimate total calcium availability. We consider a country's households' access to drinking water sources and the distribution of the country's population by age and gender. Calcium availability could be increased by an average of 49mg of calcium per person per day in the 62 countries assessed if calcium in drinking water was considered. In 22 (31%) of the countries studied, 80% of households are supplied by water sources that could increase calcium availability. Improving calcium concentration in water could be considered as a strategy in LMICs to slightly improve calcium availability.

Dietary calcium intake and the risk of stroke: Meta-analysis of cohort studies

Background and aimsProspective cohorts are inconsistent regarding the association between dietary calcium intake and the risk of stroke. The aim was to perform a meta-analysis to determine whether an association exists between them in cohort studies. Methods and resultsRelevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases that published before December 2022. Prospective cohort studies that provided relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association were included. Study-specific risk estimates were combined by using a random effects model. Eighteen prospective studies, including 19,557 stroke cases among 882,181 participants, were pooled in the meta-analysis. We observed a nonlinear association between calcium intake and risk of stroke (Pnonlinearity < 0.003). Compared with the lowest value of zero assumed as the reference, the RRs (95% CI) of stroke across levels of calcium intake were 0.95 (0.92, 0.98) for 200 mg/day, 0.94 (0.90, 0.98) for 300 mg/day, 0.95 (0.90, 0.99) for 500 mg/day, 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) for 700 mg/day, and 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) for 1000 mg/day. The stratified analyses by geographic region showed nonlinear associations and indicated that the protective effect was observed in Asian countries (Pnonlinearity = 0.001) but not in non-Asian regions (Pnonlinearity = 0.047). ConclusionThis meta-analysis suggests that dietary calcium intake might play an effective role in the prevention of stroke, especially in Asian countries. Future research among Asia population should attempt to establish whether this association is causal. Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42022357710.

Dietary Calcium and Risk of Microscopic Colitis.

Microscopic colitis (MC) is an increasingly common cause of watery diarrhea particularly in older individuals. The role of diet in MC has received little study. We conducted a case-control study at a single institution enrolling patients referred for elective outpatient colonoscopy for diarrhea. Patients were classified as cases with MC or non-MC controls after a review of colon biopsies by 1 research pathologist. Study subjects were interviewed by a trained telephone interviewer using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Adherent microbes were evaluated from colonic biopsies using 16s rRNA sequencing. The study population included 106 cases with MC and 215 controls. Compared with controls, the cases were older, better educated, and more likely to be female. Cases with MC had lower body mass index and were more likely to have lost weight. Subjects in the highest quartile of dietary calcium intake had a lower risk of MC compared with those in the lowest quartile (adjusted odds ratio 0.22, 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.76). The findings were not explained by dairy intake, body mass index, or weight loss. We found that dietary calcium intake had significant associations with the abundance of Actinobacteria and Coriobacteriales in the microbial community of colonic biopsies. Compared with patients with diarrhea, cases with MC had a lower intake of dietary calcium. Diet can be associated with alterations in the gut microbiota and with luminal factors that could affect the risk of MC.

Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of nutritional rickets – a multivariable re-analysis of a case-control study

BackgroundA multivariable logistic regression model resulting from a case-control study of nutritional rickets in Nigerian children suggested that higher levels of serum 25(OH)D may be required to prevent nutritional rickets in populations with low-calcium intakes. ObjectivesThis current study evaluates if adding serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] to that model shows that increased levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D are independently associated with risk of children on low-calcium diets having nutritional rickets. MethodsMultivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the association between serum 1,25(OH)2D and risk of having nutritional rickets in cases (n = 108) and controls (n = 115) after adjusting for age, sex, weight-for age z-score, religion, phosphorus intake and age began walking and the interaction between serum 25(OH)D and dietary calcium intake (Full Model). ResultsSerum 1,25(OH)2D levels were significantly higher (320 pmol/L vs. 280 pmol/L) (P = 0.002), and 25(OH)D levels were lower (33 nmol/L vs. 52 nmol/L) (P < 0.0001) in children with rickets than in control children. Serum calcium levels were lower in children with rickets (1.9 mmol/L) than in control children (2.2 mmol/L) (P < 0.001). Dietary calcium intakes were similarly low in both groups (212 mg/d) (P = 0.973). In the multivariable logistic model, 1,25(OH)2D was independently associated with risk of having rickets [coefficient = 0.007 (95% confidence limits: 0.002–0.011)] after adjusting for all variables in the Full Model. ConclusionsResults confirmed theoretical models that in children with low dietary calcium intake, 1,25(OH)2D serum concentrations are higher in children with rickets than in children without rickets. The difference in 1,25(OH)2D levels is consistent with the hypothesis that children with rickets have lower serum calcium concentrations which prompt the elevation of PTH levels resulting in an elevation of 1,25(OH)2D levels. These results support the need for additional studies to identify dietary and environmental risks for nutritional rickets.

An Egg Shell: A Nutritional Profile and Health Benefits

Calcium is one of the most fundamentally significant and essential component for the human body since it makes up the majority of the skeletal system in humans (98%). The goal of the present review study was to discuss calcium’s importance in everyday life, calcium absorption theories, eggshell (ES) deposition, and its nutritional makeup. There are two phases to ES formation. 5.5 grams of calcium carbonate, or about 95% of the dry ES, are present. One ES contains traces of sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, iron, and copper as well as 0.3% phosphorus, 0.3% magnesium, and sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese, and iron. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption; hence, calcium bioavailability is influenced by dietary calcium intake as well as vitamin D status. Calcium may reabsorb at a number of places along the nephron. Intestinal acidity (particularly for CaCO3 absorption), oestrogen, vitamin D, and soluble fibre/prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics are some of the elements that have been shown to favourably boost calcium absorption. Pulsed electric fields, high-energy milling, and electric discharge-assisted mechanical milling are relevant techniques that have been studied and might be used to extract calcium from ESs. Researchers looked at the health benefits of eggshells and different ways to get the calcium out of eggshells to see if they could be used to make a good calcium supplement.

Relationships between serum and dietary magnesium, calcium, and metabolic parameters in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Magnesium and calcium are essential minerals in several enzymatic activities that modulate essential biological functions. Hypomagnesemia occurs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially those with poor metabolic control. Dietary magnesium and calcium intake play a protective role in the development of T2DM. This research aimed to investigate the association of dietary and serum magnesium and calcium with metabolic control parameters in diabetic women. This case-control study was conducted on 80 women, including 40 patients diagnosed with T2DM and 40 healthy controls aged 35-60 years. Some anthropometric measurements of the individuals were taken, and their body mass index was calculated. In addition, some biochemical parameters, serum magnesium, and calcium were analyzed. A validated 96-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to obtain dietary magnesium and calcium intake data. Serum magnesium levels were lower in subjects with diabetes than in controls, and there was a similar incidence of hypomagnesemia in T2DM patients and controls, but not statistically significant (p>0.05). In T2DM patients, there was a statistically significant inverse association between HbA1c and serum magnesium (p<0.05). Dietary magnesium intake was inversely associated with HOMA-IR scores (p<0.05) but had a positive association with serum magnesium levels in patients with T2DM (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the calcium/magnesium ratio between T2DM patients and healthy controls (p>0.05). In a multiple linear regression analysis, dietary magnesium intake and HbA1c were found to be significantly related to altered serum magnesium in T2DM patients. The present findings suggest that lower serum magnesium levels were associated with higher HbA1c levels in subjects with T2DM. Increased dietary magnesium intake in T2DM may enhance HOMA-IR scores and serum magnesium levels.

Chemical Composition, but Not Specific Surface Area, Affects Calcium Retention of Nanostructured Calcium Compounds in Growing Rats

Background: Low dietary calcium intake and bioavailability may adversely affect bone health. Reducing the size of calcium compounds increases their specific surface area (SSA, expressed as m2/g) and may increase calcium dissolution and bioavailability.Objective: We investigated the influence of SSA and chemical composition on the bioavailability of calcium and compared in vitro calcium dissolution with in vivo absorption.Methods: Calcium dissolution was measured in 0.1 M phosphoric acid, whereas color and pH changes of foods were assessed as indicators for potential sensory performance. Calcium absorption, retention, and fractional retention were measured over a 5-d balance study in growing Sprague-Dawley male rats after 21 d of feeding. Femoral and vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and extensive tissue histology were assessed at study end. The influence of SSA on calcium bioavailability was assessed by comparing the groups fed pure calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with increasing SSAs of 3, 36, and 64 m2/g (CaCO3_3, CaCO3_36 and CaCO3_64), whereas chemical composition was assessed by comparing the smallest CaCO3_64, a 50:50 wt:wt percent solution mixture of CaCO3 and hydroxyapatite_94, and pure hydroxyapatite_100.Results: In vivo, fractional calcium retention from hydroxyapatite_100 (mean ± SEM: 54.86% ± 0.95%/5 d) was significantly greater than from CaCO3_64 (49.66% ± 1.15%/5 d) (P = 0.044). Increasing SSA of the pure CaCO3 did not significantly improve calcium retention. Across all 5 groups, there were no significant differences in BMD or tissue calcification by histology. In vitro calcium dissolution did not correlate with SSA or calcium absorption. In selected food matrixes, hydroxyapatite_100 caused less color change and/or smaller pH increase than did the other calcium compounds.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that chemical composition rather than SSA is a predictor of nanostructured calcium bioavailability and that in vitro dissolution of nanostructured calcium does not predict in vivo absorption. Although its phosphorus content may limit use in some populations, nanostructured hydroxyapatite may be a promising calcium compound for food fortification.

Development and validation of a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire that assesses the dietary intake related with dental health in children: A pilot study

This study aimed to develop a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that assess dietary intake related with dental health in children. Children, two-to-nine-years old, who consulted to a paediatric dental clinic for any reason, were recruited to complete the FFQ and 24-h recall, inquired oral hygiene habits, performed oral examinations, recorded dmft(s)/DMFT(S) index, and taken anthropometric measurements. The statistical methods used for validation were Wilcoxon signed rank test, Spearman ranked correlations, weighted kappa statistic and Bland-Altman graphs were drawn. Besides, intraclass and spearman correlation coefficients calculated for the reliability. A total of 120 children participated in to the first stage of the study while 70 participants completed the 4-month period. The Spearman correlation coefficient and weighted kappa values confirmed that the FFQ had moderate validation against the food records for lactose, calcium and phosphorus. Dietary fat, fibre, lactose, calcium, potassium, fluoride, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc intakes were negatively and statistically significantly correlated with DMFT and DMFS according to both FFQ and 24-h (p<0.05, for each). Furthermore, a positive correlation between DMFT/S and dietary carbohydrate, starch, polysaccharide and sucrose intakes was obtained. These results provide the preliminary evidence for the moderated reliability and validity of the FFQ; the higher DMFT and DMFS scores might be linked to lower dietary intakes of fat, fibre, lactose, calcium, potassium, fluorine, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc; and probably higher dietary intakes of carbohydrate, starch, polysaccharide and sucrose in children.

Personalized dietary advices provided by a dietitian increase calcium intake in outpatients with multiple sclerosis-Results from a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with osteoporosis, possibly due to neurological disability and decreased calcium intake. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a personalized nutritional advice program by a dietitian compared to the delivery of a standard advice form to optimize dietary calcium intake in outpatients with MS. We performed a randomized, controlled, parallel trial comparing the efficacy of a personalized dietary advice (PDA) program to standard advice form (SAF) to increase daily calcium intake in MS patients. The study population was composed by patients with relapsing-remitting MS aged 18-69 years old. PDA program consisted in dietary advice delivered by a dietitian at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months. Calcium and nutrient intake in patients from both groups was evaluated at baseline and 6 months using a dietary survey. Of the 194 patients screened for inclusion, 182 patients were included (79% female, median age of 42 years, and median EDSS of 2.0), and randomized to SAF (n = 92) or PDA (n = 90). At 6 months, median calcium intake increased by 241 mg/day in the PDA group and decreased by 120 mg/day in the SAF group (p < 0.0001). However, the median calcium intake was 947 mg/day in the SAF group and 778 mg/day in the PDA group at baseline (p = 0.0077), potentially favoring the effect of dietary advice. Complementary analyses focusing on patients with insufficient calcium intakes at baseline revealed comparable values in both groups (p = 0.69). Of those, patients included in the PDA group obtained significantly higher calcium intakes at 6 months than patients from the SAF group (p = 0.0086) independently of EDSS, PASAT, HADS and EQ-5D scores. This work shows the efficacy of dietary management based on personalized advice program over 3 months to durably increase calcium consumption in MS patients with insufficient calcium intake. clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02664623.

Evaluation of osteoporosis and related factors and quality of life of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and burnout status of parents

Background/Aim: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can negatively influence the lives of children and parents. Because it is a chronic disease, a complete recovery is not expected; additionally, children with JIA and their parents must cope with problems such as chronic pain, physical disability, school absenteeism, and social communication disorders. Children’s quality of life (QoL) may be affected by all these problems. Also, prolonged exposure to stress and failure to cope with stress may cause burnout syndrome in parents. The study aims to evaluate osteoporosis, QoL of children with JIA and the burnout status of caregivers. Methods: In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 30 patients aged 4–18 years, who were followed up for at least 6 months with the diagnosis of JIA, were included. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were recorded retrospectively. Daily dietary calcium intake and daily activity levels were questioned. The patients’ bone mineral densities (BMD) were measured by the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry method. Z scores below -2 were classified as the osteoporosis group, and those above -2 were classified as the non-osteoporosis group. The Turkish Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory validated and reliable in Turkish children was used to evaluate the QoL. Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to evaluate the burnout status of parents. Results: The mean age of patients was 12.6 (4.3) years. Osteoporosis was detected in 46.7% (n=14) cases. The mean age was higher (14.5 [3.7] in the osteoporosis group and 10.9 [4.1] in the non-osteoporosis group) (P=0.032) and the rate of oligoarticular JIA (7.1%), daily calcium intake (288 [168-456] mg/kg), and duration of activity (3 [2-6] hours) were lower in the osteoporosis group (P=0.039, P=0.043, P&lt;0.001, respectively). Among the QoL indicators, the physical health total score was the lowest. Emotional functionality scores decreased as the age increased (P=0.037) and increased as the BMD z-score increased (P=0.024). Emotional burnout, one of the parental burnout indicators, increased as the duration of illness increased (P=0.003), and the BMD z-score decreased (P=0.003). Depersonalization increased as the age increased (P=0.010) and the duration of the disease prolonged (P&lt;0.001) and increased as daily activity duration (P=0.032) and BMD z-score values decreased (P=0.002). Personal achievement decreased as the age increased (P=0.025) and the duration of illness (P=0.014), and the time spent watching television increased (P=0.030). Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization of the parents increased as the scores in any of the indicators of QoL decreased (P&lt;0.05 for each). The personal success of the parents increased as the scores in any of the indicators of QoL increased (P&lt;0.05 for each). All QoL indicators, except for social functionality and psychosocial health total score, were significantly lower in the group with osteoporosis. In addition, parents of children with osteoporosis had higher emotional burnout and depersonalization scores and lowered personal achievement scores (P&lt;0.05 for each). Conclusion: In the current study, we observed a decrease in the QoL of the children and burnout syndrome in the parents. It was found that the deterioration in children’s QoL indicators affected the burnout indicators of parents, and the presence of osteoporosis affected both QoL and parental burnout. Awareness of modifiable risk factors in children with JIA is very important. The disease and osteoporosis secondary to this disease can impair children's QoL and cause burnout in parents.

Assessment of serum Vit A, D and zinc nutritional status and related dietary and exercise behaviors of children and adolescents in rural and urban area.

Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents has a negative impact on their growth and development. This study aimed to learn the nutritional status of vitamin A and D among rural children and adolescents and to explore related dietary and exercise behaviors. A total of 10 counties (cities, districts) from 90 counties (cities, districts) in Zhejiang Province were selected by the method of random cluster sampling. Children and adolescents were investigated and their food and nutrient intake were calculated. The concentration of serum vitamin A in urban area was 0.38 ng/ml, which was higher than that in rural area (p < 0.05); while the concentration of serum vitamin D in urban area was 21.25 mg/L, which was lower than that in rural area (p < 0.05). The concentration of serum zinc was 101 μg/dl in urban area and 107 μg/dl in rural area (p < 0.05). The intake of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C was lower than the recommended value. In rural area, the intakes of cereals, tubers and beans, livestock, poultry and meat of children and adolescents were higher than the recommended values; while the intake of vegetables, fruits, eggs, milk, fish and shrimp, soybean and nuts was lower than the recommended value. The intake of edible oil and salt is higher than the recommended value. The time of medium and high intensity exercise time in rural area is more than that in urban area in the age group of 12-17 years, while the sitting time is less than that in urban area. Children and adolescents living in rural area should be guided to eat reasonably, and to choose foods with high nutrient density and with low oil, salt and sugar.

Nutritional intake of sport undergraduates in Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

BackgroundNutritional intake plays an important role in determining energy availability which is vital to health, wellbeing, and sports performance in an active population. This research assessed the sports undergraduates' nutritional intake compared to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and nutrition goals provided by WHO.MethodsThis study is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. One hundred and one (n = 101) sports undergraduates aged between 20 to 23 years were recruited and the nutrient intake was assessed using the three-day food diary method and quantified the macro and micronutrients by the food composition database. One sample t-test was performed to compare the mean nutrient intakes with the lowest recommendation values.ResultsThough most undergraduates were able to meet the dietary requirements in carbohydrates, they were deficient in their protein intake and exceeded in fats intake. Further, both male and female students were deficient in their daily energy intake (1723 kcal, 1607 kcal) and dietary fiber intake (8 g, 11 g). The saturated fat intake was met by all students while 20% of males and 21% of females exceeded the recommendations (< 10%). The micronutrient intake of vitamins such as C, B1, B2, B9, and B12 and minerals such as Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium, were significantly below the recommendations (p < 0.05) except for vitamin B3 niacin.ConclusionsProviding a nutritionally valuable meal is essentially required to maintain both physical and mental fitness. Our results revealed that the Sri Lankan sport science undergraduates do not have an adequate daily dietary intake of energy, proteins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and vitamins such as C, B1, B2, B9, and B12.

Evaluation of calcium intake levels and sources among pregnant women in a Chengdu hospital in 2017

Investigate and evaluate the levels and sources of calcium intake of pregnant women in Chengdu during three trimesters. Use the data of a cohort study in Chengdu in 2017. The healthy singleton pregnant women with 8-14 weeks of pregnancy in an obstetrical clinic of a maternal-and-child health care institution in Chengdu were selected as the object of the study. Data on maternal demographic characteristics and the use information of calcium supplements in the past month of each trimester were collected by questionnaire investigation. The dietary intakes data of pregnant women in each trimester was collected by the 3-day 24-hour dietary recall method. The dietary calcium intake and the contribution of calcium from different foods were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table(2018). The total calcium intake was obtained by adding the dietary calcium and supplement calcium intake. The calcium intake was evaluated with reference to the Chinese Dietary Nutrient Reference Intakes(2013). Valid samples of 1653 cases in early pregnancy, 1024 cases in middle pregnancy and 1017 cases in late pregnancy were finally included. The median intake of total calcium was 523.3, 1280.5 and 1491.3 mg/d in three trimesters, respectively. The adequate rate of total calcium intake was 16.3%, 63.2% and 67.1%, the insufficient rate was 69.0%, 15.7% and 11.2%, the excess rate was 0.2%, 9.1% and 14.4%, respectively. The median intake of dietary calcium was 453.0, 613.0 and 723.0 mg/d in three trimesters respectively. The dietary calcium adequate rates were 7.1%, 9.7% and 16.2%, the dietary calcium deficiency rates were 82.0%, 75.0%, 62.6%, respectively. The main food sources of dietary calcium in each pregnancy were dairy foods, vegetables, tubers and grains. The contribution of dairy foods to the dietary calcium was 33.8%, 37.7% and 40.2%, respectively. The median intake of milk was 125.0, 235.3 and 250.0 g/d, respectively. Among all pregnant women, the calcium supplement use in three trimesters was 36.2%, 93.4% and 91.7%, respectively; the median intake of supplement calcium was 0.0, 625.0 and 750.0 mg/d, respectively. Among pregnant women who met the dietary calcium standard, the use of calcium supplements in the three trimesters was 38.1%, 95.0% and 94.5%, respectively; the median intake of supplemental calcium was 0.0, 725.0 and 750.0 mg/d, respectively. The insufficient and excessive total calcium intake coexisted among pregnant women in Chengdu, with the insufficient dietary calcium intake prominent in all trimesters. The use of calcium supplements was common in middle and late pregnancy.

S-44-3: GENDER DIFFERENCE IN THE ASSOCIATION OF DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE WITH BLOOD PRESSURE: ANALYSIS OF THE NHANES 2017 - 2020

Background: Higher dietary calcium intake is associated with lower blood pressure. This association among different genders is unclear. Methods: A cross sectional study utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2017 to 2018 included participants ≧18 years old. The Association between the quartile of the dietary calcium intake and systolic and diastolic hypertension defined as three average measured systolic blood pressure ≧130 and diastolic blood pressure ≧80 mmHg, respectively was examined by multiple logistic regression. Results: Of 11,137 study participants, the mean ± SD age was 50 ± 19 years old and 51% were female. Up to 35% were White followed by Black, Asian, and other races. Median (interquartile range; IQR) dietary calcium intake of quartile 1 to quartile 4 were 21 (13, 33), 120 (83, 183), 233 (220, 293), and 625 (500, 959) mg/day, respectively. Average systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 124 ± 19 and 74 ± 12 mmHg, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower in women compared to men for every quartile 1 and 2 of dietary calcium intake, higher in quartile 3, and not different in quartile 4 (Figure 1A and 1B). Dietary calcium intake in quartiles 3 and 4 were significantly associated with 38% and 55% greater odds of systolic hypertension (odds ratio (OR) Q3 1.375, P 0.006, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.095, 1.728 and OR Q4 1.550, P &lt; 0.0001, 95%CI 1.249, 1.923), but not with diastolic hypertension. After adjusting for age, gender, race, body mass index, serum creatinine, urine albumin:creatinine ratio, dietary sodium and potassium intakes, and the interaction term between gender and dietary calcium intake, only dietary calcium intake in quartile 3 was significantly associated with 82% lower odds of systolic hypertension (adjusted OR Q3 0.164, P 0.005, 95%CI 0.047, 0.578), while the association was greater and in the same direction for quartile 4, but it was not statistically significant (adjusted OR Q4 0.341, P 0.120, 95%CI 0.087, 1.326). Although there was an inverse association between dietary calcium intake and diastolic hypertension, it was not statistically significant. Gender was identified as an effect modifier, with a stronger positive association between the dietary calcium intake and systolic hypertension observed in female participants (Pinteraction 0.028). Conclusions: Dietary calcium intake and systolic hypertension, but not diastolic hypertension is inversely associated with a different magnitude between women and men. Additional longitudinal studies are required to further evaluate this relationship.

Situation and trends in dietary minerals intakes of adults aged 18-35 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 1989-2018

To analyze the current situation and long term trends in minerals intakes from 1989 to 2018 in adults aged 18 to 35 years in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) of China. Based on the data of China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1989 to 2018. Adults aged 18 to 35 were selected as study subjects. According to the dietary survey result of 3-day 24-hour dietary review method and weighing accounting method, the mineral intake was calculated and analyzed. Nonparametric statistical method was used to analyze the trend of dietary minerals intake with years. Comparing the dietary minerals intake with the dietary reference intakes, the trend of the proportion of people at risk of insufficient dietary minerals intake was analyzed by Cochran-Armitage trend test. According to the different demographic characteristics in 2018, the minerals intake status and the proportion of people with insufficient dietary minerals intake were analyzed. In 2018, the median intakes of dietary minerals of adults were 302.96 mg/d of calcium, 887.91 mg/d of phosphorus, 1451.69 mg/d of potassium, 3760.09 mg/d of sodium, 238.50 mg/d of magnesium, 19.40 mg/d of iron, 9.91 mg/d of zinc, 43.54 μg/d of selenium, 1.41 mg/d of copper and 4.59 mg/d of manganese, respectively, with significant gender differences(P&lt;0.05). The intakes of dietary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium and copper in urban areas were significantly higher than those in rural areas(Z values were 3.00, 2.04 and 3.10, respectively, P&lt;0.05). The dietary intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, selenium and copper showed significant differences among regions, education levels and income levels. From 1989 to 2018, the dietary mineral intake of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese of adults aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) of China showed a downward trend, only selenium intake showed an upward trend, and the intake of men was higher than that of women. The proportion of people at risk of inadequate intake of dietary phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper showed an increasing trend year by year. In each survey year, the proportion of people at risk of insufficient calcium intake was more than 90%. From 1989 to 2018, there was a risk of insufficient intake of minerals in adults aged 18-35 in 15 provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities) in China, and the problem of inadequate calcium intake was serious.

Dietary micronutrient intake of children aged 2-5 years in China in 2019-2021

To describe dietary intake of calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and vitamin C and compare the intake between urban and rural areas among preschool children aged 2-5 years based on the data from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0-17 Years of Age in China. Children from 14 provinces were selected by multi-stage stratified random cluster sampling, and the dietary data of preschool children aged 2-5 years were recorded using the 3 day 24-hour weighted food records method. SAS 9.4 was used to calculate dietary intake of these micronutrients based on the Chinese Food Composition Table and to compare the intake between urban and rural areas. The risk of insufficient or excessive intake of micronutrients among Chinese children aged 2-5 years was assessed according to the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) 2013 edition. A total of 820 children aged 2 to 5 years were selected. The median daily dietary calcium intake of children aged 2-5 years in China was 433.7, 338.9, 356.4 and 347.4 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary intake of vitamin B_1 of children aged 2-5 years was 0.5 mg for all age groups. The median daily dietary vitamin B_2 intake of children aged 2-5 years was 0.7, 0.6, 0.6 and 0.6 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary intake of vitamin C of children aged 2-5 years was 37.9, 37.4, 44.0 and 40.0 mg, respectively. The median daily dietary selenium intake of children aged 2-5 years was 17.1, 20.5, 22.7 and 22.3 μg, respectively. Dietary calcium intake for aged 2-5 years, dietary vitamin B_2 intake for aged 2-4 years, dietary iron, selenium, zinc and vitamin B_1 intake for aged 2-3 years was significantly greater in urban children than rural children. Among all nutrients, the proportion of dietary calcium intakes below the estimated average requirement(EAR) was the highest in aged 2-5 years(61.4%, 76.4%, 91.4% and 91.5%, respectively). The proportions of dietary vitamin B_1, vitamin C and selenium intake lower than EAR of children aged 2-5 years in China were 52.4%-63.2%, 42.8%-50.2% and 46.6%-58.7%, respectively. The dietary calcium intake of children aged 2-5 years in China remains insufficient for these children, especially for rural children. Dietary vitamin B_1, vitamin C and selenium intake should be improved.

Dietary calcium intake in Brazilian preschoolers and schoolchhildren: review of the literature.

ABSTRACTObjective:The objective of this study was to map and synthesize evidence on the adequacy of dietary calcium intake and dairy products in Brazilian preschoolers and schoolchildren.Data source:Evidence searches were performed in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS; via BVS) databases, with no restriction on date or language of publication. Experimental or observational studies that evaluated healthy Brazilian children between 2 and 12 incomplete years old were included.Data synthesis:A total of 18 studies were included. Seven of 11 studies of 11 studies (63.6%) identified mean values of dietary calcium intake below the age recommendation, especially in schoolchildren, with the progression of the age group. Among preschoolers, studies with direct weighing of food showed higher mean values of dietary calcium ingested compared to those with dietary recall. Children attending public daycare centers on a part-time basis tended to have inadequate calcium intake. The consumption of milk and dairy products was lower among older children, especially schoolchildren.Conclusions:Inadequate dietary calcium intake seems to be prevalent in Brazil during childhood, especially among schoolchildren. Therefore, the evaluation of milk and dairy products intake must be considered in order to desgn appropriate corrective actions.