Dietary Fiber Method Research Articles

Characterization of the structural, physicochemical, and functional properties of soluble dietary fibers obtained from the peanut shell using different extraction methods.

To propose a possible solution for a peanut by-product, peanut shell (PS), this study evaluated the effects of different methods, including enzymatic extraction (E-SDF), microwave extraction (M-SDF), and pulsed electric field extraction (PEF-SDF), on the characterization of soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) from PS. We determined the physicochemical properties, including water- and oil-holding capacities (WHC and OHC), emulsifying properties, rheological properties, functional properties, including pancreatic lipase activity inhibition (PRAI), glucose and cholesterol adsorption capacities (GAC and CAC), and the structural properties of SDFs. The results showed that PEF-SDF possessed the highest WHC, OHC, and emulsifying properties. M-SDF and PEF-SDF appeared to have more complex and porous structures, and they showed small molecular weights. Notably, PEF-SDF showed the strongest capacities in CAC, GAC, and PRAI. The results indicate that PEF-SDF is a potential SDF preparation method for a promising dietary fiber (DF) source, PS.

Effect of humic acid substances on proteolytic activity in intestine, digestibility of crude protein and protein content in the blood of broiler chickens

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-18 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31 https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.159-163 The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary intake of humic substances (HS) on the proteolytic activity and the digestibility of crude protein (CP) measured as the apparent assimilable mass coefficient of CP corrected for protein catabolism (AMC N ) in the intestine as well as on the total protein and albumin content in the serum of broiler chickens (Cobb 500, n=120). Chickens (groups A, B, C / negative control) were fed with mixtures with CP (g.kg -1 DM) – Hyd1 230.20 (d 1-7), Hyd2 222.20 (d 8-28), Hyd3 209.40 (d 29-37) for 37 days. The humic substances were added into diets of experimental groups in the feed additive according to the content of humic/fulvic acids (HA/FA; g.kg -1 ) A 4.55/0.35, B 3.99/0.35, C 2.85/0.25. The body weights and feed consumption were measured once a week. The average daily weight gains and the feed conversion ratio were calculated. The dietary intake of HS had a positive effect on the increase of proteolytic activities in the intestinal apparatus and caused the significant enhancement of AMC N of birds from experimental groups on days 17, 24 and 31. However, the values of the total protein and the albumin in the serum were significantly decreased in the groups after intake of HA/FA 4.55/0.35 or 3.99/0.35 in the feed. Keywords: gut of poultry, humates, enzymatic activity, crude protein, albumin References Arif, M. et al. (2016). Impacts of dietary humic acid supplementation on growth performance, some blood metabolites and carcass traits of broiler chicks. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences , 86(9), 1073–1078. Broderick, G. A. (1987). Determination of protein degradation rates using a rumen in vitro system containing inhibitors of microbial nitrogen metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition, 58(3), 463–475. 10.1079/bjn19870114 Carvalho, L. H. M., De Koe, T. and Tavares, P. B. (1998). An improved molybdenum blue method for simultaneous determination of inorganic phosphate and arsenate. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Restoration, 1(1), 13–19. Cunniff, P. (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 16th edn., Arlington, Va, USA: AOAC International. Daněk, P., Paseka, A., Smola, J., Ondráček, J., Bečková, R. and Rozkot, M. (2005). Influence of lecithin emulsifier on the utilisation of nutrients and growth of piglets after weaning. Czech Journal of Animal Science , 50, 459–465. https://doi.org/10.17221/4245-CJAS European Commission (2009). Commission Regulation (EC) No 152/2009 of 27 January 2009 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of feed. Official Journal of European Union , 54, 1–130. Gomez-Rosales, S. and Angeles, M. D. (2015). Addition of a worm leachate as source of humic substances in the drinking water of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences , 28(2), 215–222. 10.5713/ajas.14.0321 Grieninger, G. and Granick, S. (1975). Synthesis and differentiation of plasma proteins in cultured embryonic chicken liver cells: a system for study of regulation of protein synthesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, 72(12), 5007–5011. 10.1073/pnas.72.12.5007 Gugliemo C. G. and Karasov W. H. (1993). Endogenous mass and energy losses in ruffed grouse. The Auk, 110(2), 386–390. Jamdar, S. N., Harikumar, P. (2005). Autolytic degradation of chicken intestinal proteins. Bioresource Technol. , 96(11), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.10.014 Kočí, Š. et al. (1994). The nutrient requirements and nutrient value of feeds for poultry. 1. ed.1 Nitra: Research institute of animal production, 46 pp. McMurphy, C. P., Duff, G. C., Sanders, S. R., Cuneo, S. P. and Chirase, N. K. (2011). Effects of supplementing humates on rumen fermentation in Holstein steers. South African Journal of Animal Science , 41(2), 134–140. 10.4314/sajas.v41i2.71017 Ozturk, E. et al. (2014). Performance, meat quality, meat mineral contents and caecal microbial population responses to humic substances administered in drinking water in broilers. British Poultry Science , 55(5), 668–674. 10.1080/00071668.2014.960807 Van Loon, J. C. (1980). Analytical Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Selected methods. New York: Academic press, 337 pp. Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. and Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583–3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 Windisch, W. et al. (2008). Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Science , 86(14 Suppl), E140-E148. 10.2527/jas.2007-0459

Low doses of lactoferrin supplementation in weaning calves

Low doses of lactoferrin supplementation in weaning calves

A study on the analytical methods for total dietary fiber in fructan-containing foods

The fructans, inulin and oligofructose, were known to possess many of the physiologic properties of dietary fiber (DF). However, they were not listed as DF on labels of foods that contained them, because they cannot be completely recovered by the precipitate of AOAC enzymatic-gravimetric method. The main goal of this study was therefore to develop a quantitative method for total DF in fructan-containing foods. Evaluation was carefully done by combining AOAC 985.29 DF method and AOAC 999.03 fructans method. In addition to three commercial fructan products, asparagus and tea drink samples were selected and spiked with fructans to carry out the method validation. The results were all in excellent agreement with the expected values. Also, associated precision and measurement uncertainties were evaluated as well. Recoveries by the proposed method ranged from 97.02% to 101.35%, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.63-1.17%. Total DF content was more accurate for combined method than either from AOAC 985.29 only or the sum of determining values from AOAC 985.29 plus AOAC 999.03.

Chemical composition, structural and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber obtained from coffee peel using different extraction methods

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical, enzymatic, chemical–enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted enzymatic, and shear emulsifying-assisted enzymatic extraction methods on the physicochemical, structural, and functional properties of soluble dietary fiber from coffee peel. We found that the highest extraction yield of soluble dietary fiber was obtained using the shear emulsifying-assisted enzymatic method, and that similar protein contents were obtained from coffee peel using the enzymatic and shear emulsifying-assisted enzymatic methods. Compared with the other extraction methods, shear emulsifying-assisted enzymatic processing resulted in a higher water-holding capacity (7.05 g/g) and oil-holding capacity (3.61 g/g), but a lower emulsifying capacity (58.50%) when compared with that of chemical, enzymatic, and chemical-enzymatic processings. The soluble dietary fiber obtained from coffee peel using shear emulsifying-assisted enzymatic extraction was also characterized by the highest glucose absorption activity (228.06 mg/g), and enzymatic processing resulted in the highest nitrite ion absorption capacity (10.09 mg/g, pH = 2). These results indicated that shear emulsifying-assisted enzymatic extraction method was the most appropriate extraction method for coffee peel soluble dietary fiber.

Measurement of available carbohydrates, digestible, and resistant starch in food ingredients and products

AbstractBackground and objectivesThe importance of selectively measuring available and unavailable carbohydrates in the human diet has been recognized for over 100 years. The levels of available carbohydrates in diets can be directly linked to major diseases of the Western world, namely Type II diabetes and obesity. Methodology for measurement of total carbohydrates by difference was introduced in the 1880s, and this forms the basis of carbohydrate determination in the United States. In the United Kingdom, a method to directly measure available carbohydrates was introduced in the 1920s to assist diabetic patients with food selection. The aim of the current work was to develop simple, specific, and reliable methods for available carbohydrates and digestible starch (and resistant starch). The major component of available carbohydrates in most foods is digestible starch.FindingsSimple methods for the measurement of rapidly digested starch, slowly digested starch, total digestible starch, resistant starch, and available carbohydrates have been developed, and the digestibility of phosphate cross‐linked starch has been studied in detail. The resistant starch procedure developed is an update of current procedures and incorporates incubation conditions with pancreatic α‐amylase (PAA) and amyloglucosidase (AMG) that parallel those used AOAC Method 2017.16 for total dietary fiber. Available carbohydrates are measured as glucose, fructose, and galactose, following complete and selective hydrolysis of digestible starch, maltodextrins, maltose, sucrose, and lactose to glucose, fructose, and galactose. Sucrose is hydrolyzed with a specific sucrase enzyme that has no action on fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS).ConclusionsThe currently described “available carbohydrates” method together with the total dietary fiber method (AOAC Method 2017.16) allows the measurement of all carbohydrates in food products, including digestible starch.Significance and noveltyThis paper describes a simple and specific method for measurement of available carbohydrates in cereal, food, and feed products. This is the first method that provides the correct measurement of digestible starch and sucrose in the presence of FOS. Such methodology is essential for accurate labeling of food products, allowing consumers to make informed decisions in food selection.

Application of dietary fiber method AOAC 2011.25 in fruit and comparison with AOAC 991.43 method

AOAC 2011.25 method enables the quantification of most of the dietary fiber (DF) components according to the definition proposed by Codex Alimentarius. This study aimed to compare the DF content in fruits analyzed by the AOAC 2011.25 and AOAC 991.43 methods. Plums (Prunus salicina), atemoyas (Annona x atemoya), jackfruits (Artocarpus heterophyllus), and mature coconuts (Cocos nucifera) from different Brazilian regions (3 lots/fruit) were analyzed for DF, resistant starch, and fructans contents. The AOAC 2011.25 method was evaluated for precision, accuracy, and linearity in different food matrices and carbohydrate standards. The DF contents of plums, atemoyas, and jackfruits obtained by AOAC 2011.25 was higher than those obtained by AOAC 991.43 due to the presence of fructans. The DF content of mature coconuts obtained by the same methods did not present a significant difference. The AOAC 2011.25 method is recommended for fruits with considerable fructans content because it achieves more accurate values.

Calculating the energy value meadow hay - NEL, based solely on the NDF and compared with commonly used calculations NEL

DOI: 10.15414/afz.2015.18.04.95–98 Received 9. July 2015 ǀ Accepted 28. August 2015 ǀ Available online 7. December 2015 In our study was compare the accuracy of prediction of the energy value NEL of meadow hay. Predictive equations calculated from the results of our monitoring is NEL = 12.9085 - 0.1276x, where x = the NDF. Values of prediction equation which we calculated is comparable with the values indicated by the other authors. The great advantage of our prediction equation is the unpretentiousness of its calculation. Own calculation of NEL requires more analytically determined values. The number of analysis needed to calculate predictive equations and the time needed for all analysis is in our determination in the prediction of NEL, big advantage. It is further enhanced by lower finance costs. Keywords : meadow hay, prediction of the energy, NEL, NDF References HARRIS B. JR. (1993) Nonstructural and structural carbohydrates in dairy cattle rations. [Online] University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Available at http://ufdc.ufl.edu/U8566/00001/1j. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. ISHLER V., HEINRICHS J. and VARGA G. (1996) From feed to milk: Understanding rumen fiction. [Online] Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Available at: http://extension.psu.edu/animals/dairy/nutrition/nutrition-and-feeding/rumen-function/from-feed-to-milk-understanding-rumen-function. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. ISHLER, V. and VARGA, G. (2007) Carbohydrate nutrition for lactating dairy cattle: Information and tools to assist in managing dairy nutrition, including resources on forages, pasture, heifers, and calves. [Online] Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. Available at: http://www.das.psu.edu/research-extension/dairy/nutrition/pdf/chonutrition.pdf. [Accessed: 2015-06-10]. LINN J. G. and MARTIN N. P., (1999) Forage Quality Test and Interpretations. In: Mendenhall, K. (ed.) 2009. The organic dairy handbook: a comprehensive guide for the transition and beyond. Cobleskill, NY: Northeast Organic Farming Association of New York. Available at: http://www.nofany.org/organic-farming/technical-assistance/organic-dairy . [Accessed: 2015-07-12]. MIKA V. et al. (1998) Forage quality. Praha: UZPI (in Czech). MUDŘIK, Z. et al. (2006) Foundations of modern cattle nutrition. Prague: CZU (in Czech). NRC (2001) Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 7th revised edition. Washington: National Reserach Council. NOCEK, J. E. and RUSSELL, J. B. (1988) Protein and Energy as an Integrated System. Relationship of Ruminal Protein and Carbohydrate Availability to Microbial Synthesis and Milk Production. In J. Dairy Sci., vol. 71, pp. 2070-2107. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79782-9 POND, W. G. et al. (2005) Basic animal nutrition and feeding. 5th edition. New York: Wiley. SOMMER, A. et al. (1994) Nutrient requirements and nutritive value tables for ruminants. Pohořelice: VUVZ (in Czech). UNDERSANDER, D. et al. (1993) Forage analyses procedures. Madison: National Forage Testing Association. VAN SOEST, P. J., ROBERTSON, J.B. and LEWIS, B.A. (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. In J. Dairy Sci, vol. 74: 35 pp. 83-3597. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 VENCL, B. et al. (1991) The new evaluation systems for cattle feeds. Praha: AZV CSFR (in Czech). WEISS, P. H. (2010) Refining the net energy system WCDS. In Advances in Dairy Technology, vol. 22, pp. 191-202. ZEMAN, L. et al.(1995). Catalog of feeds (tables of feeds nutritional values). Pohořelice: VUVZ (in Czech)

Determination of total dietary fibre and available carbohydrates: A rapid integrated procedure that simulates in vivo digestion

The new definition of dietary fibre introduced by Codex Alimentarius in 2008 includes resistant starch and the option to include non‐digestible oligosaccharides. Implementation of this definition required new methodology. An integrated total dietary fibre method was evaluated and accepted by AOAC International and AACC International (AOAC Methods 2009.01 and 2011.25; AACC Method 32–45.01 and 32–50.01, and recently adopted by Codex Alimentarius as a Type I Method. However, in application of the method to a diverse range of food samples and particularly food ingredients, some limitations have been identified. One of the ongoing criticisms of this method was that the time of incubation with pancreatic α‐amylase/amyloglucosidase mixture was 16 h, whereas the time for food to transit through the human small intestine was likely to be approximately 4 h. In the current work, we use an incubation time of 4 h, and have evaluated incubation conditions that yield resistant starch and dietary values in line with ileostomy results within this time frame. Problems associated with production, hydrolysis and chromatography of various oligosaccharides have been addressed resulting in a more rapid procedure that is directly applicable to all foods and food ingredients currently available.

Lignin in plant biomasses: comparative metrological assessment of the detergent fiber and the insoluble dietary fiber methods

The detergent fiber and the insoluble dietary fiber methods were compared to quantitate lignin in commelinid and non-commelinid magnoliophyta biomasses. This comparison was based on the precision of these methods and on the correlation between these methods. The present study showed that the insoluble dietary fiber method was more reliable to quantitate lignin because of its higher precision and smaller bias, as compared to the detergent fiber method. Nevertheless, the less tedious and resource consuming detergent fiber method can reliably be used to predict the results of the insoluble dietary fiber method with the correction factors determined in this paper. These correction factors of commelinid biomasses are distinctive of those of non-commelinid magnoliophyta biomasses. The lignin content should be corrected for protein-like compounds, otherwise lignin is significantly overestimated. Owing to these correction factors, the biofuel (e.g. cellulosic ethanol and biomethanation production), bio-based chemicals and feed sectors can use the detergent fiber method to rapidly and reliably estimate the available amounts of lignin of plant biomasses and rank them according to their suitability to be converted based on their lignin content.

Structural carbohydrates in a plant biomass: correlations between the detergent fiber and dietary fiber methods.

We compared the detergent fiber and dietary fiber methods to analyze the cellulose and hemicellulose contents of commelinid and non-commelinid magnoliophyta biomass. A good linear correlation was found between both methods. Compared to the more accurate dietary fiber method, the detergent fiber method overestimates the content of cellulose, whereas the detergent fiber method, as compared to the dietary fiber method, overestimates and underestimates the hemicellulose content in commelinid and non-commelinid magnoliophyta biomass, respectively. Because of the good linear correlations, conversion factors were determined to predict the cellulose, hemicellulose, and xylan contents to be expected from the dietary fiber method, on the basis of analyses made by the faster, cheaper, and more commonly practiced detergent fiber method. Nevertheless, the dietary fiber method offers the advantage of providing the detailed composition of the hemicelluloses (xylan, arabinan, hemicellulosic glucan, galactan, and mannan), and that is of interest for biorefining purposes.

CODEX-aligned dietary fiber definitions help to bridge the 'fiber gap'.

A comprehensive dietary fiber (DF) definition was adopted by the CODEX Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about DF, (2) to recognize that all substances that behave like fiber regardless of how they are produced can be named as DF if they show physiological benefits, and (3) to promote international harmonization for food labeling and food composition tables. This review gives the history and evolution of the state of DF knowledge as looked at by refinements in DF methods and definitions subsequent to the launch of the DF hypothesis. The refinements parallel both interventional and epidemiological research leading to better understanding of the role of DF in contributing to the numerous physiological benefits imparted by all the various digestion resistant carbohydrates. A comparison of the CODEX definition (including its footnote that authorizes the inclusion of polymers with DP 3–9) and approved CODEX Type 1 methods with other existing definitions and methods will point out differences and emphasize the importance of adoption of CODEX-aligned definitions by all jurisdictions. Such harmonization enables comparison of nutrition research, recommendations, food composition tables and nutrition labels the world over. A case will be made that fibers are analogous to vitamins, in that they vary in structure, function and amount needed, but each when present in the right amount contributes to optimal health. Since the intake of DF is significantly below recommended levels throughout the world, the recognition that ‘all fibers fit’ is an important strategy in bridging the ‘fiber gap’ by enfranchising and encouraging greater intake of foods with inherent and added DF. Fortifying foods with added DF makes it easier to increase intakes while maintaining calories at recommended levels.

The effect of dietary carbohydrate composition on apparent total tract digestibility, feed mean retention time, nitrogen and water balance in horses

A total of four diets with different carbohydrate composition were investigated in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment with four Norwegian Coldblooded trotter horses. The objective of the present study was to increase the fermentable fibre content and reduce the starch intake of the total ration obtained by partly substituting mature hay and barley with sugar beet pulp (SBP), a soluble fibre source. The diets investigated were hay only (HAY), hay (85% of dry matter intake (DMI)) and molassed SBP (15% of DMI) (SBP), hay (68% of DMI) and barley (32% of DMI) (BAR), and hay (68% of DMI), barley (26% of DMI) and SBP (6% of DMI) (BAR+SBP). The feeding level was 18.5, 17.3, 15.7 and 15.7 g DM/kg BW per day for the HAY, SBP, BAR and BAR+SBP diets, respectively. Each diet was fed for 18 days followed by 10 days of data collection, where apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), total mean retention time (TMRT) of ytterbium-labelled hay, water balance, digestible energy (DE) intake and nitrogen balance were measured. An enzymatic chemical dietary fibre (DF) method was used to get detailed information on the composition and ATTD of the fibre fraction. Inclusion of SBP in the diet increased the ATTD of the constituent sugars galactose and arabinose (P<0.01). Feeding the HAY and SBP diets resulted in a lower TMRT owing to a higher DF intake than the BAR and BAR+SBP diets (P<0.01). There was no difference in water intake between HAY and SBP, but faecal dry matter was lower for HAY than the other diets (P=0.017), indicating that water was more tightly bound to fibre in the HAY diet. The diets were iso-energetic and provided enough DE and protein for light to moderate exercise for a 550 kg horse. In conclusion, this study showed that the DF intake had a larger effect on TMRT than partly substituting hay or barley with SBP, and that highly fermentable pectin-rich soluble DF from SBP maintains high nutrient utilization in horses.

Response to the Views and Opinions of Maningat, Seib, and Bassi Regarding McCleary et al (2013)

ABSTRACTPhosphate cross‐linked starch, referred to as resistant starch 4 (RS4) is hydrolyzed much more rapidly under physiological conditions (i.e., pH 6, 37°C, pancreatic α‐amylase) than under the conditions used in AOAC dietary fiber method 985.29/AACC International Approved Method 32‐45.01 (the Prosky method), in which samples are incubated with thermostable bacterial α‐amylase at 95–100°C. For this reason, the author concludes that the Prosky method overestimates the dietary fiber content of these materials. A more accurate estimate of dietary fiber content is obtained with AOAC Method 2009.01/AACCI Approved Method 32‐45.01.

Dietary Fiber Methods in Codex Alimentarius: Current Status and Ongoing Discussions

Currently there are multiple Type I methods for dietary fiber analysis, which conflicts with the principles of the Codex Procedural Manual. While not ideal, the Committee on Methods of Analysis and Sampling (CCMAS) is using the most recent scientific evidence to simplify and aid those involved in dietary fiber testing. The Codex Alimentarius is progressing using input from experts in dietary fiber method research. Harmonizing an internationally accepted definition for dietary fiber has been a large undertaking. Some authorities have accepted this fairly recent definition, whereas others have not commented on the topic for a number of years. To ensure the most appropriate test method is used, analysts, laboratory managers, and others analyzing foods for dietary fiber need to understand how and where the results from the testing will be used and any legal implications that may arise. While the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is working toward a single analytical method commensurate with its definition, ...

Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits.

The health benefits of dietary fiber have long been appreciated. Higher intakes of dietary fiber are linked to less cardiovascular disease and fiber plays a role in gut health, with many effective laxatives actually isolated fiber sources. Higher intakes of fiber are linked to lower body weights. Only polysaccharides were included in dietary fiber originally, but more recent definitions have included oligosaccharides as dietary fiber, not based on their chemical measurement as dietary fiber by the accepted total dietary fiber (TDF) method, but on their physiological effects. Inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, and other oligosaccharides are included as fiber in food labels in the US. Additionally, oligosaccharides are the best known “prebiotics”, “a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-bring and health.” To date, all known and suspected prebiotics are carbohydrate compounds, primarily oligosaccharides, known to resist digestion in the human small intestine and reach the colon where they are fermented by the gut microflora. Studies have provided evidence that inulin and oligofructose (OF), lactulose, and resistant starch (RS) meet all aspects of the definition, including the stimulation of Bifidobacterium, a beneficial bacterial genus. Other isolated carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing foods, including galactooligosaccharides (GOS), transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS), polydextrose, wheat dextrin, acacia gum, psyllium, banana, whole grain wheat, and whole grain corn also have prebiotic effects.

Evaluation of fiber concentration in dry and canned commercial diets formulated for adult maintenance or all life stages of dogs by use of crude fiber and total dietary fiber methods

To assess differences among reported maximum crude fiber (CF), measured CF, and measured total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations, and determine fiber composition in dry and canned nontherapeutic diets formulated for adult maintenance or all life stages of dogs. Prospective cross-sectional study. Dry (n = 20) and canned (20) nontherapeutic canine diets. Reported maximum CF concentrations were obtained from product labels. Concentrations of CF and TDF were measured in samples of the diets for comparison. For each diet, percentages of TDF represented by insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and soluble dietary fiber (SDF) were determined. For dry or canned diets, the median reported maximum CF concentration was significantly greater than the median measured value. Measured CF concentration was significantly lower than measured TDF concentration for all diets. Median percentage of TDF (dry-matter basis) in dry and canned diets was 10.3% and 6.5%, respectively (overall range, 3.9% to 25.8%). Fiber composition in dry and canned diets differed; median percentage of TDF provided by IDF (dry-matter basis) was 83.4% in dry diets and 63.6% in canned diets. Among the evaluated diets, measured CF concentration underrepresented measured TDF concentration. Diets provided a wide range of TDF concentration, and proportions of IDF and SDF were variable. In the absence of information regarding TDF concentration, neither reported maximum nor measured CF concentration appears to be a particularly reliable indicator of fiber concentration and composition of a given canine diet.

Improvement of the AOAC 2009.01 total dietary fibre method for bread and other high starch containing matrices

The dietary fibre (DF) content in wheat grain based food products have been established with both the classical AOAC 985.29 dietary fibre and the new AOAC 2009.01 total dietary fibre protocol. There is a good agreement between the high molecular weight dietary fibre (HMWDF) contents measured with the AOAC 2009.01 method and (DF) content measured with the classical AOAC 985.29 method in wheat grain based food products. With the AOAC 2009.01 method also a significant amount of low molar weight dietary fibre (LMWDF), ranging from 1% to 3% w/w, was measured which is not quantified with the AOAC 985.29 method.With semi-preparative GPC the LMWDF (DP⩾3) fractions in the wheat grain based food products were isolated. The monosaccharide composition of the dissolved LMWDF constituents was determined. Glucose was by far the most abundant monosaccharide present with arabinose, galactose, xylose and mannose as minor constituents.It appeared that the LMWDF contains still not fully converted digestible starch/malto-oligosaccharide fragments with DP⩾3, which are erroneously quantified as LMWDF. By introducing an extra AMG hydrolysis step in the AOAC 2009.01 protocol after evaporation of the ethanol and dissolving the residue in deionised water, these malto-oligosaccharides are fully hydrolysed resulting in that way in a correct and lower LMWDF content.

On the Use of the Horwitz Ratio (HorRat) as an Acceptance Criterion for Dietary Fiber Collaborative Studies

The quest for optimum methodology for any analyte often includes a study of the method in multiple independent laboratories. Evaluation of the results of these studies is typically subjective; however, various attempts have been made to increase the objectivity of the evaluation. Among the objective propositions is the use of the Horwitz Ratio (HorRat) as applied to collaborative study statistics. A historical review of fiber method validation studies performed since 1940 shows that the Horwitz curve does not effectively predict the results of dietary fiber collaborative studies, either retrospectively or prospectively. Consequently, use of the HorRat as a criterion for accepting or rejecting dietary fiber methods is contraindicated. An alternative, objective statistical approach is proposed that may also apply to collaborative studies of other empirical analytical methods in general.

Chemical and physicochemical characterisation of various horse feed ingredients

There is an increasing need for identifying energy dense fibre rich feed ingredients, because starch has shown to cause detrimental health problems in sports horses. This study aimed at evaluating feeds considered to be suitable for horses by use of comprehensive carbohydrate analytical methods. Eighteen feeds of diverse botanical origin ranging from apple pulp, root crops, cereal grains and roughages were analysed for dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, carbohydrates and lignin. Carbohydrates were analysed for sugar, starch, fructans, oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) using enzymatic-chemical methods and lignin by gravimetry. The results for total dietary fibre (DF) were compared with conventional crude fibre (CF) and neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom) methods. The physicochemical properties were quantified based on swelling and water binding capacity (WBC). Between 755g and 970g/kg DM was detected. The highest total sugar content was measured in root crops with 803g/kg DM in raw sugar beet followed by 581g/kg DM in carrots. The starch content ranged between 343g/kg DM and 754g/kg DM in cereal grains. The DF method detected (P≤0.04) more NSP as compared to the aNDFom and CF methods. The greatest difference between the DF and aNDFom methods was found in root crops and apple pulp in which the soluble non-cellulosic polysaccharides (S-NCP) fraction made up 350–581g/kg of total NSP. The physicochemical properties were compared to fibre content and were associated to WBC (P=0.04). The correlation ranged from 0.52 to 0.53 for WBC and from 0.03 to 0.16 for swelling. The S-NCP fraction is lost in the aNDFom and CF methods due to solubilisation, which explains the higher recovery of total NSP by the DF method. This illustrates that a feed's potential as a fibre source may be underestimated depending on the analytical method. Quantifying the soluble NCP fraction is beneficial as it has been shown to have health beneficial properties and contributes to the total energy supply. These results suggest that the DF method should be used when evaluating feeds for horses.