Effect Of Dietary Fat Research Articles

Plant and Animal Fat Intake and Overall and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality

The impact of dietary fat intake on long-term human health has attracted substantial research interest, and the health effects of diverse dietary fats depend on available food sources. Yet there is a paucity of data elucidating the links between dietary fats from specific food sources and health. To study associations of dietary plant and animal fat intake with overall mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. This large prospective cohort study took place in the US from 1995 to 2019. The analysis of men and women was conducted in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Data were analyzed from February 2021 to May 2024. Specific food sources of dietary fats and other dietary information were collected at baseline, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 24-year adjusted absolute risk differences (ARDs) were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression. The analysis included 407 531 men and women (231 881 [56.9%] male; the mean [SD] age of the cohort was 61.2 [5.4] years). During 8 107 711 person-years of follow-up, 185 111 deaths were ascertained, including 58 526 CVD deaths. After multivariable adjustment (including adjustment for the relevant food sources), a greater intake of plant fat (HRs, 0.91 and 0.86; adjusted ARDs, -1.10% and -0.73%; P for trend < .001), particularly fat from grains (HRs, 0.92 and 0.86; adjusted ARDs, -0.98% and -0.71%; P for trend < .001) and vegetable oils (HRs, 0.88 and 0.85; adjusted ARDs, -1.40% and -0.71%; P for trend < .001), was associated with a lower risk for overall and CVD mortality, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintile. In contrast, a higher intake of total animal fat (HRs, 1.16 and 1.14; adjusted ARDs, 0.78% and 0.32%; P for trend < .001), dairy fat (HRs, 1.09 and 1.07; adjusted ARDs, 0.86% and 0.24%; P for trend < .001), or egg fat (HRs, 1.13 and 1.16; adjusted ARDs, 1.40% and 0.82%; P for trend < .001) was associated with an increased risk for mortality for overall and CVD mortality, respectively, comparing the highest to the lowest quintile. Replacement of 5% energy from animal fat with 5% energy from plant fat, particularly fat from grains or vegetable oils, was associated with a lower risk for mortality: 4% to 24% reduction in overall mortality, and 5% to 30% reduction in CVD mortality. The findings from this prospective cohort study demonstrated consistent but small inverse associations between a higher intake of plant fat, particularly fat from grains and vegetable oils, and a lower risk for both overall and CVD mortality. A diet with a high intake of animal-based fat, including fat from dairy foods and eggs, was also shown to be associated with an elevated risk for both overall and CVD mortality.

The Relationship of Fatty Acid Consumption with Total Cholesterol Level in Coronary Artery Disease Patients

Coronary artery disease is one of the significant causes of death and is still a health problem for developed and developing countries. Increased cholesterol in the blood is caused by heredity and high-fat consumption. The effect of dietary fat on artery disease is related to the impact of fatty acid components and cholesterol on blood cholesterol. This study aims to determine the relationship between consumption of Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA), Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA), and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) with total cholesterol levels in patients with coronary artery disease. The research design used was descriptive-analytic in clinical nutrition with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were 405 patients with coronary artery disease at the artery clinic of RSUD Dr. M. Yunus Bengkulu. The sample was 32 patients collected using a purposive sampling technique. Using the Chi-Square test, data analysis was used to determine the relationship between the consumption of SFA, MUFA, and PUFA with total cholesterol levels in patients with coronary artery disease. The study's results found a significant relationship between SFA consumption and coronary artery disease. Still, conversely, there was no significant relationship between MUFA and PUFA consumption with total cholesterol level in coronary artery disease patients, namely that SFA consumption was inadequate (p-value = 0.043, OR = 0.407), inadequate MUFA consumption (p-value = 0.710), and inadequate of PUFA consumption (p-value= 0.465). Saturated fatty acids are related to total cholesterol in coronary artery disease while conversely to monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Effects of different dietary fats on biological characteristics of Coccinella septempunctata L

The study aims to provide a basis for the large-scale artificial breeding of Coccinella septempunctata, the composition of an artificial diet for the ladybird was optimised by adding different fats to the diet. The effects of different dietary fats on the biology of ladybirds were evaluated by supplementing artificial diets with fats. The results show that the coconut, palm, perilla, linseed, lard and sesame oils should not be added to the artificial diet of ladybird larvae because of deleterious effects on ladybirds. The addition of 6 g olive oil (3 % of diet weight) improved larvae survival rate, and the addition of 4 g beef tallow (2 % of diet weight) increased ladybird pupation and emergence rates. In adult stage, the addition of 4 g coconut oil (2 % of diet weight) improved survival rates. Whereas 2–4 g olive oil (1–2 % of diet weight), 2–6 g lard (1–3 % of diet weight) and 6 g beef tallow oil (3 % of diet weight) improved oviposition and hatchability. In conclusion, the demand for fats is different in the larval and adult stages of the C. septempunctata. The findings of this study provide a valuable reference for the addition of exogenous fats to the ladybird artificial diet.

Dietary fat lowers ileal endogenous amino acid losses in broiler chickens

ABSTRACT 1. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the source of fat (soybean oil or tallow) on the ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) losses in broilers. 2. Three nitrogen (N)-free diets; a control diet with no added fat and test diets with 60 g/kg of either soybean oil or tallow were formulated. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. Each diet was assigned to six replicate cages (eight birds per cage) from d 18 to 21 post-hatch. On d 21, the digesta were collected from the lower half of the ileum. 3. The endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids (AA) were lower (p = 0.08; p = 0.001) in broilers fed diets with soybean oil or tallow, respectively, compared to those fed the diet with no fat. Source of fat had no influence (p > 0.05) on EAA losses. 4. The most abundant AA in the ileal endogenous protein was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic acid, threonine, leucine, serine, valine and proline. In general, the concentrations of AA in the endogenous protein were lower (p < 0.05) with added fat. The exceptions were methionine, cysteine, proline and serine, which were unaffected. The effect of fat source on the AA contents of endogenous protein were inconsistent and differed depending on the AA. 5. The inclusion of fats decreased EAA losses which implied they have beneficial effects beyond direct energy contribution. It can be proposed that the reduction of EAA flow may be an additional mechanism contributing to the extra-caloric effect of dietary fats.

Effects of dietary protected fat and vitamin E on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and reproductive performances of Hanwoo cows

Effects of dietary protected fat and vitamin E on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and reproductive performances of Hanwoo cows

Effects of feeding whole-cracked rapeseeds, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol on protein composition, minerals, and vitamin B in milk from Danish Holstein cows

The present study was conducted to assess the individual or combined effects of feeding dietary fat (whole-cracked rapeseed), nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on protein profile, mineral composition, B vitamins, and nitrate residues in milk from dairy cows. Forty-eight Danish Holstein cows used in an 8 × 8 incomplete Latin square design were fed 8 factorially arranged diets ((30 or 63 g crude fat/kg DM) × (0 or 10 g nitrate/kg DM) × (0 or 80 mg 3-NOP/kg DM)) over 6 periods of 21 d each. In each period, milk samples were collected from individual cows during the third week by pooling milk obtained from 4 consecutive milkings, and analyzed for protein profile including protein modifications, mineral composition, riboflavin, cobalamin, and presence of nitrate residues. Fat supplementation led to an increase in the phosphorylation degree of αS1-CN by 8.5% due to a decreased relative proportion of αS1-CN 8P and an increased relative proportion of αS1-CN 9P and further to a decrease in the relative proportion of αS2-CN by 2.4%. Additionally, fat supplementation decreased the relative proportions of glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of κ-CN, consequently leading to a 3.6% decrease in total κ-CN. In skim milk, K, Ca, P, and Mg concentrations were altered by individual use of fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP. Feeding nitrate resulted in a 5.4% increase in riboflavin concentration in milk while supplementing 3-NOP increased cobalamin concentration in milk by 21.1%. The nitrate concentration in milk was increased upon feeding nitrate however, this increased concentration was well below the maximum permissible limit of nitrate in milk (<50 mg/L). In conclusion, no major changes were observed in milk protein, and mineral compositions by feeding fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP to dairy cows while the increased riboflavin and cobalamin by nitrate and 3-NOP, respectively, could be of beneficial nutritional value for milk consumers.

The effects of paternal dietary fat versus sugar on offspring body composition and anxiety-related behavior

Increasing evidence suggests that the pre-conception parental environment has long-term consequences for offspring health and disease susceptibility. Though much of the work in this field concentrates on maternal influences, there is growing understanding that fathers also play a significant role in affecting offspring phenotypes. In this study, we investigate effects of altering the proportion of dietary fats and carbohydrates on paternal and offspring body composition and anxiety-related behavior in C57Bl/6-JArc mice. We show that in an isocaloric context, greater dietary fat increased body fat and reduced anxiety-like behavior of studs, whereas increased dietary sucrose had no significant effect. These dietary effects were not reflected in offspring traits, rather, we found sex-specific effects that differed between offspring body composition and behavioral traits. This finding is consistent with past paternal effect studies, where transgenerational effects have been shown to be more prominent in one sex over the other. Here, male offspring of fathers fed high-fat diets were heavier at 10 weeks of age due to increased lean body mass, whereas paternal diet had no significant effect on female offspring body fat or lean mass. In contrast, paternal dietary sugar appeared to have the strongest effects on male offspring behavior, with male offspring of high-sucrose fathers spending less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. Both high-fat and high-sugar paternal diets were found to reduce anxiety-like behavior of female offspring, although this effect was only evident when offspring were fed a control diet. This study provides new understanding of the ways in which diet can shape the behavior of fathers and their offspring and contribute to the development of dietary guidelines to improve obesity and mental health conditions, such as anxiety.

Sex-specific effects of Fat-1 transgene on bone material properties, size, and shape in mice.

Western diets are becoming increasingly common around the world. Western diets have high omega 6 (ω-6) and omega 3 (ω-3) fatty acids and are linked to bone loss in humans and animals. Dietary fats are not created equal; therefore, it is vital to understand the effects of specific dietary fats on bone. We aimed to determine how altering the endogenous ratios of ω-6:ω-3 fatty acids impacts bone accrual, strength, and fracture toughness. To accomplish this, we used the Fat-1 transgenic mice, which carry a gene responsible for encoding a ω-3 fatty acid desaturase that converts ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acids. Male and female Fat-1 positive mice (Fat-1) and Fat-1 negative littermates (WT) were given either a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) at 4wk of age for 16wk. The Fat-1 transgene reduced fracture toughness in males. Additionally, male BMD, measured from DXA, decreased over the diet duration for HFD mice. In males, neither HFD feeding nor the presence of the Fat-1 transgene impacted cortical geometry, trabecular architecture, or whole-bone flexural properties, as detected by main group effects. In females, Fat-1-LFD mice experienced increases in BMD compared to WT-LFD mice; however, cortical area, distal femur trabecular thickness, and cortical stiffness were reduced in Fat-1 mice compared to pooled WT controls. However, reductions in stiffness were caused by a decrease in bone size and were not driven by changes in material properties. Together, these results demonstrate that the endogenous ω-6:ω-3 fatty acid ratio influences bone material properties in a sex-dependent manner. In addition, Fat-1 mediated fatty acid conversion was not able to mitigate the adverse effects of HFD on bone strength and accrual.

Effects of riboflavin deficiency and high dietary fat on hepatic lipid accumulation: a synergetic action in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in the liver. Riboflavin, one of water soluble vitamins, plays a role in lipid metabolism and antioxidant function. However, the effects of riboflavin deficiency on NAFLD development have not yet to be fully explored.MethodsIn the present study, an animal model of NAFLD was induced by high fat diet feeding in mice and a cellular model of NAFLD was developed in HepG2 cells by palmitic acid (PA) exposure. The effects of riboflavin deficiency on lipid metabolism and antioxidant function were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) was studied in HepG2 cells using gene silencing technique.ResultsThe results showed that riboflavin deficiency led to hepatic lipid accumulation in mice fed high fat diet. The expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) were up-regulated, whereas that of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) down-regulated. Similar changes in response to riboflavin deficiency were demonstrated in HepG2 cells treated with PA. Factorial analysis revealed a significant interaction between riboflavin deficiency and high dietary fat or PA load in the development of NAFLD. Hepatic PPARγ expression was significantly upregulated in mice fed riboflavin deficient and high fat diet or in HepG2 cells treated with riboflavin deficiency and PA load. Knockdown of PPARγ gene resulted in a significant reduction of lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells exposed to riboflavin deficiency and PA load.ConclusionsThere is a synergetic action between riboflavin deficiency and high dietary fat on the development of NAFLD, in which PPARγ may play an important role.

Effect of dietary fats and soybean phospholipid on hepatic fatty acid metabolism in mice

Effect of dietary fats and soybean phospholipid on hepatic fatty acid metabolism in mice

Effect of dietary fat on proximal composition, sensorial analysis and shelf life of a traditional Spanish cooked pork product "Lomo de Sajonia" from Iberian pork.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different dietary fat sources on the quality of a Spanish-cooked meat product Lomo de Sajonia (LSA) and its shelf-life. Forty loins were selected from Iberian pigs fed four dietary treatments containing pork fat (G-1), Greedy-Grass Olive® (GGO) (enriched oleic-acid oil) (G-2), G-2 and high oleic sunflower (G-3), and G-3 plus a mixture of commercial organic acids (Bioll®) (G-4). Loins were manufactured to obtain LSA, and the quality and sensorial attributes were assessed. The shelf life was established according to microbial count and sensorial analysis, which was packed in a modified atmosphere and stored under retail conditions. All meat quality parameters of LSA remained stable in all groups, except fat content and overall liking, which showed the highest values for G-2 LSA. Regarding the shelf life, sensorial attributes remained acceptable in all groups during storage time, while a delay in microbial growth was recorded for the LSA of G-3. According to the results, including GGO in Iberian pig diets could enhance LSA traits, possibly linked to increased assimilation compared with conventional fat sources. However, adding organic acids to the diet did not have the expected effect on improving the shelf life of the LSA.

Inclusion effect of dietary fat and dietary fibre on growth performance and digesta mean retention time of young broilers fed on wheat/corn diets

Nutrient digestion and absorptions in animals are greatly influenced by the passage rate of digesta and the digesta passage rate or retention/residence time could be affected by the type of feed given. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the inclusion effect of dietary fat and fibre on digesta passage rate in broiler chickens. The hypothesis posited that the mean retention/residence time (MRT) of digesta would be elevated with higher levels of fat, whereas the addition of dietary fibre would have no effect on MRT. The study was designed as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with two levels of dietary fat (low fat at 10 g/kg diet and high fat at 50 g/kg diet) and two levels of dietary fibre (0 g/kg diet and 40 g/kg diet). The meals were provided in mash form. The results of the present investigation indicated that dietary fat did not lead to a substantial increase in the total MRT of digesta in broilers, which contradicts the hypothesis of this study. However, the incorporation of a high level of fat has been found to increase body weight gain (BWG), improve feed conversion ratio (FCR) and reduce feed intake (FI). This effect has the potential to result in a more economically efficient production system, as it increases the amount of meat produced per kilogram of feed consumed. Further investigations on increasing digesta MRT are recommended in order to optimize the sustainable utilization of feed ingredients in broiler diets, particularly non-conventional feedstuffs, which involve in the application of feed enzymes such as enzymes that degrade fibre, phytate and other antinutrients present in feed.

Intake of palmitic acid and its association with metabolic flexibility in middle-aged individuals: a preliminary study

Objective This study aimed to assess the relationship between dietary palmitic acid (PA) intake and its association with body fat deposition and metabolic flexibility (MF) in middle-aged healthy individuals. Methods Fifteen healthy participants (n = 15; 6 males, 9 females) with a mean age of 54 were enlisted. They were subjected to graded exercise tests using a cycle ergometer coupled with a calorimeter. Respiratory gas exchange was evaluated to determine two MF parameters. First, the MF index was derived by multiplying peak fatty acid oxidation (PFO) per kg of fat-free mass (FFM) with the percentage of VO2max at PFO. The second parameter, peak energy substrates’ oxidation (aka PESO), was computed by aggregating the kilocalories from PFO and peak carbohydrate oxidation, normalized per kg FFM. Dietary intake was gauged using a 7-day dietary record. Spearman’s regression was employed to analyze the association between dietary intake of specific fat classes, PA, MF parameters, and body fat percentage. Results Preliminary results demonstrate that dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) within physiological limits correlate with enhanced substrate oxidation capacity. This suggests augmented MF in middle-aged subjects. Among dietary SFA, PA was identified as the primary factor in this favorable correlation. Conclusions Our initial observations, even though preliminary, strongly suggest a beneficial association between PA intake, MF, and body fat percentage. This underscores the potential nutritional importance of PA in promoting MF. Significance Statement Disparities in data regarding the health effects of dietary fats may arise from the distinct roles various dietary fatty acids play in MF.

The Effect of Fat Supplementation on the Appearance of Symptoms Associated With Dumping Syndrome in Patients Having Undergone Gastric Surgery: Preliminary Results.

Data on the effect of dietary fat on dumping syndrome (DS) symptoms are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of fat to a carbohydrate mealon the appearance of DS symptoms and glycemic response, in patients who had undergone gastric surgery. This was an interventional crossover study. Patients scheduled for gastric surgical procedures related to DS at two surgical units of two public hospitals (General University Hospital of Larissaand General Hospital of Larissa)were considered for study inclusion. Patients presenting symptoms suggestive of diagnosis (n = 12), after the ingestion of a carbohydrate meal, were used as both intervention and control groups. During the intervention process, a fat supplement was added to the carbohydrate meal that was previously used for diagnosis. Glycemic response and the amount and intensity of DS symptoms provoked by the two meals were assessed at both appointments. Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the group that consumed the added fat meal compared with the group that consumed the carbohydrate meal 60 minutes after ingestion (p = 0.028). Furthermore, a significant reduction was noted in the amount of late dumping symptoms (p = 0.021)and the intensity of both early and late dumping symptoms (p = 0.007 and p = 0.012 respectively), after fat addition. Conclusions: Incorporating fat into a carbohydrate meal seems toattenuate postprandial blood glucose risesand reduce the amount and intensity of DS symptoms, in patients who had undergone gastric surgery.

Reassessing the Effects of Dietary Fat on Cardiovascular Disease in China: A Review of the Last Three Decades.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality, and is considered one of diseases with the most rapid growth rate in China. Numerous studies have indicated a closed relationship between an increased incidence of CVD and dietary factors. Dietary fat is one of the three primary nutrients of consumption; however, high fat dietary in causing CVD has been neglected in some official dietary guidelines. Our present review has analyzed the relationship between dietary fat consumption and CVD in China over the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2019). There is a significant correlation between CVD incidence and mortality for consumption of both vegetable oils and animal fats, per capita consumption, and the relative weight of dietary fat exceeding that of other food ingredients (e.g., salt, fruit, and marine food). For fatty acid species, the proportion of ω6 fatty acid consumption increased, causing a significant increase in the ratios of ω6/ω3 fatty acids, whereas the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid consumption decreased. Such changes have been considered a characteristic of dietary fat consumption in Chinese residents over the past 30 years, and are closely related to the incidence of CVD. Therefore, we suggest that the government should spread awareness regarding the consumption of dietary fat intake to prevent CVD and related health disorders. The public should be educated to avoid high fat diet and increase the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids and ω3 fatty acids.

Effects of dietary fat, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol and their combinations on methane emission, feed intake, and milk production in dairy cows

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of individual and combined use of dietary fat, nitrate, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on dairy cows' enteric methane (CH4) emission and production performance. Twenty-four primiparous and 24 multiparous Danish Holstein cows (111 ± 44.6 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were included in an incomplete 8 × 8 Latin square design with six 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were organized in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement aiming for 2 levels of FAT (30 or 63 g of crude fat/kg of dry matter [DM]; LF or HF, respectively), 2 levels of NITRATE (0 or 10 g of nitrate/kg of DM; UREA or NIT, respectively), and 2 levels of 3-NOP (0 or 80 mg/kg DM; BLANK or NOP, respectively). Treatments were included in ad libitum-fed partial mixed rations in bins that automatically measured feed intake and eating behavior. Additional concentrate was offered as bait in GreenFeed units used for measurement of gas emission. For total DM intake (DMI), a FAT × NITRATE interaction showed that DMI, across parities and levels of 3-NOP, was unaffected by separate fat supplementation, but reduced by nitrate with 4.6% and synergistically decreased (significant 2-way interaction) with 13.0% when fat and nitrate were combined. Additionally, 3-NOP decreased DMI by 13.4% and the combination of 3-NOP with fat and nitrate decreased DMI in an additive way (no significant 3-way interaction). The decreasing effects on DMI were more pronounced in multiparous cows than in primiparous cows. For treatments with largest reductions in DMI, eating behavior was altered toward more frequent, but smaller meals, a slower eating rate and increased attempts to visit unassigned feed bins. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased by 6.3% with fat supplementation, whereas ECM yield did not differ among diets including nitrate (FAT × NITRATE interaction). Cows supplemented with 3-NOP had 9.0% lower ECM yield than cows fed no 3-NOP. Based on three 2-way interactions including FAT, NITRATE, and 3-NOP, the combined use of the additives resulted in antagonistic effects on CH4 reduction. A 6% to 7% reduction in CH4 yield (CH4/kg of DMI) could be ascribed to the effect of fat, a 12% to 13% reduction could be ascribed to the effect of nitrate and an 18% to 23% reduction could be ascribed to the effect of 3-NOP. Hence, no combinations of additives resulted in CH4 yield-reductions that were greater than what was obtained by separate supplementation of the most potent additive within the combination. The CH4 yield reduction potential of additives was similar between parities. Increased apparent total-tract digestibility of organic matter (OM) in cows fed combinations including nitrate or 3-NOP was a result of a NITRATE × 3-NOP interaction. Apparent total-tract digestibility of OM was also increased by fat supplementation. These increases reflected observed decreases in DMI. In conclusion, combined use of fat, nitrate, and 3-NOP in all combinations did not result in CH4 reductions that were greater than separate supplementation of the most potent additive within the combination (3-NOP > nitrate > fat). Additionally, separate supplementation of some additives and combined use of all additives reduced DMI.

Association between type 2 diabetes and different types of dietary fats: A case-control study

The effect of dietary fats on type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not clear. This study aimed to determine the association between T2D and dietary fatty acids among Iranian adults. This case-control study was performed on 4241 participants aged 35-70, including 1804 people with T2D and pre-diabetes as the case group and 2437 people without diabetes as the control group. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The cases had higher age (48.36±8.62 vs. 54.53±7.75y, P<0.001), weight (73.7713.41 vs. 76.18±13.49kg, P=0.001), body mass index (BMI) (28.02±4.70 vs. 24±4.74kg/m2, P=0.001), right systolic blood pressure (RSBP) (113.33±16.7 vs. 121.61±17.24mmHg, P=0.001), right diastolic blood pressure (RDBP) (71.41±10.53 vs. 75.33±9.92mmHg, P=0.001), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (96.87±19.39 vs. 169.95±69.28mg/dl, P=0.001), blood urine nitrogen (BUN) (13.65±3.74 vs. 14.26±4.03mg/dl, P=0.001), triglyceride (TG) (141.61±99.37 vs. 175.96±114.74mg/dl, P=0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (218.24±66.35 vs. 246.97±72.65 IU/L, P=0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (111.68±33.02 vs. 101.97±36.54mg/dl, P=0.001), serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (21.88±15.15 vs. 23.55±15.96 IU/L, P=0.001), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (24.66±20.42 vs. 30.72±30.43 IU/L P=0.001), and cholesterol (192.45±39.1190 vs. 187.12±46.19mg/dl P=0.001) compared to the control group. T2D was negatively associated with dietary intake of PUFAs (OR=0.93, CI95%:0.84-1.03, P=0.01) and positively associated with dietary cholesterol (OR: 1.01, CI95%:1.001-1.01, P=0.02). In summary, cholesterol was positively and PUFAs were negatively associated with diabetes. If the results of the present study on the effect of fat intake on diabetes are proven, future dietary recommendations for people at risk of diabetes may be corrected by providing diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and low in cholesterol.

Determining the metabolic effects of dietary fat, sugars and fat-sugar interaction using nutritional geometry in a dietary challenge study with male mice

The metabolic effects of sugars and fat lie at the heart of the “carbohydrate vs fat” debate on the global obesity epidemic. Here, we use nutritional geometry to systematically investigate the interaction between dietary fat and the major monosaccharides, fructose and glucose, and their impact on body composition and metabolic health. Male mice (n = 245) are maintained on one of 18 isocaloric diets for 18–19 weeks and their metabolic status is assessed through in vivo procedures and by in vitro assays involving harvested tissue samples. We find that in the setting of low and medium dietary fat content, a 50:50 mixture of fructose and glucose (similar to high-fructose corn syrup) is more obesogenic and metabolically adverse than when either monosaccharide is consumed alone. With increasing dietary fat content, the effects of dietary sugar composition on metabolic status become less pronounced. Moreover, higher fat intake is more harmful for glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity irrespective of the sugar mix consumed. The type of fat consumed (soy oil vs lard) does not modify these outcomes. Our work shows that both dietary fat and sugars can lead to adverse metabolic outcomes, depending on the dietary context. This study shows how the principles of the two seemingly conflicting models of obesity (the “energy balance model” and the “carbohydrate insulin model”) can be valid, and it will help in progressing towards a unified model of obesity. The main limitations of this study include the use of male mice of a single strain, and not testing the metabolic effects of fructose intake via sugary drinks, which are strongly linked to human obesity.

P03-076-23 The Effects of Dietary Fat and Emulsification on Cannabigerol Pharmacokinetics

P03-076-23 The Effects of Dietary Fat and Emulsification on Cannabigerol Pharmacokinetics

The effect of dietary L-carnitine and fat on performance, carcass traits and blood components in broiler chickens

Abstract The poultry industry has traditionally been selecting animals for improved performance without consideration for the effect on fat deposition. Dietary L-carnitine can alter lipid metabolism; nevertheless, when combined with fat, the effects are not clear. This study shows the effect of different dietary levels of L-carnitine (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and fat (0, 2.5 and 5%) on growth performance and slaughter traits of commercial broilers (Ross 308; n=270). The groups received the following dietary treatments: 1) 0 mg/kg L-carnitine + 0% fat, 2) 200 mg/kg L-carnitine + 0% fat, 3) 400 mg/kg L-carnitine + 0% fat, 4) 0 mg/kg L-carnitine + 2.5% fat, 5) 200 mg/kg L-carnitine + 2.5% fat, 6) 400 mg/kg L-carnitine + 2.5% fat, 7) 0 mg/kg L-carnitine + 5.0% fat, 8) 200 mg/kg L-carnitine + 5.0% fat, and 9) 400 mg/kg L-carnitine + 5.0% fat. Feed conversion ratio, growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, carcass traits and body composition were measured and analyzed. Levels of fat with L-carnitine had significant effects on the European Performance Efficiency Factor, wings weight, intestine length and weight, spleen and liver weight, full abdomen carcass and abdominal fat weight, as well as serum triglyceride levels. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation improved growth performance of broilers, thus it may be a promising solution to reduce fat storage in broilers and improve the quality of carcasses intended for human consumption.