Dietary Energy Density Research Articles

Association between a dietary pattern high in saturated fatty acids, dietary energy density, and sodium with coronary heart disease

This study aimed to determine the association between dietary pattern (DP) and coronary heart disease (CHD) among high-risk adults as determined by metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study involved 365 participants with (CHD = 178; non-CHD = 187) who were recruited from selected health clinics. Dietary intake was measured using a 189-item semi-quantitative foods frequency questionnaire (FFQ) whilst anthropometry and clinical data were measured by trained researcher and biochemical data were obtained from medical records. The reduced rank regression (RRR) method was used to derive DPs scores and binary logistic regression was used to assess the associations between identified DPs and CHD. The main DP found in this study was characterised by “high saturated fatty acid (SFA), high dietary energy density (DED), high sodium”. This DP, which is attributed to high consumption of coconut-based dishes, fast foods and snacks, rice dishes, fat spread, seasoning sauces, salted and processed foods, and low intake of fruits, green leafy vegetables, white rice and other vegetables were associated with CHD (OR:1.32, 95% CI:1.03, 1.69) p value = 0.026 when, adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, household income, family history of CHD, marital status, smoking status, physical activity, stress level and BMI. This study suggests that individuals with a DP of high SFA, high DED, and high sodium have a significantly increased likelihood of having CHD compared to those who do not practice this DP.

Energy-dense diets lower in protein, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids among US adults with a self-reported head injury with loss of consciousness: A nationwide study, NHANES 2011-2014

Head injury results in thousands of hospitalizations and deaths for Americans each year, yet there are no current dietary recommendations for improving outcomes after head injury. We assessed the dietary nutrient intakes in the population with self-reported head injury with loss of consciousness (HIC) using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. Secondary data analysis was performed on participants aged 40 years and over from the NHANES 2011-2014 surveys with and without head injury with loss of consciousness. The nutritional differences were measured between the HIC group and those who reported no head injury with loss of consciousness (No-HIC) based on average daily intakes of individual nutrients. We hypothesized that there would be dietary nutrient intake differences between the HIC and No-HIC groups. SPSS software was used to perform t tests comparing nutrient intakes of the HIC to No-HIC groups. The HIC group reported higher intakes of calories as well as carbohydrates, sugar, fat, and various vitamins and minerals compared with those in the No-HIC group. After adjusting for energy intakes, the intakes of sugar, riboflavin, alcohol, caffeine, and saturated fatty acids were higher in HIC group compared with the No-HIC group, and intakes of protein, fiber, thiamin, beta-carotene, selenium, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid were lower in the HIC group compared with the No-HIC group. The HIC group currently is consuming a pro-inflammatory diet. Therefore, nutrition guidelines are essential to educate the head injury population to improve future health outcomes after injury.

Effects of Dietary Energy Density in a Fermented Total Mixed Ration Formulated with Different Ratios of Rice Straw and Cassava Pulp on 2- or 14-Day-Aged Meat Quality, Collagen, Fatty Acids, and Ribonucleotides of Native Thai Cattle Longissimus Muscle.

This study investigated the effects of dietary energy density in rice straw and cassava pulp fermented total mixed ration on pH, cooking loss, Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and collagen content of 2- or 14-d-aged native Thai cattle (NTC) Longissimus thoracic (LT) muscles and fatty acids and ribonucleotides of 2-d-aged LT. Eighteen yearling NTC (Bos indicus) were randomly divided into three dietary treatments (T1 = 8.9, T2 = 9.7, and T3 = 10.5 MJ ME/kg), with six bulls per treatment. The results showed that T1 had the highest WBSF (p < 0.05). However, T2 had similar WBSF to T3 (p > 0.05). With aging, cooking loss increased (p < 0.01), while WBSF decreased (p < 0.01). Insoluble and total collagen decreased with aging (p < 0.05). Dietary energy density had no effect (p > 0.05) on collagen content, ribonucleotides and most fatty acids. However, T1 had more (p < 0.05) decanoic (C10:0), vaccenic (C18:1n9t), trans-linolelaidic (C18:2n6t), eicosatrienoic (C20:3n6), and docosadienoic (C22:2) acids than T2 and T3. In terms of lowest feed cost with comparable tenderness to T2 and highest energy density, T3 may be well suited for feeding NTC. Aging for 14 days improves LT tenderness, but its cooking loss may affect yield and juiciness.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Energy-Dense Diet: What Is the Role of the Insulin/IGF Axis?

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is one of the most important pregnancy complications affecting approximately 15% of pregnant women. It is related to several gestational adverse outcomes in the fetus, e.g., macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, stillbirth, neonatal hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress. Women with GDM have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. The pathogenesis of GDM is not completely understood; nevertheless, two factors could contribute to its development: β-cell dysfunction and failure in insulin secretion in response to insulin resistance induced by gestation. Both processes, together with the physiological activities of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), play a crucial role in glucose transport to the fetus and hence, fetal growth and development. IGFs (both IGF-1 and IGF-2) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) regulate glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Maternal nutritional status determines the health of the newborn, as it has substantial effects on fetal growth and development. Maternal obesity and an energy-dense diet can cause an increase in insulin and IGF-1 serum levels, producing metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, GDM, and high birth weight (> 4,000 g) due to a higher level of body fat. In this way, in GDM pregnancies there is an increase in IGF-1 and IGF-2 serum levels, and a decrease in IGFBP-1 and 4 serum levels, suggesting the crucial role of the insulin/IGF system in this gestational outcome. Here, the present review tries to elucidate the role that energy-dense diets and the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway perform in GDM pregnancies.

The effect of dietary energy and nutrients density on performance, egg components, egg quality, and profits of Hy-Line W-36 during the peak stage of first laying cycle

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary energy and nutrient density (END) on performance and egg quality in laying hens during the peak stage of the first laying cycle. A total of 360, 26-week-old Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were randomly allocated to a completely randomised design with five treatments, graded levels of dietary END (92–108%), with six replicates and 12 birds each. The diet with 100% END was formulated to meet the requirements recommended in the 2016 strain Management Guide. Experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Laying hens up to 33 weeks of age did not able to adjust feed intake (FI) with diet dilution. By increasing dietary END, hen-day egg production (EP), egg mass (EM), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) linearly improved. As birds got older, their FI capacity improved and birds regulated own FI with dietary END. The effect of dietary END was not significant on egg quality traits. During the 26–29 weeks of age, based on broken‐line regression models, the best balance of egg production performance traits and dietary END were found at 102, 104, and 105% for EW, EP & EM, and FCR, respectively. These values were estimated 5% lower for 30–33 week of age period. It is concluded, laying hens up to 33 weeks of age cannot adjust their FI with diet dilution, the gastrointestinal tract capacity is the main factor affects FI. Hence, a diet with higher energy and nutrients concentration require to achieve the desired production performance. Highlight During the peaking period of laying cycle: Feed consumption increase slowly. Monitor feed consumption and adjust diet energy and nutrients level to actual feed intake.

Diet-Associated Variability in the Elderly Gut Microbiome

ObjectivesThe gut microbiome adapts to diet variations, which contribute to interindividual variability in human host metabolism and environmental factors. Microbe-diet studies have largely focused on specific diets (e.g., high-fat Western, Mediterranean-style) in American and European populations, with limited studies on compositionally-different diets in Asian populations. This study aimed to understand how diet composition modulates the gut microbiome in a Singapore multi-ethnic population.MethodsWe performed metagenomic sequencing of faecal samples from 118 healthy individuals (66 ± 5 years old), and estimated their food and nutrient intakes from 3-day food records (IRB-2018–01-011). Multivariate associations between microbial composition (species) and functional potentials (pathways, enzymes) with diet variables were analysed using linear mixed models with Benjamin-Hochberg correction, and adjusted for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, energy intake and medications. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance, based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity metric, was applied to quantify variance within the microbiome that is explained by diet variables.ResultsWe found gut microbes (5 phyla, >100 species) significantly associated with one of four observed dietary patterns (P < 0.05), various food groups and nutrients (q < 0.1). The microbiome was driven by intake and diversity of plant-based foods. Parabacteroides and Blautia species, and microbial metabolism of energy, carbohydrate and glycan were associated with increased intakes of white rice and noodles. Prevotella species were associated with increased intakes of legumes, wholegrains and plant protein. Lachnospira, Clostridiumand Fournierella species, and microbial lipid metabolism were associated with energy-dense diet. Lastly, Firmicutes, Eubacterium, Ruminococcus and Roseburia species as well as microbial regulation of amino acid metabolism were associated with high-fibre diet.ConclusionsThis study provides new insights into gut microbial variations by distinct Asian dietary composition, supporting the feasibility of intervening habitual diets to reshape the gut microbiome for better health.Funding SourcesThis project was funded by LKC, CONIC and ARISE, NTU, and NTU-CSIRO Precision Health and Technologies Seed Fund.

Four Dietary Patterns Observed Within an Elderly Asian Cohort

ObjectivesDietary indices are largely established in American and European populations to measure diet quality based on the predominant food type and quantity consumed in those countries. However, applying these dietary indices to Asian or South Asian populations is complicated by diverse region-specific eating patterns, cultures and food availability. A challenge exists to identify a more relevant dietary index that agrees with distinct dietary patterns within the multi-ethnic Singapore context and what measures of dietary quality are appropriate for the unique food availability. This study aimed to characterise dietary patterns and quality in older Singapore individuals.MethodsDaily energy, food and nutrient intakes were estimated from 2 sets of 3-day food records (IRB-2018–01-011)using an in-house and public databases (Singapore Food and Nutrient Composition database, and Phenol-Explorer). Diet composition was categorised into 33 food groups and hierarchical clustering (Ward's method) was performed to characterise habitual dietary patterns based on energy intake. Adherence to Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and MEDI-LITE score were assessed. Differences in energy, food groups and nutrients were analysed using Kruskal-Wallis test and permutational multivariate analysis of variance.ResultsWe observed four distinct dietary patterns- i) noodle/rice-based diet, ii) highly refined diet, iii) energy-dense diet and iv) high-fibre diet consumed by 21%, 27%, 36% and 16% of the cohort, respectively (66 ± 5 years old, 1640–1874 kcal/day). Two patterns comprised high intakes of refined foods (i.e., white rice, bread, noodles), differed substantially from Western or Mediterranean diets and were characterised by higher visceral trunk fat. In contrast, the high-fibre pattern had favourable cardiometabolic risk markers and reduced body fat. These dietary patterns did not fit with HEI and MEDI-LITE score, considering the preference for rice, noodles and spices in Asian diets, and reduced preference for cereals, olive oil and red wine (emphasised in MEDI-LITE score).ConclusionsStudying populations exposed to regionally diverse food components challenge the relevance of applying previously established diet indices.Funding SourcesThis project was funded by LKC, CONIC and ARISE, NTU, and NTU-CSIRO Precision Health and Technologies Seed Fund.

Ultraprocessed Food Consumption, Diet Patterns, and Perception of Diet Quality and Body Weight in the US

ObjectivesUltraprocessed foods (UPF) have recently been examined as a risk factor for diet-related disease in adults. Studies have demonstrated changes in trends in consumption patterns of UPF over the past several decades, but few studies have evaluated the association between UPF and perception of diet along with measured dietary intake. The objective of this study was to examine the association between UPF consumption, dietary intake patterns, and self-perceived diet quality in a nationally representative sample of US children and adults. MethodsData from the 2017–2018 NHANES was used for this study. Dietary intake information was collected using 24-hour recall; recalled foods were classified using the NOVA classification system and NOVA Category 4 (ultraprocessed) were identified. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 survey procedures to account for the unequal sampling probability and complex survey design of the. ResultsConsumption of ultraprocessed foods is associated with poor diet in US children and adults. In adults, higher consumption of ultraprocessed foods was is associated with higher dietary energy density (p = 0.0001), lower vegetable consumption (p = 0.002), greater intake of added sugars (p < 0.0001), and lower intake of plant-based protein foods (p < 0.0001). In children, consumption of ultraprocessed foods was associated with higher dietary energy density (p < 0.0001), lower consumption of vegetables (p < 0.0001) even when including fewer servings of white potatoes (p = 0.04). Interestingly, perception of diet quality was also strongly associated with ultraprocessed food consumption. Individuals who self-reported a ‘poor’ diet consumed 84% of daily calories from ultraprocessed foods, compared to individuals who self-reported an ‘excellent’ diet reporting 52% of daily calories from ultraprocessed foods, p < 0.0001. Adults who perceived themselves to be overweight also reported higher consumption of processed foods than adults who perceived themselves to be about the right weight (60% vs. 56%, p = 0.004). There was no association with processed food consumption and parent perception of child weight. ConclusionsUltraprocessed food consumption is associated with lower diet quality in US children and adults. Additionally, UPF consumption is associated with perception of diet quality and body weight. Funding SourcesNone.

Longitudinal Association of Dietary Energy Density with Abdominal Obesity among Chinese Adults from CHNS 1993-2018.

Few studies have explored the longitudinal association between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity in adults in China. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity in Chinese residents aged 18–64. Using data from the CHNS from 1993 to 2018, 25,817 adult residents aged 18 to 64 were selected for the study. Three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls and home-weighed seasonings were used to assess food intake. A multilevel model was used to analyze the relationship between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity. The results showed that compared with the lowest dietary energy density group, females had an increased risk of abdominal obesity (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.29), and females’ waist circumference increased significantly by 0.24 cm (95% CI: 0.39–1.09) in the highest dietary energy density group. No association between dietary energy density and waist circumference and abdominal obesity was observed in males. This study shows that higher dietary energy density is significantly associated with females’ waist circumference and abdominal obesity. Further research on high dietary energy density and abdominal obesity will provide scientific basis for the effective control of abdominal obesity.

Major dietary patterns in relation to chronic low back pain; a cross-sectional study from RaNCD cohort

BackgroundChronic low back pain (LBP) is the most common musculoskeletal pain that affects a person’s daily activities. This present study aimed at evaluating the relationship between major dietary pattern and Chronic LBP.MethodsThis cross-sectional analysis was examined 7686 Kurdish adults. The RaNCD cohort study physician diagnosed chronic LBP. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. The three identified dietary patterns derived were named: 1) the vegetarian diet included vegetables, whole grain, legumes, nuts, olive, vegetable oil, fruits, and fruit juice; 2) high protein diet related to higher adherence to red and white meat, legumes, nuts, and egg; and 3) energy-dense diet characterized with higher intake of salt, sweet, dessert, hydrogenated fat, soft drink, refined grain, tea, and coffee. Dietary pattern scores were divided into tertiles. Binary logistic regression in crude, adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to determine this association.ResultsTwenty-two per cent of participants had chronic LBP. Higher adherence to high protein dietary pattern was inversely associated with chronic LBP in crude (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.69–0.9) and adjusted model (for age, sex, smoking, drinking, diabetes, physical activity, body mass index, and waist circumference) (OR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.97). In addition, after controlling for the mentioned potential confounders, participants in the highest category of energy dense diet were positively associated with chronic LBP compared with those in the lowest category (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.32).ConclusionsHigher adherence to the high protein diet was inversely related to chronic LBP prevalence. In addition, we found that following energy dense diet was positively associated with chronic LBP.

Effects of dietary energy density and supplemental rumen undegradable protein on intake, viscera, and carcass composition of lambs recovering from nutritional restriction.

Variation in nutrition is a key determinant of growth, body composition, and the ability of animals to perform to their genetic potential. Depending on the quality of feed available, animals may be able to overcome negative effects of prior nutritional restriction, increasing intake and rates of tissue gain, but full compensation may not occur. A 2 × 3 × 4 factorial serial slaughter study was conducted to examine the effects of prior nutritional restriction, dietary energy density, and supplemental rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on intake, growth, and body composition of lambs. After an initial slaughter (n = 8), 124 4-mo-old Merino cross wethers (28.4 ± 1.8 kg) were assigned to either restricted (LO, 500 g/d) or unrestricted (HI, 1500 g/d) intake of lucerne and oat pellets. After 8 wk, eight lambs/group were slaughtered and tissue weights and chemical composition were measured. Remaining lambs were randomly assigned to a factorial combination of dietary energy density (7.8, 9.2, and 10.7 MJ/kg DM) and supplemental RUP (0, 30, 60, and 90 g/d) and fed ad libitum for a 12- to 13-wk experimental period before slaughter and analysis. By week 3 of the experimental period, lambs fed the same level of energy had similar DMI (g/d) and MEI (MJ/d) (P > 0.05), regardless of prior level of nutrition. Restricted-refed (LO) lambs had higher rates of fat and protein gain than HI lambs (P < 0.05) but had similar visceral masses (P > 0.05). However, LO lambs were lighter and leaner at slaughter, with proportionally larger rumens and livers (P < 0.05). Tissue masses increased with increasing dietary energy density, as did DMI, energy and nitrogen (N) retention (% intake), and rates of protein and fat gain (P < 0.05). The liver increased proportionally with increasing dietary energy density and RUP (P < 0.05), but rumen size decreased relative to the empty body as dietary energy density increased (P < 0.05) and did not respond to RUP (P > 0.05). Fat deposition was greatest in lambs fed 60 g/d supplemental RUP (P < 0.05). However, lambs fed 90 g/d were as lean as lambs that did not receive supplement (P0, P > 0.05), with poorer nitrogen retention and proportionally heavier livers than P0 lambs (P < 0.05). In general, visceral protein was the first tissue to respond to increased intake during refeeding, followed by non-visceral protein and fat, highlighting the influence of differences in tissue response over time on animal performance and body composition.

Metabolomics Reveals the Effects of High Dietary Energy Density on the Metabolism of Transition Angus Cows.

Simple SummaryThe increase in the metabolic demand and the dramatically decreased feed intake of cows around parturition often cause a negative energy balance status in cows, which can cause metabolic disorders. Before parturition, dry matter intake of cows starts to decline, and this decline is practically unavoidable. Therefore, increasing the energy density of the diet is extremely important. We used untargeted metabolomics to reveal the effect of high dietary energy density on body metabolism and explore whether it can alleviate negative energy balance. Our research shows that feeding a high-energy diet could significantly improve antioxidant capacity, maintain phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and reduce the negative energy balance of cows by regulating lipid mobilization, muscle mobilization, and protein turnover.The diet energy level plays a vital role in the energy balance of transition cows. We investigated the effects of high dietary energy density on body metabolism. Twenty multiparous Angus cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (10 cows/treatment), one receiving a high-energy (HE) diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM) and the other administered a control (CON) diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM). The results indicated that feeding a high-energy diet resulted in higher plasma glucose concentration and lower concentrations of plasma NEFA and BHBA on d 14 relative to calving in the HE-fed cows compared to the CON-fed ones. The postpartum plasma levels of T-AOC were lower in cows that received the CON diet than in cows in the HE group, while the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed an opposite trend. Among the 51 significantly different metabolites, the concentrations of most identified fatty acids decreased in HE cows. The concentrations of inosine, glutamine, and citric acid were higher in HE-fed cows than in CON-fed cows. Enrichment analysis revealed that linoleic acid metabolism, valine, leucine as well as isoleucine biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the two groups.

Exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme combination improves growth performance of the young broiler chickens fed low energy diets containing vegetable oil

ObjectiveThe present study examined the effects of exogenous emulsifiers and multi-enzyme supplementation into a low energy density diet on growth performance, visceral organ parameters, blood metabolites, ileal morphology, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens from hatch to 21 days.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-eight one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated in a completely randomized design to 24 pens and each pen was assigned to one of four dietary treatments to give six replications with seven chickens in a cage. Dietary treatments were: i) positive control with standard energy level (PC); ii) negative control with 100 kcal/kg lower energy of the standard level (NC); iii) NC diet supplemented 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate as an emulsifier (NC+E); and iv) NC diet supplemented with both 0.05% calcium stearoyl-2 lactylate and 0.05% multi-enzyme (NC+E+M). Corn and soybean meal-based control diets containing vegetable oil were formulated to meet the Ross 308 nutrition specification. Chickens were fed ad-libitum with the treatment diets and sampling was conducted on day 21.ResultsOur results revealed that emulsifier and multi-enzyme supplementation into NC diets improved (p<0.05) feed efficiency of the broiler chickens compared to the broiler chickens fed NC diets from hatch to 21 days. Supplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme into NC diet improved (p<0.05) nutrient digestibility of the broiler chickens. However, emulsifier and multi-enzymesupplementation into diet did not influence (p>0.05) visceral organ weight, blood metabolites, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed NC diets.ConclusionSupplementation of emulsifier and multi-enzyme in the NC diet would support improving growth performance in young broiler chickens with improved feed efficiency and increased nutrient digestibility thereby curtailing the negative impact of energy reduction in the diets.

Effects of replacing grain feed with rumen-protected fat on feedlot performance, ruminal parameters and blood metabolites in growing Merino lambs’ diets during the hot season

In this study, the effects of rumen-protected fat (RPF) were evaluated as an energy source for partial replacement of grain feed in the diets of Merino male lambs during the hot season. Fourteen six months old Merino male lambs weighing average of 29.59 kg were randomly allocated into two groups: control diet (CON) and diets supplemented with 30 g/kg RPF. Live weight (LW), dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were recorded, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was then calculated. The ruminal pH, the ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentrations (NH3-N) value, the molar proportion of volatile fatty acid (VFA), blood serum as well as hematological parameters were determined and protozoa numbers were counted. While the live weight and daily gain of the lambs were not influenced by dietary treatments, DMI was increased with RPF supplementation. The ruminal pH, VFA and ruminal NH3-N concentrations were unchanged, but the protozoa numbers decreased significantly by RPF supplementation (P&amp;lt;0.05). RPF supplementation significantly affected some serum and hematological parameters in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, RPF may be added to concentrate mixture lamb feed at the level of 30 g/kg to enhance the diet energy density without negatively changing the animal’s performance.

Goat Milk Foodomics. Dietary Supplementation of Sunflower Oil and Rapeseed Oil Modify Milk Amino Acid and Organic Acid Profiles in Dairy Goats.

The dietary supplementation of vegetable oils is known to improve the dietary energy density as well as milk fatty acid profile; however, the impacts on the milk foodome is largely unknown. This study investigated the effect of two different sources of unsaturated fatty acids, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil, as a feeding supplement on the milk foodome from dairy goats. Nine Danish Landrace goats at 42 ± 5 days in milk were allocated to three treatment groups for 42 days with three animals per group. A control group received a basal diet made of forage and concentrate at an 85:15 ratio. On top of the basal diet, the second and third groups received rapeseed oil or sunflower oil supplements at 4% of dry matter, respectively. Goat milk was sampled on days 14, 21, and 42. The milk foodome was measured using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The milk levels of 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, oxaloacetic acid, and taurine were higher in the milk from goats fed with sunflower oil compared to the control group. More glucose-1-phosphate was found in the milk from goats fed with rapeseed oil compared to the control group. Amino acids, valine and tyrosine, and 2-hydroxyisovaleric acid and oxaloacetic acid were higher in the sunflower group compared to the rapeseed group, while the milk from the rapeseed-fed goats had greater levels of ethanol and 2-oxoglutaric acid compared to the sunflower group. Thus, results show that foodomics is suitable for studying how milk chemistry changes as a function of feeding regime.

Effect of prepartum dietary energy density on beef cow energy metabolites, and birth weight and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of prepartum diets that differ in energy density on beef cow energy metabolites and birth weight, immunity and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves. On d 0 (approximately 45 d before calving), 90 multiparous Angus cows (BW = 510 ± 16 kg) were randomly allocated into 1 of 9 drylot pens (10 cows/pen). Each pen was randomly assigned to a treatment condition (three pens/treatment), the cows in each treatment were assigned randomly to receive a high-energy (HE) density diet (NEm = 1.67 Mcal/kg of DM), medium-energy (ME) density diet (NEm = 1.53 Mcal/kg of DM), or low-energy (LE) density diet (NEm = 1.36 Mcal/kg of DM). Blood samples were collected − 45, − 21, − 14, and − 7 d from calving, and plasma concentrations of cortisol, glucose, total protein, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were measured. After calving, the birth weights, body height, body length, thoracic girth and umbilical girth of the calves in each group were recorded, and blood samples were collected for analysis of IgG, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and maleic dialdehyde levels. The amounts of feed offered and orts were recorded for individual cows 4 d/wk. The results indicated that although dry matter intake (DMI) levels did not differ among the LE, ME, and or HE groups before parturition, the group that received the HE diet had higher plasma glucose concentrations and lower prepartum blood NEFA concentrations than the other groups. Birth weight, body height, thoracic girth, and levels of IL-2, cortisol, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase were increased in calves of the HE group compared with those of the LE group. The plasma IL-4 and serum IgG concentrations tended to be decreased in the ME group compared with the HE group, and the ME group had lower maleic dialdehyde concentrations; maleic dialdehyde levels were significantly increased in the LE group compared with the HE group. Overall, these results indicate that feeding of a low-energy diet during the last 45 d before parturition has negative effects on the growth, immunity, and antioxidative capabilities of neonatal calves. Increasing maternal energy density during late gestation may be useful to improve the energy status of cows.

Comparison of feed evaluation models on predictions of milk protein yield on Québec commercial dairy farms

Feed evaluation models (FEM) are a core part in dairy cow feeding. As these models are developed using different biological and mathematical approaches mainly tested in a research context, their abilities to predict production in commercial farms need to be validated, even more so when they are used outside the context of their development. Four FEM-National Research Council, 2001 (NRC_2001); Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System, 2015 (CNCPS); NorFor, 2011; and INRA, 2018 (INRA_2018)-were evaluated on their abilities to predict daily milk protein yield (MPY) of 541 cows from 23 dairy herds in the province of Québec, Canada. The effects of cow and diet characteristics were tested on the residuals of MPY. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were then performed to evaluate the influence of the uncertainty of the main characteristics of cows and feed ingredients measured on the farm and used in the 4 FEM on the predictions of metabolizable protein (MP) supply and MPY. The 4 models had acceptable predictions of MPY, with concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) ranging from 0.75 to 0.82 and total bias ranging from 12.8% to 19.3% of the observed mean. The Scandinavian model NorFor had the best predictions with a CCC of 0.82, whereas the 3 other models had similar CCC at 0.75 to 0.76. The INRA_2018 and NRC_2001 models presented strong central tendency biases. Removing herd effect put the 4 FEM at the same level of performance, with 11.9 to 12.4% error. Analyzing model behavior within a herd seems to partly negate the effect of using predicted dry matter intake (DMI) in the comparison of models. Diet energy density, days in milk, and MPY estimated breeding value were related to the residual in the 4 models, and Lys and Met (as percent of MP) only in NRC_2001 and NorFor. This suggests that inclusion of these factors in these models would improve MPY predictions. From the sensitivity analysis, for the 4 FEM, DMI and factors affecting its prediction had the greatest influence on the predictions of MP supply and MPY. Of the feed ingredients, forage composition had the greatest effect on these predictions, including a strong effect of legume proportion with NorFor. Diet acid detergent fiber concentration had a very strong effect on MP supply and MPY predictions only in INRA_2018, because of its effect on organic matter digestibility estimation. The range of predictions of MP supply and MPY when combining all these potential uncertainties varied depending on the models. The INRA_2018 model presented the lowest standard deviation (SD) and NorFor the highest SD for the predictions of both MP supply and MPY. Overall, despite the fact that FEM were developed in a research context, their use in a commercial context yields acceptable predictions, with NorFor yielding the best predictions overall, although within-herd responses varied similarly for the 4 tested models.

Incorporating the Dietary Guidelines for Americans Vegetable Recommendations into the Diet Alters Dietary Intake Patterns of Other Foods and Improves Diet Quality in Adults with Overweight and Obesity

BackgroundUnderstanding how vegetables are incorporated into the diet, especially in the types and amounts recommended by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and how this alters dietary intake patterns is vital for developing targeted behavior change interventions. ObjectiveTo determine how a provision of vegetables was incorporated into the diet of adults with overweight and obesity; whether or not the provided vegetables displaced other foods; and what, if any, effect this had on diet quality and body weight and composition. DesignThis study investigated secondary outcomes from the Motivating Value of Vegetables Study, a community-based, randomized, parallel, nonblinded controlled trial. Participants were randomly assigned to a provided vegetable intervention or attention control group using a one to one allocation ratio. Participants/settingMen and women with self-reported low vegetable consumption, aged 18 to 65 years, with a body mass index ≥25 were recruited from Grand Forks, ND, between October 2015 and September 2017. Only participants randomized to the provided vegetable intervention group (n = 51; attrition = 8%) were included in this secondary analysis. InterventionDietary Guidelines for Americans recommended types and amounts of vegetables were provided weekly for 8 weeks. Main outcome measuresHow the provided vegetables were incorporated into the diet was measured using daily self-report and 24-hour dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed via the Healthy Eating Index 2015. Body weight and composition were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses performedData were assessed using generalized linear mixed models where phase (pre, post) was the within-subject factor and subject was the random effect. ResultsParticipants self-reported using 29% of the provided vegetables as substitutes for other foods. With the increase in vegetable consumption, there were decreases in total grains (mean difference ± standard deviation; –0.97 ± 3.23 oz-equivalents; P = 0.02), protein foods (–1.24 ± 3.86 oz-equivalents; P = 0.01), saturated fats (–6.44 ± 19.63 g; P = 0.02), and added sugars (–2.44 ± 6.78 tsp-equivalents; P = 0.02) consumed. Total Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores increased (+4.48 ± 9.63; P = 0.001) and dietary energy density decreased (–0.44 ± 0.52 kcal/g; P < 0.0001). There was no change in total energy intake or body weight and composition. ConclusionsIncreasing vegetable consumption to meet Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations alters dietary intake patterns, improving diet quality and energy density. These findings highlight the importance of characterizing how individuals incorporate Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations into their diet.

39 Cow-calf Management Strategies and Their Influence on Environmental Sustainability

Abstract Forage and supplemental feed costs remain the overriding factors driving profitability in U.S. cow/calf operations. The cow/calf sector uses 74% of the total feed energy required to produce one pound of carcass weight. Methane is the second most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. The cow/calf sector of beef production accounts for 77 to 81% of enteric methane emissions per unit of carcass weight produced. Reducing feed energy required and methane emissions by the cow/calf segment of the beef production system will improve economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Most of the beef production cycle occurs on land not suitable for raising crops. Of the 2.3 billion acres available in the United States, about 655 million acres (29%) are classified as grassland pasture and rangeland, and 316 million acres (14%) are identified as parks and wildlife areas, some of which are grazed. Therefore, improving forage utilization efficiency would have a wide-reaching impact on U.S. food security and profitability of cow/calf enterprises. Beef production is a critical component in U.S. and global food security because cattle upcycle poorly digestible plant components and food waste products into high-quality human edible protein. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding biological variation and genetic components of feed efficiency in growing animals consuming energy-dense mixed diets during the post-weaning phase. Much less is known about within-animal variation of forage utilization efficiency for beef cows consuming moderate to low-quality forage diets common to most cow/calf production systems. Considerable evidence indicates the existence of an environment by genetic interaction for feed efficiency. More rapid progress in forage utilization efficiency and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions could be made by studying forage utilization efficiency directly.

133 Ranking Mature Beef Cows for Residual Intake Using an Unprocessed Grass Hay Diet and Its Relationship to Greenhouse Gas Exchange

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare high and low residual feed intake (RFI) beef cows when consuming an unprocessed, grass hay diet (93% DM, 8.73% CP, 2.11 Mcal ME, and 59.25% TDN). Relationships of hay intake to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) production were also evaluated. Thirty-six mature Angus and Angus x Hereford cows were assigned randomly to five pens (n = 6 or 9) and individual feed intakes were collected for 52-d using SmartFeed intake units (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) at a stocking rate of 3 cows per feeder. An open-circuit, gas-quantification system (GreenFeed, C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) was used to collect CO2 (7611.63±714.09 g) and CH4 (283.64±37.10 g) production for 9 days of collection per pen for a minimum of 20 visits per cow (n = 22 cows, 36.18±14.24 visits). Data collection on cows included (means ± SD) dry matter intake (DMI; 13.86±2.16 kg), metabolic body weight (MBW, 111.65±9.28 kg), average daily gain (ADG, 0.77±0.29 kg), and rib eye area by ultrasound (REA, 46.62±6.34 cm).To calculate RFI (0.03±1.71), a multiple regression model was used to predict DMI (PDMI = ADG + REA + MBW; R2=0.50, P = 0.001). Cows were categorized into three RFI classes: low (n = 7), moderate (n = 6), and high (n = 9). Differences between RFI and RFI class and DMI and RFI class were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS, Cary, NC). Low RFI cows (-1.81 kg) consumed 12.08 kg hay DM daily and high RFI cows (1.59 kg) consumed 15.27 kg hay DM daily (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Correlations between DMI and daily gas exchange were estimated using PROC CORR in SAS (SAS, Cary, NC). Pearson Correlation Coefficients were significant between DMI and CO2 (r=0.58, P = 0.004), and CH4 (r=0.70, P &amp;lt; 0.001) production. Differences in feed intake for high and low RFI rankings were similar to previously reported literature when growing cattle consumed energy-dense diets.