Dietary Cholesterol Intake Research Articles

The association between macronutrient intakes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an Iranian population: applying a dynamical system model

AimsThe possible role of lifestyle including diet on immunity led us to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake and COVID-19 in an Iranian population.MethodsDietary intakes were recorded in the first phase of the MASHAD cohort study (started in 2007), using a 24-h dietary recall. To determine the COVID-19 incidence, data from all PCR-positive patients in Mashhad were recorded between February 2020 and June 2022. Dietary macronutrients were included in the regression model, adjusting for age and sex. System dynamical models were also applied.ResultsThe analysis included 1957 participants, including 193 COVID-19-positive patients. Dietary intakes of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and fiber were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age and sex, starch and total sugar were significantly associated with COVID-19 infection ((OR = 1.0008, P = 0.001) and (OR = 1.0006, P = 0.026), respectively). There was also a significant association between dietary fiber intake and hospitalization (OR = 0.99, P = 0.018). In the dynamical system models, dietary intakes of cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total sugar above 180.2 mg, 13.11 g, and 79.53 mg, respectively, were associated with an increased susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, while dietary fiber had a protective role.ConclusionDietary intake of starch and total sugars was associated with increased odds of COVID-19, while fiber intake decreased the odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19. The dynamical system models showed that dietary intake of cholesterol, PUFAs, and total sugar was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19, while fiber had a protective role.

Cholesterol-rich dietary pattern during early pregnancy and genetic variations of cholesterol metabolism genes in predicting gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study

BackgroundHigher dietary cholesterol intake during pregnancy increases risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, no studies have investigated interindividual variability in cholesterol metabolism and the association of genetics and diet on GDM. ObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate the joint association of cholesterol-rich dietary patterns and polymorphisms of genes coding for cholesterol metabolism pathway proteins with GDM. MethodsA total of 1116 pregnant females from the Tongji Birth Cohort were enrolled. GDM was diagnosed according to a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 wk of gestation. Dietary data were collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire. The reduced-rank regression method was used to identify dietary patterns using dietary cholesterol as the response variable. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for genotyping. The genetic risk score (GRS) for GDM was constructed with genetic variants in 28 cholesterol metabolism-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the odds ratio (OR) for GDM. ResultsThe cholesterol-rich dietary pattern was rich in livestock and poultry meat and eggs but lower in cereals. The multivariable-adjusted ORs for GDM were 1.24 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.44) per SD increment of cholesterol-rich pattern scores and 1.28 (1.09-1.49) per tertile GRS. The variants of the CYP7A1 rs3808607 G→T/rs8192871 G→A/rs7833904 A→T, as well as AGGG and TTGA haplotypes of 4 CYP7A1-spanning SNPs, were significantly associated with GDM. For the joint effect, the OR was 3.53 (1.71-7.31) in the highest categories of both dietary pattern scores and GRS compared with individuals with the lowest strata without significant interaction (P for interaction = 0.101). ConclusionsBoth a cholesterol-rich dietary pattern and genetic variants of cholesterol metabolism genes are associated with risk of GDM. Adherence to a cholesterol-rich dietary pattern during early pregnancy promotes the chance of GDM, especially in women with higher GRS. Clinical Trial RegistryThis trial was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn (Registration number: ChiCTR1800016908). URL=https://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojEN.html?proj=28081

Dietary fats and serum lipids in relation to the risk of ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Although numerous epidemiological studies investigated the association between dietary fat intakes or serum lipid levels and ovarian cancer risk, a consistent and explicit conclusion for specific dietary fats or serum lipids that increase the risk of ovarian cancer is not available. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the key dietary fats and serum lipids that increased the risk of ovarian cancer. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE were searched for observational studies. A total of 41 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 18 cohort and 23 case-control studies (109,507 patients with ovarian cancer and 2,558,182 control/non-ovarian cancer participants). Higher dietary intakes of total fat (RR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.06-1.33, I2 = 60.3%), cholesterol (RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.26, I2 = 19.4%), saturated fat (RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.04-1.22, I2 = 13.4%), and animal fat (RR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.01-1.43, I2 = 70.5%) were significantly associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer. A higher level of serum triglycerides was accompanied by a higher risk of ovarian cancer (RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.02-1.72, I2 = 89.3%). This meta-analysis indicated that a higher daily intake of total fat, saturated fat, animal fat, and cholesterol and higher levels of serum triglycerides were significantly associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

Cholesterol reprograms glucose and lipid metabolism to promote proliferation in colon cancer cells

Hypercholesterolemia is often correlated with obesity which is considered a risk factor for various cancers. With the growing population of hypercholesterolemic individuals, there is a need to understand the role of increased circulatory cholesterol or dietary cholesterol intake towards cancer etiology and pathology. Recently, abnormality in the blood cholesterol level of colon cancer patients has been reported. In the present study, we demonstrate that alteration in cholesterol levels (through a high-cholesterol or high-fat diet) increases the incidence of chemical carcinogen-induced colon polyp occurrence and tumor progression in mice. At the cellular level, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) promote colon cancer cell proliferation by tuning the cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, supplementation of LDLc or HDLc promotes cellular glucose uptake, and utilization, thereby, causing an increase in lactate production by colon cancer cells. Moreover, LDLc or HDLc upregulates aerobic glycolysis, causing an increase in total ATP production through glycolysis, and a decrease in ATP generation by OXPHOS. Interestingly, the shift in the metabolic status towards a more glycolytic phenotype upon the availability of cholesterol supports rapid cell proliferation. Additionally, an alteration in the expression of the molecules involved in cholesterol uptake along with the increase in lipid and cholesterol accumulation was observed in cells supplemented with LDLc or HDLc. These results indicate that colon cancer cells directly utilize the cholesterol associated with LDLc or HDLc. Moreover, targeting glucose metabolism through LDH inhibitor (oxamate) drastically abrogates the cellular proliferation induced by LDLc or HDLc. Collectively, we illustrate the vital role of cholesterol in regulating the cellular glucose and lipid metabolism of cancer cells and its direct effect on the colon tumorigenesis.Graphical

Effects of Nutrition Education with Intervention Mapping on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Women with Borderline Dyslipidemia: Analysis According to Menopausal Status.

Menopause causes hormonal, physical, and psychological changes that are associated with an increase in risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examined the effects of medical nutrition therapy (MNT) on CVD risk factors in pre- and post-menopausal women with borderline dyslipidemia in Korea. In total, 76 participants were divided into the MNT and control groups. MNT was performed for 12 weeks using intervention mapping with consideration of weight, blood lipid levels, and dietary assessment results. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements and dietary intake were analyzed. The dietary energy and cholesterol intake, waist circumference (WC), blood triacylglycerol and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and atherogenic index (AI) of the pre-menopausal MNT group decreased significantly after the intervention. Moreover, dietary cholesterol intake, WC, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, total blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein ratio, and AI decreased significantly in the post-menopausal MNT group after the intervention. MNT for 12 weeks is effective in decreasing risk factors associated with CVD in Korean women with borderline dyslipidemia, and the effects differ between pre- and post-menopausal women.

Association of dietary cholesterol intake with the risk of fatal cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Nutrition is one of the factors affecting the health of a population. One of the nutritional components in the diet is dietary cholesterol, which comes from meat products and eggs. To date, there is no unequivocal answer about the presence of a relationship between cholesterol consumption and the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which determines the relevance of the study of this issue.AIM: To study the association of dietary cholesterol with the risk of fatal outcomes from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).MATERIALS AND METHODS: The baseline study was carried out within the framework of the HAPIEE project in 2003-2005. The period of observation of the cohort, incl. for persons with DM2 lasted from 2003- 2005 to December 31, 2018 and averaged 12.8 years, the average age for both sexes was 58.1±6.6 years. Data on actual nutrition were obtained from a survey of 678 participants using a questionnaire to assess the frequency of food intake and included information on 147 products. Statistical data processing was carried out using the SPSS v.13.0 application package. To compare independent paired groups of variables, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used. The risk ratio (HR) was estimated using Cox regression. The critical level of statistical significance of differences was taken at p&lt;0.05.RESULTS: It was found that in individuals with DM2, the risk of a fatal outcome from CVD in the maximum tertile of dietary cholesterol intake/1000 kcal increased by 56% compared with controls (p=0.009). An analysis of the consumption of chicken eggs/1000 kcal in the diet showed an increase in the risk of death from CVD in the maximum tertile of by 52% (p=0.003). Consumption of meat products/1000 kcal was not associated with the risk of death from CVD (p = 0.361).CONCLUSION: In the surveyed cohort of Novosibirsk residents with a history of DM2, high dietary cholesterol levels (505 mg/day in the maximum tertile) in the diet were significantly associated with an increased risk of death from CVD. The results of this study may suggest a possible association of high-cholesterol foods with an increased risk of death in people with type 2 diabetes, pointing to the need for people with diabetes to control their dietary cholesterol levels and more optimal type of diet for this population.

Dietary cholesterol drives the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by altering gut microbiota mediated bile acid metabolism in high-fat diet fed mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most widespread chronic liver disorder globally. Unraveling the pathogenesis of simple fatty liver to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has important clinical significance for improving the prognosis of NAFLD. Here, we explored the role of a high-fat diet alone or combined with high cholesterol in causing NASH progression. Our results demonstrated that high dietary cholesterol intakes accelerate the progression of spontaneous NAFLD and induces liver inflammation in mice. An elevation of hydrophobic unconjugated bile acids cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), muricholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, was observed in high-fat and high-cholesterol diet fed mice. Full-length sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene of gut microbiota revealed a significant increase in the abundance of Bacteroides, Clostridium, and Lactobacillus that possess bile salt hydrolase activity. Furthermore, the relative abundance of these bacterial species was positively correlated with content of unconjugated bile acids in liver. Moreover, the expression of genes related to bile acid reabsorption (organic anion-transporting polypeptides, Na+-taurocholic acid cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter and organic solute transporter β) was found to be increased in mice with a high-cholesterol diet. Lastly, we observed that hydrophobic bile acids CA and DCA induce an inflammatory response in free fatty acids-induced steatotic HepG2 cells. In conclusion, high dietary cholesterol promotes the development of NASH by altering gut microbiota composition and abundance and thereby influencing with bile acid metabolism.

Association between long-term air pollution exposure and development of diabetes among community-dwelling adults: Modification of the associations by dietary nutrients

BackgroundStudies on the modifying effects of dietary factors on the association between air pollution and diabetes-related outcomes are limited. We examined whether dietary nutrients could modify the association between long-term air pollution exposure and the development of diabetes. MethodsWe used data from the Cardiovascular Disease Association Study, which enrolled adults aged 40–69 years in Korea between 2005 and 2011 and followed them up until 2016 (n = 14,667). Annual concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at each participant’s residence(s) were estimated using community multiscale air quality models. Intake of 22 dietary nutrients was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire during the baseline survey. We examined the product terms between air pollution levels (continuous) and each dietary nutrient (quartile) using Cox regression models, adjusted for potential confounders. ResultsPM2.5 [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.49, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.00] and NO2 (HR = 1.29, 95 % CI: 1.12, 1.49) concentrations were found to be associated with incident diabetes. NO2 levels interacted with dietary intake of retinol, vitamin A, and cholesterol (p-values for interaction < 0.05). Stronger associations were observed between NO2 levels and the occurrence of diabetes among individuals with a lower intake of these nutrients compared to those with a higher intake. No interaction was found between PM2.5 and the 22 investigated dietary nutrients. ConclusionsAdequate intake of dietary nutrients, such as retinol, vitamin A, and cholesterol, from various food items in a balanced diet may prevent the occurrence of diabetes in a setting wherein reduction of air pollution levels cannot be achieved in a short time frame.

Abstract P328: Higher Intake of Dietary Cholesterol Was Associated With Increased Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the Million Veteran Program

Background: Association of dietary cholesterol with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains inconsistent. We examined the relation of dietary cholesterol with incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), among participants of the Million Veteran Program (MVP). Methods: The MVP is a nationally representative, prospective cohort study of Veterans which started in 2011 and by 2020 had over 800,000 enrollees and looked at factors, that could be associated to their chronic conditions. Dietary intake was one of these characteristics and was collected by self-reported semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. MI cases were identified by Surrogate-Assisted Feature Extraction (SAFE) method which is an algorithm approach combing ICD codes, natural language processing and medical record review labels. All information regarding MI were reviewed by combining the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (VDW), which consist of VA EHR and Medicaid/Medicare database, and National Death index databases. Results: Among the 180,156 Veterans with data on dietary cholesterol, mean age was 62 years, 90% men, and 80% White. Mean follow up was 3.5 years. We observed a linear, dose-response, association between dietary cholesterol intake and the risk of MI ( P for linear trend =0.003) (Figure 1). When adjusting for age and sex every increase of 100 mg/day of dietary cholesterol was associated with a 9% higher risk of MI (RR: 1.07, 95%CI: 1.06-1.12). Participants with a cholesterol intake ≥300 mg/day had a 15% higher risk of MI compared to participants whose cholesterol intake was no more than 300 mg/day (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 1.06-1.25). Conclusion: In our study, increased intakes of dietary cholesterol were associated with a higher risk of MI among US Veterans.

High Intake of Dietary Cholesterol Decreases the Risk of All-Cause Dementia and AD Dementia: A Results from Framingham Offspring Cohort.

Dietary cholesterol has been confirmed to be associated with high risks of diabetes, hypertension, and stroke, but whether it is detrimental to cognitive health is highly debated. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dietary cholesterol and all-cause dementia and AD dementia. This prospective study analyzed Framingham Offspring Study cohort (FOS) participants who were dementia-free at baseline and had detailed information on daily diet (measured by food frequency questionnaires) and demographic characteristics. Surveillance for incident dementia commenced at examination 5 (1991-1995) through 2018 and continued for approximately 30 years. A total of 3249 subjects were included with a mean age of 54.7 years (SD: 9.8). During a median follow-up of 20.2 years (interquartile range: 14.2-24.8), a total of 312 incident dementia events occurred, including 211 (67.7%) cases of AD dementia. After multivariate adjustments for established dementia risk factors, participants with the highest intake of dietary cholesterol had a lower risk of all-cause dementia (HR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.57-0.93) and AD dementia (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.60-0.88) relative to individuals with the lowest intake. However, the associations were not significant for the group with a medium intake of dietary cholesterol. High intake of dietary cholesterol was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause dementia and AD dementia. The findings of this observational study need to be confirmed by other studies to highlight the role of dietary cholesterol in the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

Association between dietary fat intake and colorectal cancer: A multicenter case-control study in Iran.

The evolving trends in colorectal cancer (CRC) as one of the most common malignancies worldwide, have likely been influenced by the implementation of screening programs and changes in lifestyle habits. Changing lifestyle, including the shift in diet composition with higher fat, sugar, and animal-source foods intake, led to an increasing burden of CRC in countries undergoing rapid socioeconomic improvement. Results for the link between specific fatty acids (FAs) and CRC are generally inconclusive and more limited in developing countries than elsewhere. This study aims to investigate the association between FA intakes and CRC and its anatomical subsites in a large Iranian case-control study. A food frequency questionnaire was used to collect information on dietary intake in 865 cases and 3206 controls. We conducted multivariate logistic regression models to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). We found positive association between CRC and high intake of dietary total fat (OR highest quartile Q4 = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.32-2.38), cholesterol (ORQ4 = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.22-2.05), and palmitoleic acid (ORQ4 = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.19, 3.91), and an inverse association with high intake of dietary heptanoic acid (ORQ4 = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.79) and low intake of palmitic acid (OR lowest quartile Q2 = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31-0.88). None of the fat variables were associated with rectal cancer. Our study suggests that the recommendation of limited consumption of fats may decrease the risk of CRC among the Iranian population.

The Impacts of Cholesterol, Oxysterols, and Cholesterol Lowering Dietary Compounds on the Immune System

Cholesterol and its oxidized forms, oxysterols, are ingested from foods and are synthesized de novo. Cholesterol and oxysterols influence molecular and cellular events and subsequent biological responses of immune cells. The amount of dietary cholesterol influence on the levels of LDL cholesterol and blood oxysterols plays a significant role in the induction of pro-inflammatory state in immune cells, leading to inflammatory disorders, including cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol and oxysterols synthesized de novo in immune cells and stroma cells are involved in immune homeostasis, which may also be influenced by an excess intake of dietary cholesterol. Dietary compounds such as β-glucan, plant sterols/stanols, omega-3 lipids, polyphenols, and soy proteins, could lower blood cholesterol levels by interfering with cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Such dietary compounds also have potential to exert immune modulation through diverse mechanisms. This review addresses current knowledge about the impact of dietary-derived and de novo synthesized cholesterol and oxysterols on the immune system. Possible immunomodulatory mechanisms elicited by cholesterol-lowering dietary compounds are also discussed.

Certain Dietary Nutrients Reduce the Risk of Eye Affliction/Retinopathy in Individuals with Diabetes: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2018.

As the global trend of diabetes intensifies, the burden of vision-threatening retinopathy, particularly diabetic retinopathy (DR), is increasing. There is an urgent need to seek strategies for early prevention and control of DR. This study attempted to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between dietary nutrient intake and the risk of DR to provide assistance for doctors in guiding the diet of diabetic patients. Data from eligible participants with diabetes from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003–2018 were analyzed. Univariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between 58 dietary nutrient intakes and self-reported eye disease risk. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to further evaluate the relationship between the two groups after adjusting relevant confounding factors. A total of 4595 diabetic patients were included. People with self-reported eye affliction/retinopathy had lower dietary fiber, butanoic, octanoic, vitamin A, alpha-carotene, folate, magnesium, copper and caffeine intake compared to those without self-reported eye affliction/retinopathy. The pooled ORs (95% CIs) were 0.78 (0.62–0.98), 0.79 (0.63–0.99), 0.72 (0.58–0.91), 0.74 (0.59–0.93), 0.70 (0.55–0.88), 075 (0.60–0.95), 0.79 (0.64–0.99), 0.67 (0.54–0.84) and 0.80 (0.64–0.99). Dietary cholesterol and hexadecenoic intake were higher, with the pooled ORs (95% CIs) of 1.26 (1.01–1.58) and 1.27 (1.02–1.59), respectively. Our research found that among dietary nutrients, dietary fiber, butanoic, octanoic, vitamin A, alpha-carotene, folate, magnesium, copper and caffeine intake reduced the occurrence of DR. Cholesterol and hexadecenoic intake promoted the occurrence of DR. This suggests that certain dietary nutrients should be paid more attention in the prevention of DR.

Macronutrients Not Micronutrients Are Associated With the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer (PC) has been related directly to many risk factors; however, diet is considered one of the most modifiable risk factors. This study is designed to observe the associations between the intake of macromicronutrients and the risk of pancreatic cancer in a Jordanian population. A case-control study included 100 patients with the incident and histologically confirmed PC and 309 control subjects frequency-matched on age, educational level, occupation, and marital status. Face-to-face interview was used to collect the study's sociodemographic, physical activity, and dietary information. Intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients were assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals. The patients reported higher consumption of almost all the macromicronutrients and micronutrients as compared with control subjects. The highest tertile of dietary intake of carbohydrates, sugars, fats, saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and vitamin B3 was positively associated with PC risk (Ptrend < 0.05). However, dietary intakes of polyunsaturated fats, omega-3, and some vitamins and minerals were not associated (Ptrend > 0.05) with the risk of PC. Our findings support the positive role of proteins, carbohydrates, sugars, fats, saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol on pancreatic carcinogenesis.

Potential of Egg as Complementary Food to Improve Nutrient Intake and Dietary Diversity.

The original aim was to determine the effect of egg consumption on infant growth in a low socioeconomic community in South Africa in a randomized controlled trial. Enrolment was, however, prematurely stopped due to COVID-19 lockdown regulations. The resultant small sample (egg group n = 70; control group n = 85) was followed up to assess the feasibility of egg consumption for eight months in terms of dietary intake, egg usage and perceived effects of lockdown on child feeding. Egg consumption remained low in the control group, <10% consumed egg ≥4 days/week at the follow-up points. In the egg group, egg was frequently consumed at midpoint (daily 87.1%, 4–6 days 8.1%) and endpoint (daily 53.1%, 4–6 days 21.9%). At endpoint, dietary intake of cholesterol and vitamin D was higher, and intake of niacin and vitamin B6 lower in the egg group compared to the control group. Dietary diversity was low, 36.2% of the egg group and 18.9% of the control group (p < 0.05) achieved minimum dietary diversity at endpoint. No babies developed egg allergy or sensitization, and adjusted regression analysis showed that frequency of egg intake was not related with the incidence or duration of allergy-related symptoms. This study showed that frequent egg consumption can contribute safely to complementary food for babies, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Correlation of obesity, dietary patterns, and blood pressure with uric acid: data from the NHANES 2017–2018

BackgroundPrevalence rates of hyperuricemia and gout are increasing. Clinical investigations of hyperuricemia-related risk factors aid in the early detection, prevention, and management of hyperuricemia and gout. Ongoing research is examining the association of obesity, dietary patterns, and blood pressure (BP) with serum uric acid (sUA).MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The exposures included body mass index (BMI), dietary patterns, and BP. The outcome variable was sUA level. The weighted multivariate linear regression models and smooth curve fittings were used to assess the association of BMI, dietary patterns, and BP with sUA.ResultsThere was a significantly positive correlation between BMI and sUA (β = 0.059, 95% CI: 0.054 to 0.064, P < 0.00001). Overweight and obese individuals had higher sUA levels than those with the normal BMI (β = 0.451, 95% CI: 0.357 to 0.546, P < 0.00001; β = 0.853, 95% CI: 0.760 to 0.946, P < 0.00001; respectively). Dietary energy intake was positively correlated with sUA (β = 0.000, 95% CI: 0.000 to 0.000, P = 0.01057). Dietary intake of carbohydrate and fiber were negatively correlated with sUA (β = − 0.001, 95% CI: − 0.002 to − 0.000, P < 0.00001; β = − 0.008, 95% CI: − 0.011 to − 0.004, P = 0.00001; respectively). Moreover, systolic BP was positively correlated with sUA (β = 0.006, 95% CI: 0.003 to 0.009, P = 0.00002). However, no statistical differences were found about the associations of dietary intake of total sugars, protein, total fat, cholesterol, and diastolic BP with sUA.ConclusionsThe current cross-sectional investigation of a nationally representative sample of US participants showed that BMI, dietary energy intake, and systolic BP were positively correlated with sUA levels; dietary carbohydrate and fiber intake were negatively correlated with sUA levels. The findings might be helpful for the management and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout.

Impact of Dietitian-Led Nutrition Therapy of Food Order on 5-Year Glycemic Control in Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes at Primary Care Clinic: Retrospective Cohort Study.

The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate the effect of 5-year follow-up of dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (eating vegetables before carbohydrates) on glycemic control in outpatients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at a primary care clinic. A total of 138 patients with dietitian-led medical nutrition therapy (intervention group) and 104 patients without dietitian-led nutrition therapy (control group) were compared for glycemic control, serum lipid, blood pressure, and diabetic complications for 5 years. Each patient in the intervention group received dietary education focused on food order (eating vegetables before carbohydrates) by dietitians. A significant improvement in HbA1c after 5 years in the intervention group [8.5 ± 1.7% (69 mmol/mol) to 7.6 ± 1.1% (59 mmol/mol), p < 0.001] was observed, whereas no change was observed in the control group [7.9 ± 1.2% (62 mmol/mol) to 8.0 ± 1.2% (63 mmol/mol)]. Dietary intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates, cholesterol, and salt in the intervention group demonstrated significant reduction, while the intake of dietary fiber significantly increased after the dietary education. Simple dietary education of ‘eating vegetables before carbohydrates’ presented by dietitians achieved good glycemic control after a 5-year period in outpatients with T2DM at primary care clinic.

A Healthy Asian Ketogenic Diet, Regardless of Dietary Cholesterol Intake Improves Metabolic Parameters in Individuals With Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract Objectives We aimed to study the effect of an Asian ketogenic diet with increased egg consumption on anthropometries, glucose, and cholesterol homeostasis in people with metabolic syndrome. Methods We compared changes in metabolic parameters between a ketogenic diet (carbohydrate &amp;lt; 10% of total calories) with increased whole egg intakes (Yolk KD) or yolk-free ketogenic diet with egg white supplementation (White KD) and a balanced diet with controlled energy (C). This study included a 4-week run in phase, a 12-week intervention phase, and a follow up phase at week-36. Subjects were monitored for changes in anthropometries, biochemistries including oral glucose tolerance testing, and physical activities. Results When compared week-0 (baseline) with week-12, average body weight (Wt), waist circumference (WC), triglyceride (TG), and blood pressure in Yolk-KD and White-KD groups significantly reduced from week-0 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). No difference of these parameters in C group between week-0 and week-12 was observed (ns). When comparing Yolk-KD vs. White-KD groups, there was no difference of anthropometric and metabolic changes between week-0 vs. week-12 (ns). Wt, WC, TG, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Yolk-KD group decreased 4 kg, 3.8 cm, 14.9 mg/dl, and 7.4 mmHg, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Wt, WC, TG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and DBP in White-KD group decreased 3.9 kg, 3.3 cm, 18.1 mg/dl, 3.7 mmHg, and 4.7 mmHg, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Fasting blood sugar and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at week-12 were not significantly different from baseline (ns). At week-36 weight reduction in Yolk-KD and White-KD groups still maintained better than that in C group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The physical activity of all subjects was not change throughout study (ns). Conclusions Behavior modification through dietary changes plays a vital role in controlling metabolic syndrome. Implementation on ketogenic diet was easier than balanced diet with controlled energy. Therefore, an Asian ketogenic diet regardless of amounts of dietary cholesterol helps lose weight without negative impacts on physical and biochemical indices. Funding Sources Mahidol University.

The Consumption of Two Eggs per Day for 12 Weeks Does Not Significantly Improve Biomarkers of Bone Metabolism or Inflammation in College-Aged Females Running Cross Country

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of increased dietary cholesterol intake through the consumption of two eggs per day on biomarkers of bone metabolism and inflammation in female division one cross country and track athletes.MethodsFifteen female Division I student-athletes from university's women's Cross Country/Track and Field Team (age 20.2 + 1.0 yrs.) participated in this study. Prior to the study, subjects were asked to refrain from all egg-based food products for two weeks. After this initial period, subjects were instructed to consume two eggs per day in the form of their choice for 12 weeks. Fasting venous blood samples were collected in the morning hours (0700–1000) following a 12-hour fast and absence of intense exercise training within the last 24 hrs at baseline and after 12 weeks. Serum was collected and immediately stored at -80°C until analysis. Serum bone formation markers; N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and osteocalcin (OC) and bone resorption marker, C-terminal of telopeptides of type I procollagen (CTXI), and serum inflammatory biomarkers; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β), and IL-6 were measured using ELISA kits.ResultsThere were no significant changes in any of the bone metabolism biomarkers, but they were trending in a positive direction. Mean serum CTXI levels were slightly lower at 0.36 vs 0.30 ng/mL after the intervention, but not significantly (p = 0.083). Serum OC levels didn't change 0.35 vs 0.38 ng/mL nor did serum PINP levels, 40.89 vs 42.72 ng/mL after the intervention. For the biomarkers of inflammation we did observe a significant increase in serum IL-6, 3.82 vs 4.27 pg/mL (p = 0.037) after the intervention. However, there were no significant changes in TNF-α, 10.27 vs 9.70 pg/mL or IL-1β, 5.97 vs 6.05 pg/mL after the intervention.ConclusionsThe current study shows no substantial changes in serum biomarkers of bone metabolism or inflammation after intervention with consuming two eggs per day for 12 weeks. However, there was a significant increase in IL-6 after the intervention.Funding SourcesSupported in part by an Internal Seed Research Grant from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.

Association of dietary cholesterol and dyslipidemia in Chinese health examinees

BackgroundThe association between dietary cholesterol consumption and dyslipidemia is still in controversy. The study aims to evaluate whether dietary cholesterol intake associated with dyslipidemia and its components in Chinese health examinees.MethodsA large-scale cross-sectional study was conducted among health examinees of in Shaanxi province. Totally of 8358 participants (3677 male and 4681 female) were included. Dietary cholesterol intake was assessed by validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to capture the linear and non-linear association between dietary cholesterol and dyslipidemia.ResultsA total of 2429 (29.1%) subjects were newly diagnosed of dyslipidemia, the prevalence was 29.2% in male and 27.7% in female. Mean intake of dietary cholesterol was 213.7 mg/day. After adjusting for all potential confounders including demographics information and lifestyles, higher cholesterol consumption was related to lower risk of dyslipidemia, the ORs (95% CIs) across Q2 to Q4 group were 0.87 (0.60–1.26), 0.80 (0.55–1.18) and 0.61 (0.41–0.91) in female. With further controlling for nutrients principal components, a null association was observed between dietary cholesterol and dyslipidemia and serum lipids, regardless of gender. Results of restricted cubic splines showed that the risk of dyslipidemia decreased slowly until around 300 mg/day in men and 200 mg/day in women, although the non-linear association was not significant.ConclusionsThe study suggested that dietary cholesterol consumption was not associated with dyslipidemia or serum lipids in Chinese health examinees, although a decreased risk was observed before the threshold points.