Dietary Allowance For Vitamin Research Articles

Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Adequacy in Powerlifters.

Leonhardt, TPM, Chilibeck, PD, Ko, J, and Zello, GA. Nutrition knowledge and dietary adequacy in powerlifters. J Strength Cond Res 38(11): 1924-1932, 2024-Athletes competing in weight categories (e.g., powerlifters) often restrict food intake approaching competition, which may be detrimental to health and performance. Our purpose was to assess the effect of nutrition knowledge, sex, and time (off-season versus precompetition, when athletes often cut weight) on dietary adequacy in powerlifters. Twenty-three powerlifters (10 females; 30.7 ± 11.2 years) completed questionnaires to assess nutrition knowledge and dietary adequacy. Athletes with higher nutrition knowledge consumed more fruits and nuts and less vitamin B2, B3 across all time points ( p < 0.05) and a greater number (73%) were above the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D compared with athletes with lower nutrition knowledge (50%) ( p < 0.05). Male powerlifters with higher nutrition knowledge consumed less alcohol and vitamin A than male powerlifters with lower nutrition knowledge ( p < 0.05). Female powerlifters with higher nutrition knowledge consumed less sugar and beverage calories than female powerlifters with lower nutrition knowledge ( p < 0.05). Intake of alcohol and carbohydrate decreased, and meat calories increased from off-season to precompetition ( p < 0.05). Male powerlifters increased B-vitamins, whereas female powerlifters decreased B-vitamin and sugar consumption approaching competition ( p < 0.05). Male powerlifters increased water consumption versus female powerlifters approaching competition (sex × time, p < 0.05). There was no effect of nutrition knowledge on dietary changes approaching competition. Nutrition knowledge, sex, and competitive season affect dietary intake of powerlifters. A higher nutrition knowledge predicts a higher intake of some foods and nutrients important for health and performance. Female powerlifters should pay close attention to the intake of B-vitamins and water before competitions when many are trying to cut weight.

KNOWLEDGE OF RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR MICRONUTRIENTS AMONG HEALTH PROFESSIONALS OF AHMEDABAD CITY, INDIA

The present study was planned to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of medical doctors and pharmacists about RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) for micronutrients. A total of 130 subjects (doctors (65) and pharmacists (65)) participated in the study. Knowledge, attitude, and practice were assessed using 15 items structured, self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire consisting of questions related to demographic information, knowledge of micronutrients in various stages of life, and general practice towards dietary supplements.&#x0D; Results revealed that only 9.2% of doctors and 12.3% of pharmacists had good knowledge regarding Recommended Dietary Allowance for micronutrients while most of the doctors and almost 50% of pharmacists had knowledge of acceptable degrees. There was a significant difference between the knowledge of doctors and pharmacists (knowledge score (KS) 7.98/15 and 6.52/15 respectively) (p&lt;0.05). Effects of education, experience, practice years, and the number of patients visited on knowledge of health professional data revealed no significant effect on knowledge score (p˃0.05). Efforts should be made to increase the knowledge of recommended dietary allowance for vitamins and minerals in health professionals.&#x0D;

Physico‐nutritional characterization of composite cassava and orange‐fleshed sweet potato flours and sensory evaluation of “fufu” prepared from the flour blends

AbstractThe orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is being promoted for consumption as a public health tool to combat vitamin A deficiency diseases in Africa. As a staple diet in many households in West Africa, “fufu” aptly lends itself to fortification with OFSP for the delivery of essential micronutrients for health improvement. In this study, the nutritional and functional characteristics of composite cassava/OFSP flours for preparation into "fufu" were examined, and the cooked food was subjected to sensory evaluation. OFSP enriched the nutritional composition as its substitution levels for cassava increased. However, the texture and pasting properties degraded concomitantly during the heating process. Sensory panelists preferred "fufu" prepared from the composite flours with up to 5% replacement of cassava with OFSP. This can potentially contribute 39–77% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance of vitamin A for children and 33% for women of reproductive age and help alleviate related deficiency diseases.Practical applicationsReducing hunger and promoting health is the foremost objective of the Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 3. This requires prioritizing specific food micronutrients and establishing approaches to deliver them to the consuming public. "Fufu" is a staple diet regularly consumed in many households in West Africa. However, its nutritional content is low due to the low content of micronutrients in the traditional ingredients. A new processing recipe for "fufu", which uses the composite flours of the ingredients, aptly lends it to fortification with nutrient‐rich ingredients to administer the essential dietary requirements of its consumers. Given the substantial composition of important food micronutrients, particularly β‐Carotene, in the orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSP), it is the most considered candidate crop for meeting the critical dietary needs of people plagued with vitamin A deficiency diseases. The importance of this study, therefore, lies in the development of a new "fufu" product fortified with OFSP to avert the vitamin A deficiency diseases that mostly affect women of reproductive age and children in Africa.

Scoping review of the dietary intake of children with chronic kidney disease.

Adequate nutrition is integral to optimal health outcomes for children with chronic kidney disease. However, no studies to date have summarised the existing knowledge base on the dietary intake of this patient group. Analyse and summarise evidence regarding the dietary intake of children with chronic kidney disease and identify areas that require further research or clarification. A scoping review of English language articles using four bibliographic databases and a predefined search term strategy. Weighted mean intake for each nutrient was calculated. Eighteen studies were identified (1407 children and 118 healthy controls). Data on socioeconomic status, underreporting of intake and binder use was sparse. Most studies collected dietary information using food records or 24-h recalls. Nutrient data was missing for many subgroups especially transplant and dialysis patients. Protein intake was excessive in all groups where data was reported and varied from 125.7 ± 33% of the recommended dietary allowance in the severe disease group to 391.3 ± 383% in the group with mild kidney disease. Fibre, calcium, iron and vitamin C intake was inadequate for all groups. For children undertaking dialysis, none met the recommended dietary allowance for vitamins C, B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6. Sodium intake was excessive in all groups (> 220% of the recommended dietary allowance). Limited data suggests diet quality is poor, particularly fruit and vegetable intake. This review has identified important subgroups of children with kidney disease where nutrient intake is suboptimal or not well described. Future studies should be conducted to describe intake in these groups. A higher-resolution version of the graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

Physicochemical properties and microbial safety of reduced‐sugar chocolate‐flavored milk

This study investigated the impact of sugar reduction on the physicochemical properties (pH, water activity (aw), total soluble solids (TSS), viscosity, and color) and microbial safety (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, yeast and mold, total coliform, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes) of chocolate-flavored milk stored under refrigeration (4 ± 1°C) for 28 days. When compared with the full-sugar chocolate milk (control), the 50% reduced-sugar (w/v) formulation containing concentration of stevia (56.27 mg/L) and monk fruit extract (81.90 mg/L), optimized based on the sensory responses by 107 consumers, showed no significant changes in pH, aw, and microbial growth. However, TSS and viscosity were significantly lower with higher lightness and yellowness but lower redness values in the reduced-sugar sample compared to the control, but no significant changes were observed over the storage period. Consequently, 50% of added sugar (w/v) could be reduced to formulate chocolate milk with acceptable physicochemical properties and microbial safety. Practical applications Flavored milk is a source of recommended dietary allowances for vitamin D and calcium but can contain up to 10% of added sugar (w/v). However, the intake of high levels of added sugar has been associated with several chronic diseases. Hence, there is a need to reduce added sugar. But the impact of sugar reduction has mainly been investigated from a health perspective. There is limited data available on how this impacts physicochemical and microbial properties. These aspects are crucial to be assessed before the new product could be launched in the market. Hence, the findings from this study will provide insights to the dairy industry on the stability of a new product in terms of physicochemical and microbiological safety when considering sugar reformulation programs.

Optimal dosage of vitamin D supplementation in obese patients with low serum levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. A systematic review

The purpose of this study was to assess the evidence for an appropriate dose-response of vitamin D supplementation in patients with obesity with inadequate vitamin D serum levels. We performed a systematic review consulting Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library up to September 2020 to identify studies that included (1) adult obese individuals with vitamin D serum levels below 75 nmol/l, (2) receiving cholecalciferol or calcidiol therapy (3) vitamin D serum levels assessment. The electronic search identified 705 potentially eligible studies, 11 of which were included and analysed. The heterogeneity of the studies did not permit a meta-analysis. Five studies (45.5%) were of high quality. Oral daily cholecalciferol resulted the route of administration that prevailed in most studies. We found that a minimum dose of =>2000UI/day might be needed to normalize 25OHD serum levels. Conversely, oral calcidiol <300IU/day failed to achieve 25OHD sufficiency. Exposed evidence suggests that vitamin D requirements remain higher in patients with obesity compared to lean patients. In order to normalize 25OHD serum levels, patients taking cholecalciferol might need to triple the actual recommended vitamin D doses. In contrast, calcidiol doses are still to be clarified. • Cholecalciferol ’treatment dose in patients with obesity might triple the requirements of non-obese ones. • Calcidiol optimal oral dosage is still to be elucidated. • Recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D may need to take into account patients' body weight and body mass index.

Vitamin D: Skin, sunshine, and beyond

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone of importance to the field of dermatology. Skin is unique in that it is the site of vitamin D synthesis upon sun exposure and a target organ for its activity. We explore the physiology and metabolic mechanism of action of vitamin D, as well as its effects on the skin. We also discuss the current evidence of the efficacy and safety of oral and topical vitamin D analogues on skin conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, sunburn, actinic keratosis, and fibrosing skin disorders. Based on currently available scientific evidence, the National Academy of Medicine's recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D ranges from 400 IU to 800 IU daily based on age categories.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Pediatric Gastroenterologist.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Pediatric Gastroenterologist.

Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk Vary with Time within Feed, Circadian Rhythm, and Single-Dose Supplementation

Background: Human milk is the subject of many studies, but procedures for representative sample collection have not been established. Our improved methods for milk micronutrient analysis now enable systematic study of factors that affect its concentrations.Objective: We evaluated the effects of sample collection protocols, variations in circadian rhythms, subject variability, and acute maternal micronutrient supplementation on milk vitamin concentrations.Methods: In the BMQ (Breast-Milk-Quality) study, we recruited 18 healthy women (aged 18–26 y) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, at 2–4 mo of lactation for a 3-d supplementation study. On day 1, no supplements were given; on days 2 and 3, participants consumed ∼1 time and 2 times, respectively, the US-Canadian Recommended Dietary Allowances for vitamins at breakfast (0800–0859). Milk was collected during every feeding from the same breast over 24 h. Milk expressed in the first 2 min (aliquot I) was collected separately from the remainder (aliquot II); a third aliquot (aliquot III) was saved by combining aliquots I and II. Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamins B-6, B-12, A, and E and fat were measured in each sample.Results: Significant but small differences (14–18%) between aliquots were found for all vitamins except for vitamins B-6 and B-12. Circadian variance was significant except for fat-adjusted vitamins A and E, with a higher contribution to total variance with supplementation. Between-subject variability accounted for most of the total variance. Afternoon and evening samples best reflected daily vitamin concentrations for all study days. Acute supplementation effects were found for thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and A at 2–4 h postdosing, with 0.1–6.17% passing into milk. Supplementation was reflected in fasting, 24-h postdose samples for riboflavin and vitamin B-6. Maximum amounts of dose-responding vitamins in 1 feeding ranged from 4.7% to 21.8% (day 2) and 8.2% to 35.0% (day 3) of Adequate Intake.Conclusions: In the milk of Bangladeshi mothers, differences in vitamin concentrations between aliquots within feedings and by circadian variance were significant but small. Afternoon and evening collection provided the most-representative samples. Supplementation acutely affects some breast-milk micronutrient concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02756026.

Relationship Between Nutrition Knowledge of Caregivers and Dietary Practices of Children Under Five in Kajiado County, Kenya

Background: Poor nutrition status has been reported among children from pastoralist communities with dietary practices being a key determinant. One of the major determinants of dietary practices adopted among the children is the nutritional knowledge of the caregivers. There is minimal information on how nutritional knowledge level among caregivers is associated with dietary practices of children. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted on a randomly selected sample of 138 caregivers from 2 randomly selected sub-locations in Kajiado County, Kenya. An open-ended questionnaire was used to collect information on the caregiver’s nutritional knowledge and the dietary practices of children. The caregivers’ responses on knowledge were scored and analyzed using a likert scale. Data on dietary practices collected using a 24-hour recall was analyzed using the Nutiri-survey computer software. Results: The nutritional knowledge level for the majority (92.7%) of the caregivers was low (< 40% score). In addition, the dietary practices among the children were poor as depicted by < 3 meals per day taken by 76.1%, low dietary diversity of < 6 food groups per day by 95.7%. This translated to 15.2% not taking adequate energy and over 70% of the children consuming less than the recommended dietary allowances for vitamin A, iron, and zinc. The nutritional knowledge level among caregivers was significantly associated with the dietary practices (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The dietary practices adopted by the caregivers are poor and are as a result of their low nutritional knowledge on child feeding. This study recommends initiation of programs to educate the caregivers on good nutritional practices.

Vitamin D and autoimmune diseases

The review discusses the effect of vitamin D on the tolerogenic modulation of an immune response, its relationship to cells of the monocyte-macrophage series, including dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages, in the context of the impact of the expression of anti-inflammatory proinflammatory cytokines in some autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic scleroderma, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn`s disease). It discusses the role of vitamin D in the development of innate and adaptive immunity. Despite some conflicting evidence, the immune regulatory function of vitamin D is generally directed toward inhibition of the components of innate and acquired immunity, which are responsible for the induction of autoimmune reactions; in this connection there are a growing number of publications devoted to the issues of vitamin D supplementation in patients with autoimmune diseases, the preventive effect of vitamin D intake on the risk of an abnormality and that of therapeutic doses of the vitamin on its course. The maintenance of the threshold value for serum 25(OH)D3 at least 30 ng/ml, which is achieved by the intake of about 2000 IU of vitamin D, is shown to be required for its immune regulatory function. The data given raise the question as to whether it is necessity to revise the Russian recommended daily dietary allowances for vitamin D through its infant food fortification.

Genotype × Environment Interactions for East African Orange‐Fleshed Sweetpotato Clones Evaluated across Varying Ecogeographic Conditions in Uganda

African dry and starchy (DS) orange‐fleshed sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] (OFSP) cultivars, distinct from American moist or medium dry and sweet OFSP, have potential to fight vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in the world. This study assessed the genotype × environment (G × E) interactions in multienvironment trials (METs), the genetic correlations for total root yield (TYLD), biomass (BIOM), harvest index (HI), root dry matter (RDM), root starch (RST), root sucrose (RSU), root β‐carotene, (RBC), root Fe (RFE), root Zn (RZN), root Ca (RCA), and root Mg (RMG) and the potential contributions of the cultivars to fight VAD and mineral deficiencies. Nine DS OFSP cultivars, (Ejumula, Zambezi, Carrot_C, Kakamega, KMI61, Abuket_1, SPK004/6/6, SPK004/6 and Naspot_5/50) and a medium dry and sweet OFSP cultivar (Resisto) were tested in METs in Uganda. The components were smaller than components for HI, RDM, RST, RSU, and RBC, making it possible to ably select for the traits in the early stages. The components were larger than components for TYLD and mineral traits. Thus, like yield, breeding for mineral traits in sweetpotato is complex, requiring prior data on the causes of the G × E interactions. Medium to high positive correlations among mineral traits favor parallel selection, and it merits further study to efficiently improve the mineral trait complex by an index. Clearly, a 50‐ to 100‐g ration of all the cultivars, except Naspot_5/50, can provide 100% recommended dietary allowance of vitamin A for a 5‐ to 8‐yr‐old child.

Relationship of Consumption of Meals Including Grain, Fish and Meat, and Vegetable Dishes to the Prevention of Nutrient Deficiency: The INTERMAP Toyama Study.

A Japanese-style diet consists of meals that include grain (shushoku), fish and meat (shusai), and vegetable dishes (fukusai). Little is known about the association of such meals (designated well-balanced meals hereafter) with nutrient intake. We therefore examined the frequency of well-balanced meals required to prevent nutrient deficiency. Participants were Japanese people, ages 40 to 59 y, from Toyama, recruited for INTERMAP, in an international population-based study. Each person provided 4 in-depth 24-h dietary recalls (149 men, 150 women). The prevalence of risk ratios of not meeting the Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (2015) was calculated. Well-balanced diets were assessed by the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top. We counted the frequencies of meals in which participants consumed 1.0 or more servings of all 3 dishes categories. We divided the frequency of consumption of well-balanced meals into the following 4 groups: <1.00 time/d, 1.00-1.49 times/d, 1.50-1.74 times/d, and ≥1.75 times/d. Compared with participants in the highest frequency group for well-balanced meals, those who consumed well-balanced meals less than once a day had a higher risk of not meeting the adequate intake for potassium and the recommended dietary allowance for vitamin A. Those who consumed well-balanced meals on average less than 1.50 times per day had a higher risk of not meeting the recommended dietary allowance for calcium and vitamin C. Our results suggest that individuals should on average consume well-balanced meals more than 1.5 times per day to prevent calcium and vitamin C deficiencies.

Outcome of a public consultation on the Draft Scientific Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin E as ɑ‐tocopherol

Outcome of a public consultation on the Draft Scientific Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin E as ɑ‐tocopherol

Effects of vitamin D supplementation in infancy on growth, bone parameters, body composition and gross motor development at age 3–6 years: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial

The long-term effects of infant vitamin D supplementation and status are unclear since there have been few controlled intervention trials and these have been small and contradictory. The Delhi Infant Vitamin D Supplementation (DIVIDS) trial found that supplementation of low-birthweight term infants with one recommended dietary allowance of vitamin D from 1 week to 6 months of age resulted in increased length and weight at 6 months. In the DIVIDS-2 study we followed up the DIVIDS children, now aged 3-6 years, to determine longer-term effects. DIVIDS children, 446 from the vitamin D arm and 466 from the placebo arm, attended the follow-up visit. Data collection included anthropometry, blood pressure, bone structure and strength by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), gross motor tests, deuterium dilution test of body composition on a subset (n = 229) and blood samples for measurement of vitamin D status. Body mass index Z scores (BMIZ) were lower (adjusted P = 0.003)in the vitamin D Group [-1.18 (SD 0.92)] when compared with the placebo [-1.02 (SD 0.91)] group as a result of slightly lower weight and slightly greater height. The vitamin D group also had lower thigh circumference and arm muscle area and borderline lower mid-upper arm circumference. There were no group differences in body fat percentage, bone QUS or blood pressure and few differences in motor development measures. Vitamin D supplementation of low-birthweight infants in infancy resulted in children being thinner at age 3-6 years but in no differences in functional outcomes.

Optimizing bone health in children and adolescents.

The pediatrician plays a major role in helping optimize bone health in children and adolescents. This clinical report reviews normal bone acquisition in infants, children, and adolescents and discusses factors affecting bone health in this age group. Previous recommended daily allowances for calcium and vitamin D are updated, and clinical guidance is provided regarding weight-bearing activities and recommendations for calcium and vitamin D intake and supplementation. Routine calcium supplementation is not recommended for healthy children and adolescents, but increased dietary intake to meet daily requirements is encouraged. The American Academy of Pediatrics endorses the higher recommended dietary allowances for vitamin D advised by the Institute of Medicine and supports testing for vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with conditions associated with increased bone fragility. Universal screening for vitamin D deficiency is not routinely recommended in healthy children or in children with dark skin or obesity because there is insufficient evidence of the cost-benefit of such a practice in reducing fracture risk. The preferred test to assess bone health is dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, but caution is advised when interpreting results in children and adolescents who may not yet have achieved peak bone mass. For analyses, z scores should be used instead of T scores, and corrections should be made for size. Office-based strategies for the pediatrician to optimize bone health are provided. This clinical report has been endorsed by American Bone Health.

Vitamin a Deficiency Corrected With 800 IU/Day

Vitamin a Deficiency Corrected With 800 IU/Day

The Challenge of Setting Appropriate Intake Recommendations for Vitamin E: Considerations on Status and Functionality to Define Nutrient Requirements

The main function of vitamin E is to protect against scavenging of reactive oxygen species; it is the primary protective agent against lipid peroxidation. Overt vitamin E deficiency is present only in patients with severe malnutrition and certain chronic diseases. The latest Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin E is based on the correlation between hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte lysis and plasma α-tocopherol concentrations (Institute of Medicine, United States), or the prevention of lipid peroxidation (National Nutrition Societies of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, D-A-CH). According to the current recommendations, the reference plasma concentration for vitamin E is 12 - 46 µmol/L (daily intake of 15 - 30 mg α-tocopherol equivalents). Epidemiological studies suggest a beneficial effect of vitamin E on cardiovascular health at a plasma concentration of 30 µmol/L (a daily intake of ~ 50 IU). Vitamin E is also an important micronutrient for maintaining the immune system, especially in the elderly. A workshop was organized with the main objective to propose a concept for developing markers of status, functionality, and health in the field of nutritional research, in order to define desirable vitamin E requirements in healthy individuals.

Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement

• The recommended level for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in infants, children, adolescents and during pregnancy and lactation is ≥ 50 nmol/L. This level may need to be 10-20 nmol/L higher at the end of summer to maintain levels ≥ 50 nmol/L over winter and spring. • Sunlight is the most important source of vitamin D. The US recommended dietary allowance for vitamin D is 600 IU daily in children aged over 12 months and during pregnancy and lactation, assuming minimal sun exposure. • Risk factors for low vitamin D are: lack of skin exposure to sunlight, dark skin, southerly latitude, conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism and storage (including obesity) and, for infants, being born to a mother with low vitamin D and exclusive breastfeeding combined with at least one other risk factor. • Targeted measurement of 25(OH)D levels is recommended for infants, children and adolescents with at least one risk factor for low vitamin D and for pregnant women with at least one risk factor for low vitamin D at the first antenatal visit. • Vitamin D deficiency can be treated with daily low-dose vitamin D supplements, although barriers to adherence have been identified. High-dose intermittent vitamin D can be used in children and adolescents. Treatment should be paired with health education and advice about sensible sun exposure. Infants at risk of low vitamin D should be supplemented with 400 IU vitamin D₃ daily for at least the first year of life. • There is increasing evidence of an association between low vitamin D and a range of non-bone health outcomes, however there is a lack of data from robust randomised controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation.

Vitamin D and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: The Potential Sunny Vitamin D Effects Are Clouded by Unclear Evidence

What are the recommended intakes for vitamin D? What concentration of 25-hydoxyvitamin D delineates “normal” from vitamin D deficient? These recurring questions have received considerable attention and debate. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) used a systematic, evidence-based review approach to make its recommended dietary allowances for vitamin D, including a critical evaluation of the plethora of evidence relevant to the role of vitamin D in human health and disease. According to the 2011 IOM report (1), despite a large body of scientific evidence supporting the potential role of vitamin D in preventing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, these data were deemed insufficient to inform nutritional requirements. How could such substantial evidence have had minimal influence on the IOM recommended intakes for vitamin D? In a recent commentary in …