Diet Of Common Carp Research Articles

STUDIES ON PARTIAL AND COMPLETE REPLACEMENTS OF FISH MEAL WITH GAMBUSIA MEAL IN DIETS FOR THE COMMON CARP "CYPRINUS CARPIO"

Atwelve week experiment was conducted to evaluate the suitability of gambusia {Gambusia afflnis) fish meal (GFM) as a partial or complete substitute for the protein supplied by herring fish meal (HFM) in diets for the growth of common carp fingerlings (mean weight of 0.35g/fish). Seven isonitrogenous (35% crude protein), isolipidic (9%) and isocaloric {3.7 kcal DE/g) diets were formulated in which GFM replaced 0.0%, 10%, 25% 50%, 75%, 90% and 100% of the protein supplied by HFM. Results demonstrated that GFM has good potential as a substitute for up to 50% of the protein supplied by HFM in common carp diets with no significant (P 0.05) compared to fish fed the control diet. Hematological characteristics of common carp were examined at the end of the study and the results showed that values of hemoglobin, RBC, hematocrit and serum protein in fish groups of all the treatments were statistically equal or even better than those offish fed the control diet. An economic analysis suggested the possibility of

Dietary supplementation with a Quillaja saponin mixture improves growth performance and metabolic efficiency in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.)

The effects of supplementation of a saponin mixture in diets of common carp were studied using a respirometer system, which allowed feeding and continuous measurement of oxygen consumption of individual fish. Five fish, each weighing approximately 19 g, were fed either a normal diet (C group) or a diet supplemented with 150 mg kg −1 (S150 group) or 300 mg kg −1 (S300 group) Quillaja saponins. At the end of the experimental period (8 weeks), the weight gain of the S150 group (372%) was significantly ( P<0.05) higher than that of the control group (327%) and that of the S300 group (325%), which was similar to the control group. The average metabolic rate (mg kg −0.8 h −1) and oxygen consumption per unit body weight did not differ among the groups. For up to 4 weeks, the average feed conversion ratio and metabolic growth rate values of the S150 group were significantly ( P<0.05) better than those of the C group. Later, the differences narrowed and were no longer significant at the end of the experiment. The average protein utilisation values at the end of the experiment were highest in the S150 group. The S150 group also had the highest average energy retention value. The average apparently unutilised energy was lowest for the S300 group. It is concluded that Quillaja saponin mixture could act as a growth stimulant for common carp when present at a level of 150 mg kg −1 in the diet.

Evaluation of an unconventional legume seed, Sesbania aculeata, as a dietary protein source for common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

A 7-week feeding trial was conducted in a recirculation system at 27±0.2°C to evaluate the nutritive value of Sesbania aculeata seed meal as a possible protein source in the diet of common carp. Sesbania seed meal was included in the diets at various levels (12%, 24%, 36% and 48% for diets 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, which correspond to 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of dietary crude protein) and the response of fish fed these diets was compared to fish fed a fish meal based control diet (40% crude protein). All the diets were made iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic. Each treatment had two replicates, eight fish per replicate, with mean initial mass of 5.25±0.03 g. Fish were fed six times of their maintenance requirement (3.2×body mass (g)×kg 0.8) ration daily. On the basis of the observed growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilisation and energy retention, diet 1 (control) and diet 2 (containing 12% Sesbania meal) were similar and significantly ( P<0.05) better than the other dietary groups. Fish fed diets 3, 4, and 5 containing higher levels of Sesbania meal (24%, 36% and 48%, respectively) showed significantly reduced growth performance compared to those fed diets 1 and 2. Fish fed diets containing higher levels (>12%) of Sesbania meal had significantly higher whole body moisture, lower lipid and gross energy content. The lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher levels of Sesbania meal is thought to be due to the presence of various antinutrients such as tannins and saponins in Sesbania seeds. The results of this study indicated that inclusion of up to 12% of untreated Sesbania seed meal (10% of the dietary protein) in the diet did not affect the growth performance and nutrient utilisation in common carp.

Preliminary nutritional evaluation of Mucuna seed meal ( Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.): an assessment by growth performance and feed utilisation

Two feeding trials were conducted in a warmwater recirculating system to assess the potential nutritive value of mucuna seed meal as a dietary replacement for fish meal in practical diets of common carp. For experiment I and II, raw and autoclaved mucuna seed meals, respectively, were used in the diets to replace 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the total dietary protein and the performance of fish fed these diets was compared to fish fed a fish meal based control diet which contained 40% protein. All diets were prepared to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. For experiment I, each treatment had two replicates using five fish per aquarium with mean initial body weight of 11.65±0.23 g, whereas seven fish per replicate with mean initial body weight of 3.93±0.02 g were used for experiment II. Daily fish ration was fed five times their maintenance level [(3.2 g feed kg 0.8/day)×5]. No fish died during the experimental phase I and II. The growth rate, feed conversion ratio, apparent net protein utilisation and energy retention of diets 1 and 2 in both experiments appeared to be similar and significantly higher than the other dietary groups in both experiments. The higher inclusion of raw and autoclaved mucuna meals in diets 3, 4 and 5, respectively, showed a significantly reduced growth performance when compared to diets 1 and 2. Fish fed diets containing higher levels (>13%) of raw mucuna meal had significantly higher carcass moisture, lower levels of protein (except in fish fed diet 3) and lipid contents. Even though fish were fed with autoclaved mucuna meal in experiment II, the higher inclusion rate of mucuna seed meal significantly reduced the growth parameters. However, no significant differences were observed regarding the whole body moisture, protein, ash and lipid contents among fish fed the control and diets 2, 3 and 4, except for the lipid content of fish fed diet 5. The lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher levels of both raw and autoclaved mucuna meal might be due to the presence of the higher levels of heat stable antinutrients coupled with non-starch polysaccharide fractions rather than the thermolabile antinutrients.

Growth Response and Flesh Quality of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Fed with High Levels of Nondefatted Silkworm Pupae

Nondefatted silkworm pupae, a major by-product of the sericulture industry in India is rich in protein and fat. A growth trial was conducted over a period of 90 days to study the usefulness of pupae as a source of protein and energy in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Results indicated that the pupae could be used to completely replace fishmeal and could be included up to 50% in the diet. There was no significant difference in the final weight gain, food conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed with fishmeal based control diet and diets incorporated with 30, 40 or 50% pupae. However, the net protein retention was found to increase with increasing levels of pupae in the diet. Ribonucleic acid/deoxyribonucleic acid (RNA/DNA) ratio was highest in fish fed 50% pupae. Protein deposition in the carcass increased, while fat content decreased as pupae content in the diet increased. Protease enzyme activity was higher in pupae fed fish. Organoleptic evaluation of the fish indicated no significant difference between any of the treatments, either in the overall quality or individual attributes such as odor, texture, and flavor implying that pupae can be safely used up to 50% without hampering the growth and meat quality.

Silkworm Pupa Oil and Sardine Oil as an Additional Energy Source in the Diet of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio

A 90-day field experiment was conducted on common carp, Cyprinus carpio to study the usefulness of silkworm pupa oil as an energy source in comparison with sardine oil. Dietary administration of three levels of pupa oil and sardine oil, viz., 3, 6 and 9% was used to enrich a fishmeal based diet while a diet without oil enrichment served as control. Fish growth increased significantly with the increasing level of both pupa and sardine oils, while the control diet led to the lowest growth. There was no significant difference in the final mean weights attained under pupa and sardine oil treatments at the same level of incorporation. Specific growth rate,feed gain ratio, and biomass production improved significantly with increasing level of oil incorporation. The percentage increase in biomass as compared to control was nearly 50% at 9% addition of either oils. Organoleptic evaluation showed no adverse effect of oils on the flesh quality. The study demonstrated not only the usefulness of pupa oil, which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (n-3), as an equally potent energy source as sardine oil, but also the possibility of using additional fat in the diet to economically promote carp growth.

Apparent Digestibility of Various Cereal Grain By-products in Common Carp Diets

Apparent Digestibility of Various Cereal Grain By-products in Common Carp Diets

Nutrient requirements, supply and utilization in the context of carp culture

Practical diets for common carp are often formulated with little concern for the biological and environmental consequences of poor digestive or metabolic utilization of dietary ingredients. Considerable variability in the optimal protein levels (25–50%) in the diets of common carp has been reported. However, critical analysis of the available data shows little difference in the protein needs between this species and other freshwater teleosts studied so far. Quantitative requirements for the indispensable amino acids (IAA) of cyprinids are also similar to those of other species. Energy requirements and the optimal protein to energy ratios have also been determined for a few cyprinids. As in the case of salmonids, an increase in digestible energy enhances the efficiency of dietary protein utilization and leads to a decrease in nitrogenous losses into the environment. Quantitative data on requirements for micronutrients are also available for the common carp. Dietary formulations based on biological values, digestible energy and nutrient availability can optimize growth and feed efficiency. In the general context of improved productivity with maintenance of water quality, precise data on the requirements for phosphorus, supply and availability of different ingredients are other factors which deserve more attention.

Supplementation of artificial diets for common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae

Duplicate groups of full-sib carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae were reared at 24±0.5°C and fed six artificial diets (A to F) with the same protein sources (yeast powder 59%; dry beef liver 41%) and a diet (G) in which half of the protein source was replaced by egg powder. Diets were supplemented with different levels (0%, 5% or 10%) of cod liver oil (CLO), mineral premix (M) and vitamin premix (V). After 21 days on experimental diets (D0–D21), larvae were fed a commercial feed for 10 additional days (D21–D31). On day 21, survival of larvae fed the yeast-liver diet supplemented with CLO (5%), M (5%) and V (5%) (diet A) was 64% and mean body weight was 169 mg. Compared to diet A, diet B (CLO 10%, M 10%, V 10%) did not improve survival (68%) or mean body weight (170 mg). Larvae fed a non-supplemented diet (C) containing only yeast and liver had a lower survival rate (42%) and mean body weight (63 mg). Vitamins appeared to be a limiting factor as the larvae fed diet D with CLO 5%, M 5% and no V exhibited a very low survival rate (13%) and mean body weight (28 mg). The mineral premix also seemed necessary as results obtained with diet E (CLO 5%, V 5%, no M) were similar (survival 52%, mean weight 53 mg) to those obtained with the non-supplemented diet (C). Diet F (M 5%, V 5%, no CLO) led to an excellent survival rate (95%) and mean body weight of 189 mg on day 21. Larvae fed diet G (42.5% yeast-liver mixture, 42.5% egg powder, 5% CLO, 5% M, 5% V) reached an individual mean weight of 140 mg. It was concluded that the mineral and vitamin supplementation of the yeast-liver diets was necessary, whilst an addition of 5% CLO in these diets had a negative effect. Survival of larvae initially fed the best diet (F) was 95% and mean body weight was 755 mg after 10 additional days of feeding (D21–D31) a commercial diet. This confirmed the possibility of rearing carp larvae on artificial food with high survival and growth rates.

Casein in the place of beef liver in artificial diets for common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.) larvae

Resume Szlamiiiska M., A.-M. Escaffre, H. Alami-Durante, N. Charlon, P. Bcrgot. Aquat. Living Resour., 1990, 3, 229-234. Common carp larvae werc fcd artificial diets over 28 days at about 24°C. Diets wcrc based on yeast and cithcr bccf livcr or casein. Survival rates of larvae wcrc 76-92,, with liver diets and 87-96% with cascin diets. Larval growth was superior with livcr dicts (mean final weights 720-880 mg) than with casein diets (130-340 mg). Within-tank coefficient of variation of body weight incrcased with mean weight according to a gcneralized S-shaped curve. The skewncss cocfficient tended to increase with thc mcan wcight, with higher values in the cascin-fcd group than in the liver-fed group. It is concluded that liver is not strictly indispensable for carp larvae diets and may bc rcplaced by less complex componcnts.

Detoxification of Linseed and Sesame Meal and Evaluation of their Nutritive Value in the Diet of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The effect of two processing methods, aqueous extraction and autoclaving (120°C, 1 kg.cm·2, 2 hours) for detoxifying linseed (Linum usitatissimum.) and sesame meals (Sesamum indicum) on their nutritive value as a protein source for common carp was evaluated. Growth and feed utilization of carp fed diets with 25% of the total protein replaced by linseed or sesame seeds, which are either untreated, heat treated or aqueous extracted, were compared to a control diet with fishmeal as the sole protein source. The s even diets were made isonitrogenous (40% protein) and isocaloric (4.4 KcaJ.g·1) and were fed to carp initially weighing 3.3 g in three replicate tanks. Both methods of processing did not alter significantly the proximate and amino acid composition of the meals. Phytic acid contents were reduced by 48.2-71.8% and 50.8- 7 4.0% in linseed .and sesame meals, respectively with heat treatment resulting in greater reduction. Hydrocyanic acid content in linseed meal was reduced by 34.4-53.1%, with aqueous treatment resulting in the greater reduction. The results of the feeding trial showed that use of detoxified meals in diets significantly (P &lt; 0.05) improved growth performance and food utilization of carp compared to those fed untreated meals but not to a level of performance obtained with a fishmeal based control diet.

Effects of non-defatted silkworm-pupae in diets on the growth of common carp, Cyprinus carpio

Common carp fed over a period of 140 days on diets containing different levels of non-defatted pupae showed better growth with the diet containing 30% papa, without fish meal. Ten per cent and 20% of pupa in combination with 20% and 10% fish meal gave lower growth, although statistically there was no difference between different treatments. Digestibility of protein and fat from pupa diets was better than that from the fish meal control diet. Significantly higher deposition of protein, fat and ash was recorded with diets having 20% and 30% pupa. Experimental diets had no influence on organoleptic quality in terms of colour, odour, texture and flavour. The results show that non-defatted pupa could replace fish meal in the diet of common carp, without affecting growth and quality.

Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oilseed meals as partial substitutes for fish meal in the diet of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

. Three oilseed meals (mustard, linseed and sesame) of Bangladeshi origin were evaluated as fish meal substitutes in diets of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. These oilseed meals were included in the diet at various levels (25, 50 and 75% of dietary protein) and the response of fish fed these diets was compared to fish fed a fish meal based control diet (40% protein). On the basis of observed growth rate, food conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization, the control diet produced significantly (P< 0.05) the best growth performance. Growth responses were significantly affected by both type and inclusion level of oilseed protein. Of the oilseed proteins tested, the 25% mustard protein and 25% linseed protein diets produced significantly (P< 0.05) better growth performances than higher inclusion levels tested. Apparent protein digestibilities (APDs) for all diets were fairly high, ranging from 77.72 to 89.8O%. In general, APD values decreased with increasing plant protein. Fish fed diets containing higher levels of oilseed protein had significantly (P< 0.05) higher carcass moisture and lower carcass lipid contents. Fish fed 50% mustard protein had histological abnormalities in liver and thyroid tissues. Results are discussed with respect to dietary levels of essential amino acid and anti-nutritional factors.

The effect of phosphorus supplementation to common carp diets on fish growth

The effect of supplementation of fish diets with phosphorus was studied both in tank and pond experiments. In the tank experiments phosphorus (6.5% di-calcium or mono-calcium phosphates) was added to three diets: two containing fish meal as the main protein ingredient and the third containing algal meal to replace it. Feeding common carp in tanks with these diets significantly increased fish growth rate (P < 0.05) over fish fed the same diets without phosphorus supplementation. In the pond experiments phosphorus was added to a fish meal diet in two different compounds: mono- and di-calcium phosphates (at 1% of the feed). The diets were fed to fish in a polyculture system for two consecutive culture cycles. Due to supplementation with phosphate, growth rate of tilapia ( Sarotherodon aureus) increased in both culture cycles. The growth rate of common carp fed phosphorus-supplemented diets increased over the control only in the first cycle, when fish were large and the standing crop of carp exceeded 1.8 ton/ha. At lower standing crops the natural food seems to supply adequate amounts of phosphorus. Silver carp were not affected by phosphorus supplementation, probably because they consume very little supplementary feed. Total yield for the entire season (kg/ha) was significantly higher in ponds where fish were fed a phosphorus-supplemented diet. Di-calcium phosphate, which is soluble only in weak acids, seems to be more efficient than the water-soluble mono-calcium phosphate in affecting the growth of common carp even though this fish lacks a gastric acid secretion.

Rapeseed meal in the diet of common carp reared in heated waters

ZusammenfassungRapsmehl in Rationen für Warmwasserkarpfen V. Karotinoide im Futter und im FischgewebeKarpfen erhielten Rapsmehl‐Diäten (Kontrolldiäten mit Fischmehl und Gerste) im Gewichtsabschnitt von 2,5 bis 15–30 g. Die Karotinoide wurden chromatographisch im Futter und in verschiedenen Fischgeweben (Haut, Muskel, Hepatopankreas und Magen‐Darmtrakt) analysiert. Der gesamte Karotinoidgehalt im Futter schwankte zwischen 7,2 und 16,7 mg/g. Eine Korrelation konnte nur zwischen dem gesamten Karotinoidgehalt im Futter und in der Haut nachgewiesen werden. Den höchsten Gehalt im Futter machten die Karotinoide β‐Karotin Epoxid, Violaxanthin, Kapsanthin, Rubixanthin, β‐citraurin und β‐apo‐2′Carotenal aus. Im Muskelgewebe konnten 15 verschiedene Karotinoide und im Heptopankreas 19 identifiziert werden und zwar: Echinenon, 4′‐Hydroxychinon, Kanthaxanthin, 3′‐Epilutein, Adonixanthin, α‐Doradexanthin, Tunaxanthin, Neoxanthin, Idoxanthin, Astaxanthin, Astaxanthinester, Kryptoflavin, β‐apo‐10′Carotenal und β‐apo‐12′Carotenal.Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß einige der Karotinoide unmittelbar in die Gewebe inkorporiert werden und andere in nicht im Futter enthaltenen Verbindungen umgewandelt werden. Ein Einfluβ des Zeaxanthingehaltes im Futter auf eine Astaxanthineinlagerung in die Haut konnte nachgewiesen werden. Astaxanthin trat im Hepatopankreas aller Fischgruppen unabhängig vom Gehalt im Futter auf.

Rapeseed meal in the diet of common carp reared in heated waters

RésuméLa farine de colza dans le régime de la Carpe elevée dans l'eau rechaufée. IV. Histologie thyroidienne et accumulation de 125ICarpes communes 15–25 g ont été nourries de régimes à base de farine de poissons ou à base de farine d'avoine régimes témoins et de régimes à base de farine de colza pendant trois mois. Différentes farines de colza différentes par les precédés de fabrication et par les tenures en glucosinolates goitrigénes ont été utilisées. Dans cette étude, nous avons suivi la radioactivité dans divers tissus des carpes ayant subies une injection intrapéritoniale de Na 125I. Les centres thyroidiens du rein sont actifs chez la Carpe et ils accumulent une majeure partie de 125I administrée. La radioactivité dans le rein des poissons nourris de farine de colza à haute teneur en glucosinolate (HRM) est plus elevée 37.3% que dans le rein des carpes nourries de régimes témoins à base de farine de poisson (27.4%) ou à base de farine d'avoine (10.5%). Les centres thyroidiens de la région de pharynx ne retiennent que de 1.16–2.41 % de 125I injectée et aucune différence significative n'est observée entre les différents traitements. Chez les carpes nourries de HRM, 98.3% de la radioactivité rénale se trouve dans le culot précipité par l'acide sulfosalicylique; elle n'est que de l'ordre de 89.7% chez celles nourries de régimes à basse teneur en glucosinolates LRM. Les hauteurs de cellules de follicules thyroidiennes sont supérieures chez les poissons recevant les régimes à base de colza comparés à ceux nourris de régime témoin. Cependant, ni une hyperplasie thyroidienne, ni de déformations folliculaires sont notées chez la Carpe, contrairement aux observations chez la truite arc‐en‐ciel ou d'autres vertebrés recevant les régimes à base de colza.ZusammenfassungRapsmehl in Rationen für Warmwasser‐Karpfen IV. Die Jod‐Akkukumulation und Histologie der SchilddrüseFischfutter auf Fischmehlbasis mit Gerste (Kontrolle) oder Rapsmehl (Versuch) wurde über 3 Monate an Karpfen verfüttert. Je nach Herstellung enthielt das Rapsmehl unterschiedliche Mengen an goitrogenen Glucosinolaten. Anschließend wurde der Einbau von 125J in einzelne Gewebe gemessen. Nach Fütterung von glucosinolatreichem Raps wurden 37,3% der verabreichten 125J‐Dosis in der Niere festgestellt, bei Fütterung von Fischmehl allein betrug der Wert 27,45% und bei Gerstenfütterung 10,5%. In der Schilddrüse wurden unabhängig von der Fütterung 1,16–2,41% des radioaktiven Jods wiedergefunden. 98,3% des radioaktiven Jods in der Niere befanden sich in der Sulfosalicyl‐löslichen Phase nach der Verfütterung von glucosinolatreichem Raps, bei glucosinolatarmen Rapsmehl betrug dieser Anteil nur 89,7%.

Preliminary tests on the suitability of coffee pulp in the diets of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) and catfish ( Clarias mossambicus Peters)

Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of coffee pulp as a constituent of a feed used in the culture of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) and catfish ( Clarias mossambicus Peters). The carp were fed two commercially prepared pelleted feeds, one with 30% coffee pulp, in an earthen pond. Daily growth increments were reduced from 1.65 g to 0.34 g when fed with coffee pulp. Catfish were tested in an earthen pond, in a floating cage and in concrete tanks under variable densities. In all cases, daily growth increments were reduced by 45% or more.

Rapeseed Meal in the Diet of Common Carp Reared in Heated Waters

ZusammenfassungRapsmehl in Rationen für Warmwasser‐Karpfen II. Biochemische Parameter als Indices für die ProteinqualitätEs wurde der Einfluß von unterschiedlichen Proteinquellen auf die Zusammensetzung und das Niveau der freien Aminosäuren im Muskelgewebe und des Hepatopankreas des Karp‐fens untersucht. Darüberhinaus wurde die Aktivität der Aminotransferasen (GOT und GPT) in beiden Geweben bestimmt. Sowohl der Einsatz von Fischmehl als auch von ver‐schieden hergestellten Rapsmehlen führte zu deutlichen Unterschieden im Gehalt von freien Aminosäuren im Muskelgewebe und Hepatopancreas. Bei niedrigen Proteingehalten in der Ration stieg der Gehalt an Serin und Alanin. Die Aktivität der Aminotransferasen zeigte im Fischgewebe eine gewisse Variation, die aber nicht in Beziehung zu den eingesetzten Proteinquellen stand.

Artificial Diets for Common Carp: Effect of the Addition of Enzyme Extracts

Abstract An experiment on feeding the larvae of carp (Cyprinus carpio) with an artificial diet is described, and 3 previous years of study are briefly summarized. When extracts offish digestive enzymes from hepatopancreas and intestine were added to the diet processed by freeze-drying, growth and survival of the larvae were better than in our previous experiments, but not as good as when the larvae were fed natural food. After 16 days, an increase of 7-10 mg in individual body weight offish was observed and survival was 22-44%.