Dietary Treatments Research Articles

Interaction of CETP rs708272 Polymorphism on Trans Fatty Acid Intake and Glucose Metabolism Markers

Dietary fats influence gene expression and several metabolic pathways. Therefore, it is crucial to study the role of personal genotypes in the interaction between fat consumption and cardiometabolic markers. This research aimed to determine the interaction of the rs708272 polymorphism of CETP and the fatty acid intake with changes in the HOMA-IR in adults living with overweight or obesity. The current study was a secondary analysis of an 8-week controlled clinical trial. The final sample for this analysis comprised 78 Mexican adults with the Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) rs708272 polymorphism who followed a dietary intervention. Using an interaction analysis, we evaluated the fatty acid intake and the genotypes of rs708272, with changes in blood glucose, insulin, and the HOMA-IR from baseline to endpoint. Our findings suggest a significant interaction between the trans fatty acid intake and the GG genotype with changes in glucose (p = 0.024), insulin (p = 0.004), and the HOMA-IR (p = 0.002). The higher the consumption of trans fatty acids, the less these markers of glucose metabolism were reduced. carriers of the GG genotype may benefit from limiting dietary trans fatty acid intake, as there was no reduction in plasma glucose and insulin despite a hypocaloric dietary intervention in adults with overweight and obesity.

Application of Dietary Anthocyanins in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treatment

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose control around the world that causes huge health challenges globally with increased morbidity and mortality. Inadequate insulin secretion and decreased insulin sensitivity are considered as main contributors to T2DM. Anthocyanin, a type of flavonoid compound, is one potentially feasible dietary intervention for T2DM treatment in addition to clinical drug interference. Dietary anthocyanins can be found in various berries, vegetables, and beverages, which provide vibrant colors. Anthocyanins are also increasingly used as colorants in the food industry. It is also seen as a supplement because of its antioxidation properties. Meanwhile, several evidence demonstrate the potential relationship between dietary anthocyanin intake and T2DM management. In this work, recent epidemiologic studies on the potential effects of anthocyanins in controlling T2DM have been reviewed, especially focusing on the typical indexes such as glycemic levels, insulin levels, etc. Many studies illustrate that appropriate intake of dietary anthocyanins could control glycemic levels, adjust insulin levels, and reduce insulin resistance. Because of these functions, dietary anthocyanins may trigger positive effects on T2DM treatment. Dietary anthocyanins could be seen as a good dietary intervention in T2DM control that meets the requirement of long-term management for the specific chronic disease.

Decreased neutrophils are associated with reduced risk of Type 2 Diabetes Incidence: Results from the CORDIOPREV study.

Numerous studies have reported an association between neutrophils and T2DM, although this relationship remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the interaction of neutrophils and a dietary intervention on T2DM incidence after 60 months of follow-up. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the framework of the CORDIOPREV study, which included 462 patients without T2DM at the beginning of the study. They were randomly assigned to either a Mediterranean or a low-fat diet, of whom 107 developed T2DM. Absolute neutrophil counts and other related-ratio, were measured. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that the lowest tertile of basal neutrophils was associated with a reduced likelihood of T2DM incidence when compared to the middle [HR=0.499 (95%CI, 0.287-0.866)] and the highest tertiles [HR=0.442 (95%CI, 0.255-0.768)] in overall population, after adjusting for clinical variables. This association only remained significant in patients who follow a Mediterranean diet when compared the lowest to the middle [HR=0.423 (95% CI, 0.213-0.842)] and the highest tertiles [HR=0.371 (95% CI, 0.182-0.762)]. The predictive capacity yielded an AUC of 0.711 (95%CI: 0.652-0.769), being neutrophils the most important variable in the in the model. Decrease in neutrophils over the 60 months were associated with increased insulin sensitivity index (ISI) (R=-0.31; p=0.019), particularly in patients who followed the Mediterranean diet. These findings suggest that monitoring neutrophils can help prevent the development of T2DM, as a reduction in neutrophil counts could be associated with improved insulin sensitivity. Following a Mediterranean diet might be a potential strategy to reduce the incidence of T2DM by lowering neutrophil levels. Further research is necessary to gain a deeper understanding regarding this mechanism.

Effects of dietary phytase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites of weaned piglets

Context Phytase plays a crucial role in the nutrition of piglets. Incorporating phytase into weaner pigs’ diet may alleviate the anti-nutritional effect by catalyzing the hydrolysis of phytic acid. As a result, bounded phosphorus and other minerals become more available for absorption, thereby enhancing nutrient utilization growth performance. Aims This study evaluated the efficacy of dietary phytase supplementation on the performance of weaned piglets. Methods Two hundred and forty cross-bred piglets (Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc), of initial average bodyweight (BW) of 5.57 ± 1 kg at weaning, were assigned to five dietary treatments in a complete randomized block design. The study was conducted in the following three phases: Phase 1 (Days 1–7), Phase 2 (Days 8–21), and Phase 3 (Days 22–35). The treatments included basal diet containing 0.15% lower concentration of both total calcium and total phosphorus (NC), a standard basal diet (PC), NC + 500 phytase units per kilogram of feed (NC500), NC + 1000 phytase units per kilogram of feed (NC1000), and NC + 1500 phytase units per kilogram of feed (NC1500). Key results In Phase 1, the final BW was higher (P < 0.01) in PC and the phytase-supplemented diets than in the NC treatment. In Phase 2, Phase 3, and the overall days the average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were greater (P < 0.05) in the PC and the phytase-supplemented diets than in the NC treatments. The ADG and G:F were also higher (P < 0.01) in the phytase-supplemented diets than in the NC treatment. The digestibility of calcium, phosphorus, and blood myo-inositol was higher (P < 0.05) in the phytase-supplemented diets than in the NC treatment in Phase 2. In Phase 3, the level of blood myo-inositol was higher (P < 0.01) in the phytase-supplemented diets than in NC. Fecal inositol hexakisphosphate was lower (P < 0.01) in the phytase-supplemented diets than in NC in both Phases 1 and 2. Conclusion Dietary supplementation of phytase increased the digestibility of phytate by releasing phosphorus, calcium, and myo-inositol concentration, leading to improved growth performance. Implications Inclusion of phytase in pig diets can help farmers save money on feed additives such as phosphorus, improve environmental sustainability, and promote better growth performance.

Bioconversion of insect protein biomass into a fishmeal alternate for freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) diets

Abstract The demand for alternative fishmeal has increased significantly in recent years due to the expansion of the fishing industry. Therefore, insect proteins are becoming more popular as an alternative low-cost bio-source for fish than plant-based fish feeds. In the present study, a dietary mixture of insect protein powder derived from four Indian grasshopper species, namely Oxya hyla hyla, Atractomorpha crenulata, Oxya japonica japonica, and Phlaeoba infumata (insect meal, IM) was substituted for conventionally used fishmeal (FM) in the diet formulation for growing Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) fingerlings. Three formulated diets with IM were prepared, with FM substituted at the rates of 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively, with a control diet with no IM but only 20% FM. All dietary treatments were administered to tilapia fingerlings for 60 days under laboratory conditions. IM-incorporated diets outperform FM-incorporated diets in growth and digestibility due to their higher food conversion ratio for IM. In terms of growth and survivability in tilapia fingerlings, a 75% replacement of FM with IM demonstrated the most significant efficacy. According to the findings, mixed insect powder derived from four grasshopper species can be used as a partial replacement for FM in formulating the compound fish diet for tilapia fingerlings.

Exploring the Link between the Obesity and ADHD

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial and recurrent disease. ADHD is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder in early childhood. The core symptoms include attention deficit, hyperactivity/impulsivity and oppositional defiance. Research shows that there is a significant correlation between obesity and ADHD, and the probability of overweight and obese children suffering from ADHD is significantly higher than that of normal weight children. This paper discusses the association mechanism between ADHD and obesity from the perspectives of genetics, eating disorders, intestinal flora and poor physical exercise. At the same time, in view of the prevention and intervention of the comorbidity of ADHD and obesity, this paper also puts forward various means such as diet intervention, exercise prevention intervention and drug treatment. However, the relationship between obesity and ADHD is complex, and the comorbidity problem needs to be solved urgently. Establishing an effective early screening system, implementing targeted prevention and intervention measures, and strengthening public awareness and understanding of comorbidities are important ways to improve the quality of life of this group. Further research is needed in the future.

A Mediterranean dietary pattern intervention does not improve cardiometabolic risk but does improve quality of life and body composition in an Aotearoa New Zealand population at increased cardiometabolic risk: A randomised controlled trial.

To test if a New Zealand food-based Mediterranean diet (NZMedDiet) with behavioural intervention improves cardiometabolic health and wellbeing. A randomised controlled trial comparing 12 weeks of the NZMedDiet to usual diet in participants with increased cardiometabolic risk (metabolic syndrome severity score [MetSSS] > 0.35). The intervention group was provided with food and recipes to meet 75% of their energy requirements, supported by a behavioural intervention to improve adherence. The primary outcome measure was (MetSSS) after 12 weeks. Two hundred individuals with mean (SD) age 49.9 (10.9) years of which 62% women were enrolled with their household/whānau. After 12 weeks, the mean (SD) MetSSS was 1.0 (0.7) in the control (n = 98) and 0.8 (0.5) in the intervention (n = 102) group; estimated difference (95% confidence interval [CI]) of -0.05 (-0.16 to 0.06), p = 0.35. The Mediterranean diet score (PyrMDS) was greater in the intervention group 1.6 (1.1-2.1), p < 0.001, consistent with a change to a more Mediterranean dietary pattern. Weight reduced in the NZMedDiet group compared with control (-1.9 kg [-2.0 to -0.34]), p = 0.006 and wellbeing, assessed by the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire, and improved across all domains. For example, the physical component summary score difference (95% CI) was 4.0 (2.4-5.7), p < 0.001, and the mental component summary score difference was 3.0 (0.7-5.2), p = 0.01. In participants with increased cardiometabolic risk, food provision with a Mediterranean dietary pattern and a behavioural intervention did not improve metabolic risk scores but was associated with reduced weight and improved quality of life.

Association between improved erectile function and dietary patterns: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is prevalent among men, but its relationship with dietary habits is uncertain. The aim of our study was to assess whether dietary patterns enhance erectile function by reviewing the literature published before August 1, 2022, via PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. The data compiled included author details; publication dates, countries, treatments, patient numbers, ages, follow-ups, and clinical trial outcomes, such as ED cases, odds ratios (ORs), confidence intervals (CIs), and International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) scores with means and standard deviations. An analysis of 14 studies with 27 389 participants revealed that plant-based diets (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.66-0.75; P < 0.00001), low-fat diets (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.13-0.53; P = 0.0002), and alternative diets such as intermittent fasting and organic diets (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.36-0.80; P = 0.002) significantly reduced ED risk. High-protein low-fat diets (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12-1.64; P < 0.00001) and high-carb low-fat diets (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.55-1.04; P < 0.00001) improved IIEF-5 scores. Combined diet and exercise interventions decreased the likelihood of ED (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28-0.85; P = 0.01) and increased the IIEF-5 score (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.69-5.11; P < 0.0001). Diets abundant in fruits and vegetables (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.96-0.98; P < 0.00001) and nuts (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.37-0.80; P = 0.002) were also correlated with lower ED risk. Our meta-analysis underscores a strong dietary-ED association, suggesting that low-fat/Mediterranean diets rich in produce and nuts could benefit ED management.

The effect of high-fibre diets on glycaemic control in women with diabetes in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We searched four databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science) to identify RCTs exploring the effect of dietary fibre, high-fibre diets or fibre supplementation on fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-h postprandial blood glucose (PBG) and requirement for insulin therapy, among other glycaemic makers in pregnant women with diabetes. Data were pooled for each outcome to calculate change from baseline mean (SD) and overall mean difference (MD) between control and intervention groups. Of 1462 identified studies, data from 20 eligible trials containing 1061 participants were pooled. On meta-analysis, a higher fibre intake was associated with reduced FBG (MD: -0.35 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.53, -0.18, p < 0.01), PBG (MD: -0.90 mmol/L, 95% CI: -1.39, -0.40, p < 0.01) and requirement for insulin (OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.46, p < 0.01). There was significant heterogeneity for FBG and PBG (>90%), attributable to differences in Intervention type for PBG (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension [DASH] diet, low glycaemic index, supplement; p < 0.01) and study duration (for FBG: p = 0.002; not for PBG). Studies were mostly scored as high risk of bias due to lack of blinding (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool v.2.0). High-quality dietary intervention studies in pregnancy are lacking. Our results suggest that high-fibre diets improve fasting and postprandial glycaemia and reduce the likelihood of requiring insulin in women with diabetes in pregnancy.

The Impact of Macronutrient and Dietary Patterns on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Pregnancy is a physiological condition that increases insulin resistance (IR) due to hormonal changes, including elevated levels of estrogen, progesterone, and human placental lactogen (HPL). Such IR, especially in the later stages of pregnancy, can cause gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), characterized by glucose intolerance first detected during pregnancy. GDM poses significant health risks for both the mother and the fetus, including the potential for pre-eclampsia, emergency C-sections, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) for the mother, as well as preterm birth, hypoglycemia, and being large for gestational age (LGA) for the baby. Proper dietary modifications can help regulate blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and ensure healthy gestational weight gain (GWG), thereby reducing the possibility of undesirable outcomes. This paper discusses the role of energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein, and compares the effects of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and Western diet (WD) on the risk of GDM. The main objective of this paper is to identify the most effective dietary strategies for preventing and managing GDM. The finding indicates that a MD rich in nutrient-dense foods, complex carbohydrates/lower GI, unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), and balanced protein has beneficial effects on GDM. In contrast, the WD with empty calories, simple carbohydrates/higher glycemic index (GI), saturated FAs (SFA), and animal-based protein increases the risk of GDM. Future studies should continue to explore the long-term effects of dietary interventions, integrate other lifestyle factors, and consider genetic differences to provide comprehensive management strategies for GDM.

Low Iron Diet Improves Clinical Arthritis in the Mouse Model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis.

Background: In response to inflammation, the absorption of nutritional iron is restricted. Since the pathophysiological significance of the presence and uptake of iron in chronic inflammation is still unknown, we tested the effect of a low iron diet on the clinical course of arthritis in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Six- to eight-week-old male DBA/1 mice were fed either a normal (51 mg/kg) or a low iron diet (5 mg/kg) starting four weeks before the first immunization. From day 4 after the second collagen booster made on day 25, the development of arthritis was regularly monitored until the end of the experiment (day 34), using a standard clinical arthritis score. Concentrations of mouse anti-bovine and anti-mouse collagen type 2 IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA; blood cell counts were performed and mediators of inflammation, tissue matrix degradation, oxygenation and oxidative stress were measured in the mouse sera of both diet groups at the end of the experiment by bead-based multiplex assay. Fe2+, Fe3+, oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were quantified in whole paw tissue by ELISA. Quantitative PCR was performed in the tissues for glutathione peroxidase 4 and other key regulator genes of iron metabolism and ferroptosis. We used nonparametric tests to compare cross-sectional data. Nonlinear regression models were used for longitudinal data of the arthritis scores. Results: Mice fed a low iron diet showed a significantly less severe course of arthritis compared to mice fed a normal iron diet (p < 0.001). The immune response against bovine and mouse type 2 collagen did not differ between the two diet groups. Mice fed a low iron diet exhibited significantly lower serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), a central regulator of inflammation and tissue matrix degradation (p < 0.05). In addition, a low iron diet led to a significant reduction in red blood cell indices, indicating restricted iron uptake and latent iron deficiency, but had no effect on hemoglobin concentrations or red blood cell counts. There were no differences between the dietary groups in Fe2+ or Fe3+ content in the paws. Based on calculation of the GSH/GSSG ratio and high MDA levels, high oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation were likewise detected in the paws of both diet groups of mice. Consequently, no differences associated with gene expression of key regulators of iron metabolism and ferroptosis could be detected between the paws of both diet groups. Conclusions: Restricted dietary iron intake alleviates immune-mediated inflammation in CIA without causing anemia. This finding suggests a promising option for dietary treatment of arthritis in inflammation. The underlying mechanism causing reduced arthritis may be linked to the complex regulatory network of TIMP-1 and appears to be independent from the local iron levels, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the synovial tissues.

Short-term high-fat and high-carb diet effects on glucose metabolism and hedonic regulation in young healthy men

BackgroundDaily dietary intake of macronutrients and energy is closely associated with long-term metabolic health outcomes, but whether 24-h nutritional intervention under isocaloric conditions leads to changes in metabolism remains unclear. Moreover, the short-term effect of diets with different macronutrient composition on hedonic appetite regulation is less clear.MethodsThis study examined the impact of an acute high-fat (F+) and high-carbohydrate (C+) diet on glucose metabolism and hedonic regulation of food intake in young healthy men under controlled conditions. Using a cross-over design, 19 male participants received a one-day isocaloric diet with different macronutrient composition (F+ = 11% carbohydrates, 74% fat; C+ = 79% carbohydrates, 6% fat) compared to a control diet (CON = 55% carbohydrates, 30% fat). Protein content was set at 15% of energy in all diets. The feeling of hunger, as well as “liking” and “wanting” for foods, was assessed through visual analog scales, and blood samples for glucose, insulin, and cortisol levels were assessed repeatedly during the experimental day. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was conducted the next morning.ResultsPostprandial glucose and insulin levels were lowest in F+ over the 24 h. Except for dinner, the CON diet showed the highest mean values in glucose. F+ diet improved insulin resistance, lowering Homeostatis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) values. Changes in hedonic regulation of food intake were not observed during the intervention between the diets, except for higher feelings of satiety under the CON diet.ConclusionAn acute, isocaloric, high-fat diet improved insulin resistance even in healthy individuals but did not affect hedonic food intake regulation. Macronutrient composition modulate glucose metabolism even under short-term (24-h) and isocaloric diets, which should be considered for personalized preventive dietary treatments.

Assessment of the effect of browse plants’ feed formulation on Goat (&lt;i&gt;Capra aegagrus hircus&lt;/i&gt;) rumen microbial activities and &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; gas production

This study assessed the effect of browse Plants feed formulation on Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) rumen microbial activities and in vitro gas production in Red Sokoto goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) over a period of fourteen (14) weeks. Four selected browse plants- Afzelia africana (TAa) Detarium microcarpum (TDm), Daniellia oliveri (TDo) and Khaya senegalensis (TKs) -were used to formulate diets for animal feeding. Three groups of growing Indigenous Red Sokoto goats were assigned to each of the browse plant diets (BPD), while the control group was placed on a basal diet only. Rumen fluids were collected from the goats intermittently for three (3) consecutive periods, and analyzed for pH, methylene blue-reduction time (MBRT), nitrate reduction, cellulose digestion, glucose fermentation and sedimentation activity rate. The results showed that browse plant feed formulation did not have a significant (p &gt; 0.05) effect on the pH value of the rumen contents. Significant (p &lt; 0.05) reductions in MBRT, nitrate reduction, and glucose fermentation were observed in all treatments except the control diets. However, the period for cellulose digestion significantly increased in all the browse plant-supplemented diet treatments. Furthermore, the volume of gas produced was significantly reduced by 64% (TAa), 62% (TDm), 71% (TDo), and 74% (TKs) in goats fed with browse plants as dietary supplements compared to 7% in the control (Tc). Overall, this study demonstrated that browse plant feed has the potential to significantly reduce the volume of methane produced and released by ruminant animals into the environment.

Dietary oyster mushroom fermented Vachellia erioloba pods enhance Boschveld chicken meat healthiness without altering its physicochemical quality, growth performance and physiology

The high content of fibre and antinutritional phytochemicals limit the utilization of Vachellia erioloba tree pods as nutraceutical feed additive for indigenous chicken diets. The pods can however be solid-state fermented using oyster mushrooms to enhance the nutritional utility of their spent substrate for the nutrition of the native birds. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary incorporation of V. erioloba pods oyster mushroom spent substrate (OMSS) on growth performance, carcass traits, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality including its fatty acid composition in Boschveld chickens. In a completely randomized design, 250 4-week old mixed gender Boschveld chicks were randomly allotted to 25 pens in which they were offered treatment diets (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10% OMSS) each with 5 replicates of 10 for 12 weeks and then slaughtered. While there were neither linear nor quadratic effects of diet on overall feed intake (FI) (P > 0.05) and body weight gain (BWG) (P > 0.05), dietary incorporation of OMSS decreased overall feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (quadratic: P < 0.05) particularly in weeks 5 (linear: P < 0.05), 6 (quadratic: P < 0.01) and 11 (quadratic: P < 0.05) with no effects in subsequent weeks (P > 0.05). Also, OMSS induced no effects on all carcass characteristics, visceral organs, haemato-biochemistry and meat physico-chemical quality (P > 0.05) except for the increase in serum albumin (quadratic: P < 0.05) and bilirubin (quadratic: P < 0.05) as well as 24 h post-slaughter meat lightness (linear: P < 0.01), redness (quadratic: P < 0.05), yellowness (linear: P < 0.05), hue angle (quadratic: P < 0.05), and drip loss (quadratic: P < 0.05). Further, the spent substrate decreased meat myristic (linear: P < 0.01), palmitic (linear: P < 0.05), palmitoleic (linear: P < 0.01), and oleic (linear: P < 0.01) acids, as well as its total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (linear: P < 0.05), monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) (quadratic: P < 0.01), and n-6 PUFAs (linear: P < 0.05). Furthermore, it decreased the meat n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (quadratic: P < 0.01), with meat from birds fed diets incorporated with 2.5% OMSS eliciting the lowest ratio of 3.63. In contrast, dietary OMSS increased meat stearic (linear: P < 0.001), docosahexaenoic (quadratic: P < 0.01), and tricosanoic (linear: P < 0.001) acid concentrations as well as its total saturated FAs (SFAs) (linear: P < 0.01) and n-3 PUFAs (quadratic: P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary feeding of V. erioloba pods-derived OMSS enhanced meat nutritional healthiness without majorly altering its physico-chemical quality as well as growth performance, carcass traits, and haemato-biochemistry in Boschveld indigenous chickens. It is recommended for inclusion in indigenous chicken diets at 2.5% level.

Effect of incremental exercise training interventions in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program following myocardial infarction

Abstract Background Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is recommended after myocardial infarction (MI) to improve prognosis, quality of life and control of cardiovascular risk factors. However, the specific impact of different exercise training interventions remains incompletely understood. Purpose To study the health outcomes of three incremental exercise training interventions during a Cardiac Rehabilitation Program (CRP) following MI. Methods We implemented a post-MI Phase 2 CRP in 2022. After initial exercise testing, a 3-month, individualized aerobic and strength ambulatory training program was provided by Cardiologists and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation physicians (Group 1, n=58). Additionally, a subset of patients received one session of supervised teaching of aerobic and strength training by physiotherapists (Group 2, n=19), and another subset received 8-20 sessions of in-hospital supervised training (Group 3, n=13). Exercise testing was repeated at the end of Phase 2 and peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2) was measured. We analysed quality of life (SF-36), depression (PHQ2), anxiety (GAD2), adherence to Mediterranean diet (PREDIMED) and pharmacological treatment (Morisky-Green), and weekly physical activity (IPAQ). Health outcomes were compared at the beginning and after Phase 2 CRP. Results The cohort comprised 90 patients who completed Phase 2 CRP (mean age 61.2±10.8 years, 84.4% male and 47.8% smokers). Reductions in systolic blood pressure (-10.3±13.8mmHg), LDL cholesterol (-60.7±35.4mg/dL), weight (-2.8±6.6kg, -3±7.8%) and body mass index (-1±2.2) were attained (p&amp;lt;0.05). Smoking abstinence was accomplished in 88.4% of smokers and most patients achieved an LDL&amp;lt;55mg/dL (81.1%). Improvements in quality of life (SF-36 +10.4±19.4 points, p&amp;lt;0.001) and anxiety and depression symptoms (PHQ2 -0.5±1.6 points and GAD2 -0.6±1.6 points, p&amp;lt;0.01) were noted. An increase in peak VO2 (+5.12±5.44ml/kg/min, +23.5±27.4% from baseline, p&amp;lt;0.001) and predicted functional capacity (+13.4±23.8%, p&amp;lt;0.001) was achieved. Patients increased their reported weekly physical activity by 2520.3±2935.4 METS/week (+132% from baseline, p&amp;lt;0.001) and most of them were adherent to Mediterranean diet (91.1%) and pharmacological treatment (95.6%). Patients achieved similar health outcomes regardless of their exercise training group, except for patients in Group 3, who experienced a more pronounced improvement in peak VO2 (+8.1±6.4ml/kg/min, +37.8±34.7% from baseline; p&amp;lt;0.05) and a trend towards higher increase in predicted functional capacity (+21.7±19.2%, p&amp;lt;0.25) and greater weight loss (-5.5±9.4kg, -5.9±9.6%; p&amp;lt;0.2). Conclusions Supervised in-hospital training during a Phase 2 CRP provides superior physical fitness improvements and more pronounced weight loss in MI patients. However, a Phase 2 CRP based on ambulatory training provides similar benefits regarding other health outcomes, such as control of cardiovascular risk factors and quality of life amelioration.Exercise training interventions in a CRP

Dietary soy protein reverses obesity-induced liver steatosis and alters fecal microbial composition independent of isoflavone level

IntroductionMetabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a major public health concern that is exacerbated by the obesity pandemic. Dietary interventions have the potential to alleviate obesity-associated MASLD through variable mechanisms, including optimizing the gut microbiota. Previously, we reported that soy protein concentrate (SPC) with low or high levels of isoflavone (LIF or HIF) protected young obese Zucker rats from developing liver steatosis. The current study was designed to test whether SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets would reverse liver steatosis and alter fecal microbial composition in adult obese Zucker rats with existing steatosis.MethodsSix-week-old male obese Zucker rats (n = 26) were fed a casein control diet (CAS) for 8 weeks and 7 rats were randomly selected and sacrificed to confirm liver steatosis. The remaining rats were randomly assigned to receive CAS, SPC-LIF, or SPC-HIF diet (n = 6–7/group) for an additional 10 weeks.ResultsCompared to CAS diet, feeding SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF diets resulted in significantly lower liver weight, liver steatosis score, and liver microvesicular score (p &amp;lt; 0.05), but did not lead to difference in body weight, liver macrovesicular score, serum ALT, or serum AST. Isoflavone levels (e.g., LIF vs. HIF) did not affect any of these measurements except in the SPC-HIF group, which had an additional decrease in liver weight (p &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the SPC-LIF group. The SPC-HIF group also had significantly higher levels of the aglycone forms of daidzein, genistein, and equol as well as the total levels of daidzein, genistein, and equol compared to SPC-LIF or CAS diet fed rats (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The distribution of microbial communities based on measures of beta diversity of both SPC-LIF and SPC-HIF groups were significantly different to that of the CAS group (p ≤ 0.005). Alpha-diversity did not differ between any of the groups.ConclusionTaken together, dietary soy protein can reverse liver steatosis in adult Zucker rats, and the reversal of steatosis is accompanied by alterations in gut microbial composition.

Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy and child asthma: follow-up of the ROLO trial.

Epidemiological evidence suggests that a higher intake of sugar during pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of childhood asthma and atopy. However, randomised trial evidence supporting such a link is lacking. This study aimed to examine whether a low glycaemic index (GI) dietary intervention during pregnancy decreases the risk of childhood asthma and eczema. This is a secondary analysis of 514 children from the ROLO trial. Healthy women were randomised to receive an intervention of low GI dietary advice or routine care from early pregnancy. Mothers reported current doctor-diagnosed eczema in their children at 2 years (n 271) and current doctor-diagnosed asthma and eczema in their children at 5 (n 357) and 9-11 years (n 391) of age. Multivariable logistic regression models were used test the effect of the intervention on child outcomes overall and stratified by maternal education. There was a suggestion of a reduction in asthma at 5 years of age in children whose mothers received the low GI dietary intervention during pregnancy compared with usual care (adjusted OR 0·46 (95 % CI 0·19, 1·09); P = 0·08). In stratified adjusted analyses, the intervention was associated with a reduced risk of asthma at 5 years of age in children born to mothers with incomplete tertiary level education but not in those with complete tertiary level education (OR 0·14 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·69); P = 0·010 and OR 1·03 (95 % CI 0·34, 3·13); P = 0·94, respectively). A low GI diet in pregnancy may reduce the risk of developing asthma in childhood, particularly amongst children born to mothers with lower educational attainment.

Barriers in translating existing nutrigenetics insights to precision nutrition for cardiometabolic health in ethnically diverse populations.

Cardiometabolic diseases pose a significant threat to global public health, with a substantial majority of cardiovascular disease mortality (more than three-quarters) occurring in low- and middle-income countries. There have been remarkable advances in recent years in identifying genetic variants that alter disease susceptibility by interacting with dietary factors. Despite the remarkable progress, several factors need to be considered before the translation of nutrigenetics insights to personalised and precision nutrition in ethnically diverse populations. Some of these factors include variations in genetic predispositions, cultural and lifestyle factors as well as socioeconomic factors. This review aims to explore the factors that need to be considered in bridging the gap between existing nutrigenetics insights and the implementation of personalised and precision nutrition across diverse ethnicities. Several factors might influence variations among individuals with regards to dietary exposures and metabolic responses and these include genetic diversity, cultural and lifestyle factors as well as socioeconomic factors. A multi-omics approach involving disciplines such as metabolomics, epigenetics and the gut microbiome might contribute to improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gene-diet interactions and the implementation of precision nutrition although more research is needed to confirm the practicality and effectiveness of this approach. Conducting gene-diet interaction studies in diverse populations is essential and studies utilising large sample sizes are required as this improves the power to detect interactions with minimal effect sizes. Future studies should focus on replicating initial findings to enhance reliability and promote comparison across studies. Once findings have been replicated in independent samples, dietary intervention studies will be required to further strengthen the evidence and facilitate their application in clinical practice. Nutrigenetics has a potential role to play in the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases. Conducting gene-diet interaction studies in diverse populations is essential giving the genetic diversity and variations in dietary patterns. Integrating data from disciplines such as metabolomics, epigenetics and the gut microbiome could help in early identification of individuals at risk of cardiometabolic diseases as well as the implementation of precise dietary interventions for preventing and managing cardiometabolic diseases.

Gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome in Kurdish, Somali and general population in Finland

Abstract Gestational diabetes (GDM) increases the risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular morbidity later in life but GDM incidence in women from different cultural backgrounds varies. This study aims to examine treatment of GDM and pregnancy outcomes in Somali, Kurdish and general population women. Patient data of 312 Kurdish, 254 Somali and 508 general population women was collected from Turku University Hospital records from 2008 to 2019. The general population was selected by randomization with matching year, BMI, age, and parity. Singleton deliveries after 34th gestational week with no prior diabetes mellitus were included. Descriptive and comparison analyses (SPSS, version 29.0) were used to identify associations between ethnic background and pregnancy outcomes in women with GDM. The incidence of GDM was 22 % (CI 95 % 17-27) in Somali, 36 % (CI 95 % 31-42) in Kurdish, and 16 % (CI 95 % 13-19) in the general population women. Kurdish women had medication for GDM more often (43 % CI 95 % 34-53) than the Somali (22 % CI 95 % 11-33) and general population women (18 % CI 95 % 9-26). Metformin was more commonly used among Kurdish (30 % CI 95 % 22-39) compared to the general population (12 % CI 95 % 4-18) and Somali women (13 % CI 95 % 4-22). There was no difference in insulin or combined metformin and insulin treatment between the groups. In GDM group, vaginal deliveries were more common in general population (89 % CI % 81-95) than in Somali women (67 % CI % 64-81). Induction of labour (indication GDM or other) and instrumental vaginal delivery rates were similar between the groups. Newborns of all Somali women had a lower weight (SD -0.3 CI 95 % -0.7 - -0.2) compared to the general population (SD 0 CI 95 % -0.1 - 0.3). The prevalence of GDM was increased and dietary treatment decreased in Kurdish women compared to the general population in Finland. In the future, the treatment of GDM should be adjusted to better optimize the care for different cultural background women. Key messages • Kurdish women have increased incidence of GDM and less dietary treatment compared to the general population with similar risk factors. The pregnancy outcomes remain good in all groups. • With Somali women, the birth weight of the child is lower despite GDM status. This might direct clinicians to underestimate the effect of GDM when considering individual treatment.

Development of Prediction Equations for Digestible and Metabolizable Energy in 15 Cereal Processing By-Products Fed to Growing Pigs

The study was conducted to determine the nutrient digestibility and digestible (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of 15 cereal processing by-products and to develop prediction equations for DE and ME based on the chemical composition in growing pigs. A total of 36 crossbred pigs were chosen and divided into three blocks according to a three 12 × 3 Youdin square experimental design. Twelve pigs in each block were allocated into six diets including a basal diet and five test diets. The feeding experiment included three periods, and each dietary treatment contained six replicates. Each period lasted 12 days, including 7 d of dietary adaption and 5 d of total feces and urine collection. The results showed that the coefficients of variation for EE, NDF, ADF, CP, and GE among 15 cereal processing by-products were 86.78%, 49.82%, 51.14%, 14.95%, and 6.26%, respectively. There were significant differences in DE, ME, and ME/DE (DM basis) among 15 cereal processing by-products (p &lt; 0.05), ranging from 11.55 MJ/kg to 17.64 MJ/kg, from 10.90 MJ/kg to 17.40 MJ/kg, and from 89.41% to 98.63%, respectively. The digestibility of GE, DM, NDF, ADF, and CP showed a significant difference among 15 cereal processing by-products (p &lt; 0.05). The DE and ME contents showed a negative correlation to NDF and ADF (p &lt; 0.05), and the prediction equations for DE and ME (as-fed basis) were DE (MJ/kg) = −0.4597 × ADF (%) + 0.5988 × GE (MJ/kg) + 6.0138 (R2 = 0.74; p &lt; 0.05) and ME (MJ/kg) = 1.0440 × DE (MJ/kg) − 1.1235 (R2 = 0.98; p &lt; 0.05). On a DM basis, the optimal prediction equations for DE and ME were DE (MJ/kg DM) = −0.1451 × NDF (%) + 0.3026 × CP (%) + 13.8595 (R2 = 0.72; p &lt; 0.05) and ME (MJ/kg DM) = 1.1155 × DE (MJ/kg DM) + 0.0363 × ADF (%) − 2.3412 (R2 = 0.99; p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, there were large variations in the chemical composition, nutrients digestibility, and available energy among the 15 different samples of cereal processing by-products. It is reasonable to develop prediction equations for DE and ME based on the chemical composition of cereal by-products for growing pigs.