Diesel Production Research Articles

Enhancing the Hydrodeoxygenation and Isomerization using Re Nanoparticles Decorated on Ni/SAPO‐11 Catalysts for Direct Production of Low‐Cold Flow Diesel from Triglycerides

AbstractThe novel bifunctional Ni−Re supported on bimodal SAPO‐11 catalyst was designed for an economically combined process of direct triglycerides hydro‐deoxygenation and isomerization into low‐cold flow diesel. The catalyst with a Ni to Re molar ratio of 1 : 0.12 exhibited superior performance for diesel production containing large fraction of iso‐alkanes in comparison to Ni and Re benchmarks. Comprehensive characterizations revealed that the detection of Ni and Re co‐existed with NiO and ReOx on SAPO‐11 after the reduction confirmed by XRD, XANES, and XPS analysis gave a large distribution of Lewis acid sites (>80 %) noticed by Pyridine‐DRIFTS measurement. Under investigations of WHSV, reaction temperature, and H2 pressure, the NiRe0.12 catalyst contributed a nearly theoretical 77.1 % liquid yield, accompanied by a 18.2 % jet‐range and 52.1 % diesel‐range yields with a classification for 46.8 % iso‐alkanes and 23.5 % normal alkanes yields; whereas, the cold‐flow properties of liquid product were in the ranges of winter diesel standard. It was remarkably noticed that the combination effects of Ni and nanosized Re species substantially improved the diesel production comprising iso‐alkanes components with proper catalyst lifetime and low carbon deposition attributing to the fabricated active metal species on bimodal SAPO‐11 features with large distribution of Lewis acidic sites.

Novel porous CaO-MgO-promoting γ-Al2O3-catalyzed selective hydrogenation of oleic acid to green hydrocarbon fuels in biogasoline range with methanol as an internal hydrogen source

An efficient and highly selective CaO-MgO-promoting γ-Al2O3 decarboxylation catalyst was fabricated with different CaO to MgO ratios via a ball-milling method for regulating product distribution and production of gasoline-kerosene-diesel hydrocarbons via the catalytic copyrolysis of oleic acid (OA) and methanol under hydrogen-generating conditions. In addition, influencing factors, reaction mechanisms, possible reaction pathways and deactivation mechanisms were probed. The results showed that combining Ca, Mg and AlOx was vital for boosting oleic acid conversion, and synergy between metal and acid active sites via strong metal-support interactions enhanced deoxygenation-cracking activity. High-alkalinity CaO boosted C-C/CC bond cleavage, and MgO provided medium-strength Lewis acid sites; additionally, a large BET surface area and mesopore volume suppressed excessive hydrocracking reactions, improving biogasoline yield. Methanol addition provided active hydrogen atoms to enhance biogasoline selectivity at the expense of diesel and heavy oil production via olefinic cycles and aromatic cycle mechanisms and reduced coke deposition. The maximum hydrocarbon and biogasoline yields of 94.53% and 57.59% were achieved at OA/methanol= 5:1 and pyrolysis/catalytic temperature= 450/500 °C with1 g catalyst at a feedstock input rate of 0.1 ml/min.

An overview of methods and technologies for the production of alternative diesel fuel from used engine oil

In the context of global efforts to transition to a circular economy and minimize environmental pollution, various methods of waste management have been developed. Among them, used engine oil is a dangerous pollutant, but also a resource with high economic value. In this sense, superior recovery is aimed, either by recycling in order to obtain base oil or by producing alternative fuels, thus minimizing the consumption of natural resources and reducing the amount of improperly managed waste. This article’s purpose is to describe the main technological processes underlying the production of alternative diesel fuel from used engine oil. International industrially applied technologies that produce diesel fuel by treating used engine oil are also exemplified, and the main benefits of this process are described.

Enhancement of Hydrodearomatization Catalyst by Brönsted Acid Site of Al2O3 Support for Clean Diesel Production

Exhaust from diesel engine contributes a main part in both PM10 and PM2.5 problem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in diesel fuel should be considered because of their toxicity. Worldwide Fuel Charter recommends the PAHs content less than 2 wt.% in diesel fuel for less toxic of diesel exhaust emission. Nickle Molybdenum Sulfide over Gamma alumina (NiMoS/γ-Al2O3) catalyst is generally used in hydrotreating processes of petroleum refinery. PAHs are saturated by hydrogenation reaction (HYD) to be mono-aromatic or non-aromatic, called Hydrodearomatization (HDA) process. However, NiMoS/γ-Al2O3 catalysts still require improvements of HYD activities. Gamma alumina has been widely used as catalyst support, which generally possesses only Lewis acidity. This work focuses on surface modification of γ-Al2O3 by ammonium fluoride to generate Brönsted acidity, which could improve HYD function of NiMoS catalysts. All γ-Al2O3 supports were characterized by In-situ pyridine adsorption Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform spectroscopy (Pyridine-DRIFT). Increment of fluorine content in the modified γ-Al2O3 leads to increase its Brönsted acidity. The NiMoS over modified γ-Al2O3 exhibits higher HYD activities than that of the γ-Al2O3. Generation of Brönsted acidity on ϒ-Al2O3 support can enhance the HYD function of NiMoS catalyst for HDA process of clean diesel production.

Bifunctional catalysts based on hierarchical SAPO-41 nanosheet for Highly-efficient hydroisomerization of n-Hexadecane

Conversion of long-carbon chain n-alkanes into iso-alkanes is a key technology to improve the low-temperature fluidity of petroleum-based diesel and lubricating oil, as well as produce second-generation biodiesel from vegetable oils. Developing a highly efficient bifunctional catalysts is the key to realize this process. In this work, a series of hierarchical silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves SAPO-41 nanosheet (S41-xBCl) were synthesized by using various amounts of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid (BMIMCl) as a crystal growth inhibitor. The bifunctional catalysts Pd/S41-xBCl with merely 0.1 wt% Pd loading on the S41-xBCl samples were prepared by wetness impregnation, and the catalytic performance for hydroisomerization of n-hexadecane was tested. The catalytic performance of Pd/S41-xBCl markedly improved because of the enhanced diffusion properties of reactants and iso-alkene intermediates, as well as the realizing synergistic catalysis of metal and acid sites. The yield of iso-hexadecane over the catalyst Pd/S41-2BCl were as high as 83.4% at n-hexadecane conversion of 94.6%. This efficient catalyst with lower noble metal loadings has wide application potential in the production of petroleum-based diesel and green biodiesel with excellent low-temperature fluidity.

Production of an environmental friendly ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel under the effect of visible light irradiation using new nanocomposite based on BiFeO3/ BiOCl

The excessive use of fossil fuels raises SOX emissions, resulting in numerous negative consequences for the environment. Several technologies have been currently in use for the removal of sulfur compounds from diesel fuel feedstock. Among those, photocatalysis can be counted as one of the most promising routes for producing green diesel fuels. Nevertheless, introducing new structures for use as efficient photocatalysts is usually demanded. Thus, this research article presents BiFeO3/BiOCl nanocomposite as a novel photocatalyst with an improved electron–hole separation property for desulfurization under visible light. The structural characteristics of the prepared composite were verified through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energetic dispersive X-ray (EDX). Surface properties of the synthesized nanocomposite were determined by BET nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. The illustrated composite's surface and bulk morphologies were also gained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. UV–vis diffuse reflectance and photo-luminance (PL) were used to describe the optical features of a Bi-based photocatalyst. The prepared photocatalyst could show encouraging results in achieving a sulfur removal of 98.90% using a diesel feedstock has a sulfur content of 500 ppm. This desulfurization percentage was obtained through photo-oxidative route using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant followed by a solvent extraction step using acetonitrile.

Synthesis of acrylamide-copper oxide hybrid structure as a novel photocatalyst for visible-light induced desulphurisation of petroleum diesel fuel

ABSTRACT Extreme reduction of sulphur compounds in diesel fuels is a crucial step during their production to help in protecting the environment from harmful emissions. Additionally, using a cost-effective process for such purpose is economically favourable. In agreement with these aspects, this study introduces production of low-sulphur diesel fuel through a photocatalytic route under effect of visible light. Hybrid structures made of combining polymerised acrylamide derivatives and copper oxide are presented as novel photocatalysts during this research work. Significant enhancements in the desulphurisation degrees by these photocatalysts could be achieved via using the acrylamide derivatives as polymers compared to their corresponding monomers. Notably, diesel fuel with a reduced sulphur content of exactly 2500 ppm, corresponds to 20 Wt. % of the original feedstock (12500 ppm), could be obtained by poly acrylamide/CuO composite. This content of sulphur compounds was further reduced to 440 ppm, referring to a total sulphur removal of 96.5%, via applying three successive photocatalytic stages at optimum operating conditions. The attainment of high percentages of desulphurisation by such composite is due to its content of electron donor atoms which enhanced overall photocatalytic performances.

Green diesel production using stearic and palmitic acids on Ni catalysts obtained from Ternary Hydrotalcites Ni-Mg–Al

Ni-Mg–Al ternary hydrotalcites (HTs) with molar ratio M2+ (Ni2+ + Mg2 +)/Al = 3, and different content of Ni, Ni0Mg3, Ni2Mg1, Ni2Mg1, Ni3Mg0 were prepared. The HTs were calcined and then reduced to generate catalysts based on metallic Ni, which, were used to produce green diesel from a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids at 320 °C and 1400 psia of H2. A reaction scheme was proposed; the main products were alkanes n-C17 and n-C15. The prepared catalysts carry out, mainly, reactions of decarboxylation (DCX) and decarbonylation (DCN), and some hydrocracking. The most active catalyst was Ni2Mg1 because it forms small clusters of nickel, apparently stabilized on MgO or NiO-MgO spinel like structures.Graphical

Hydro-co-processing of a jatropha oil and gas oil blend with a sulfided Ni–W catalyst supported on mesostructured materials Al(x)-SBA-15 type for cleaner hybrid diesel production: Effect of the Al/Si molar ratio

Obtaining cleaner hybrid diesel fractions by hydro-co-processing vegetable oil and gas oil blends requires tailoring intrinsic properties (metal content and acidity) of a solid catalyst. Such catalyst must promote the hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), and hydrocracking (HCK) reactions. In that sense, the present research work reports the synthesis (sol–gel and hydrothermal), characterization (N2 physisorption, XRD, HR-TEM, 27Al-MAS-NMR, Pyridine-FTIR, and RAMAN spectroscopy), and catalytic evaluation (6 MPa of H2 initial pressure, 360 °C, and 4 h) for Ni–W/Al(x)-SBA-15 sulfided catalysts during the hydroprocessing of a 20 vol% of Jatropha Curcas L. oil blend with a mixed gas oil (50 vol% LGO and 50 vol% HGO). Metal content of the catalysts was fixed at 2.5 wt% of NiO and 15 wt% of WO3, meanwhile, the Al/Si (x) molar ratio was adjusted in 0.1, 0.05, 0.033, 0.025, and 0.0 to study the effect of aluminum (Al) content during hydroprocessing. Liquid products were analyzed by FTIR, 1H NMR, ESI-MS, Simulated Distillation (ASTM D2887) and ASTM D4294 for S content. The effect of Al incorporation was mainly observed in the hydrotreating reactions (HDO and HDS) rather than HCK reactions. Intermediate Al/Si molar ratios (0.05, and 0.03) promoted the highest sulfur removal of about 13.1 % compared with the 10.7 % and 5.6 % for 0.1 and 0.025 Al/Si molar ratios, respectively. In addition, the highest content of Brønsted (0.05 mmol g−1) and Lewis (1.45 mmol g−1) acid sites was observed for the Ni–W/Al(0.05)-SBA-15 catalyst. Regarding HDO activity, it was the highest (57.3 %) for Ni–W/Al(0.1)-SBA-15 catalyst, and the lowest (30.9 %) for Ni–W/Al(0.025)-SBA-15, and Ni–W/Al(0.0)-SBA.15 sulfided catalysts. Finally, by comparing HDS and HCK activities of Ni–W/Al(0.05)-SBA-15 and Ni–W/Al(0.0)-SBA-15 sulfided catalysts, it was observed that HDS decreased 7.5 % and HCK increased 2.4 % when no Al was incorporated.

Influence of Nickel Loading and the Synthesis Method on the Efficiency of Ni/TiO2 Catalysts for Renewable Diesel Production

The efficiency of Ni/TiO2 catalysts for renewable diesel production was evaluated in the present study. Two series of catalysts were synthesized and characterized using various physicochemical techniques (N2 physisorption, XRD, SEM, XPS, H2-TPR, and NH3–TPD). In the first series of catalysts, successive dry impregnations (SDI) were used for depositing 10, 20, 30, 50, and 60 wt.% Ni. The yield towards renewable diesel is maximized over the catalyst with 50 wt.% Ni loading. Selecting this optimum loading, a second series of catalysts were synthesized via three additional preparation methods: wet impregnation (WI) and deposition–precipitation using either ammonia (DP-NH3) or urea (DP-Urea) as the precipitation agent. The catalysts’ efficiency in the production of green diesel is influenced by the preparation method following the order: DP-Urea > DP-NH3 > WI ≈ SDI. The metallic surface area and the balanced acidity mainly determine the performance of the catalysts.

Techno-economic and life cycle assessment of renewable diesel production via methane-assisted catalytic waste cooking oil upgrading

In this work, a techno-economic and life cycle assessment of a novel catalytic methane-assisted process for the production of renewable diesel has been performed. A systematic method for calculating catalyst production cost is engaged via CatCost utilization. The results are compared with commercial processes (hydrotreatment and alkali-catalyzed process) and other recently published research. The total capital investment in hydrotreating of WCO (hydrocracking of long chain fatty acids by hydrogen under high pressure and temperature) and alkali-catalyzed process (transesterification of fatty acids by NaOH to produce fatty acid methyl ester) are 39% and 97% more than that of the novel methane-assisted catalytic process, respectively. The consumed energy per unit mass of produced renewable diesel calculated from this innovative upgrading technique is 0.93 kW/kg of renewable diesel, which is remarkably lower than that for the aforementioned commercial processes. The production costs have also been investigated and it was found that using natural gas is noticeably cheaper than hydrogen employed for the hydrotreating process and NaOH and methanol used in alkali catalyzed process. The production costs for the methane-assisted catalytic process are 0.365 $/kg renewable diesel and for hydrotreating and alkali-catalyzed process, the production costs are 0.574 $/kg renewable diesel and 0.513 $/kg biodiesel, respectively. The economic results have also been compared with other research and it was found the total production cost of the new process is minimum, however total capital investment is a bit high. The results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) have also proved the advantages of the newly developed process because using NaOH and methanol in the alkali-catalyzed process and hydrogen in the hydrotreating process would have higher environmental impacts. The impact assessment showed that the proposed process contributes significantly to reducing global warming since CO2eq results indicate that the proposed process emits remarkably less CO2 as one of the major greenhouse gases compared to other processes. For examining the risk of investment, the Monte Carlo simulation with 1000 iterations has also been conducted and the results manifest the high profitability of this process.

The Role of Direct Air Capture in EU’s Decarbonisation and Associated Carbon Intensity for Synthetic Fuels Production

Direct air capture (DAC) is considered one of the mitigation strategies in most of the future scenarios trying to limit global temperature to 1.5 °C. Given the high expectations placed on DAC for future decarbonisation, this study presents an extensive review of DAC technologies, exploring a number of techno-economic aspects, including an updated collection of the current and planned DAC projects around the world. A dedicated analysis focused on the production of synthetic methane, methanol, and diesel from DAC and electrolytic hydrogen in the European Union (EU) is also performed, where the carbon footprint is analysed for different scenarios and energy sources. The results show that the maximum grid carbon intensity to obtain negative emissions with DAC is estimated at 468 gCO2e/kWh, which is compliant with most of the EU countries’ current grid mix. Using only photovoltaics (PV) and wind, negative emissions of at least −0.81 tCO2e/tCO2 captured can be achieved. The maximum grid intensities allowing a reduction of the synthetic fuels carbon footprint compared with their fossil-fuels counterparts range between 96 and 151 gCO2e/kWh. However, to comply with the Renewable Energy Directive II (REDII) sustainability criteria to produce renewable fuels of non-biological origin, the maximum stays between 30.2 to 38.8 gCO2e/kWh. Only when using PV and wind is the EU average able to comply with the REDII threshold for all scenarios and fuels, with fuel emissions ranging from 19.3 to 25.8 gCO2e/MJ. These results highlight the importance of using renewable energies for the production of synthetic fuels compliant with the EU regulations that can help reduce emissions from difficult-to-decarbonise sectors.

The production of the hydro-processed renewable diesel (HRD) and its performances from a turbo-charged diesel engine

The development of the hydro-processed renewable diesel (HRD) is proposed in this study based on a lab-scale fixed-bed catalytic reactor. The HRD was produced at temperature of 380 °C, pressure of 6 MPa, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 4.5 h−1 and hydrogen-to-oil ratio of 1000. The performance and emission characteristics of the pure diesel (D100), HRD blended diesel (20% HRD in diesel, H20) and biodiesel (20% biodiesel fuel blend, B20) have been evaluated with the help of turbo-charged diesel engine setup under steady-state operations. Investigations were conducted on regulated emissions including CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke. The addition of HRD did not evidently reveal a high impact on CO and NOx emissions. Compared with D100, the CO2 emissions of adding HRD have been reduced by 7.4%. The HC emissions for H20 were relatively lower than those for D100, especially at high engine speeds. Compared with the addition of biodiesel, the smoke reduction of HRD was more significant. The overall average opacity of D100 and B20 were 4.055% and 2.689%, respectively, while the overall average opacity of H20 was only 0.277%. The engine using B20 or H20 mixed fuel can achieve performance close to that of the engine using D100 fuel, since the braking thermal efficiency was close to a value of about 34%. H20 fuel provided better combustion stability than D100 since the average coefficient of variation (COV) of H20 was 0.81% and the average COV of D100 was 0.90%. H20 is better than pure diesel and B20 in terms of engine performance.

Renewable diesel Production: A Review

Biodiesel is considered an alternative to petroleum diesel as it is more environmentally friendly, cleaner, decreases greenhouse gas emissions, non toxic and biodegradagable. Although, low energy density, relatively high cost of production and poor cold flow are some of its demerits. Some of these problems can be reduced by renewable diesel. The demand for renewable diesel is increasing especially due to its high qualities including cetane, cloud point, oxidative stability, cold flow and can be produced and transported using the existing refinery facilities. The current work discusses the feedstocks used in renewable diesel production, catalysts, methods of production, factors affecting the production, reaction pathway/kinetics of renewable diesel production, and analysis of renewable diesel based on existing literature. The review shows that the production of the renewable is increasing globally due to favourable Government policy, and high demand. The utilization of renewable diesel will help to reduce the greenhouse gases by 50%.

Toward the production of renewable diesel over robust Ni nanoclusters highly dispersed on a two-dimensional zeolite

Deoxygenation of bioderived lipids into renewable transportation fuels is a promising route to decreasing the dependence on fossil sources. Ni-based catalysts are high performing and cost-effective in deoxygenation reactions but suffer from severe sintering and aggregation. Herein, a ligand-chelating impregnation method was used to prepare highly dispersed Ni nanoclusters on a two-dimensional (2D) ITQ-2 zeolite. Comprehensive characterization was utilized to monitor the changes in the organometallic precursors during activation and to investigate their impact on the dispersion of the Ni nanoclusters on the ITQ-2 zeolite. The high external surface area and abundant surface defects of the 2D support enhanced the dispersion and immobilization of the Ni nanoclusters and outperformed conventional zeolites. The protection of the Ni2+ cations by the organic ligand suppressed the aggregation of Ni species during the activation processes, thereby leading to the formation of uniformly distributed Ni nanoclusters on the ITQ-2 zeolite. Due to the highly dispersed Ni nanoclusters and immobilization on the 2D zeolite, the Ni/ITQ-2-co material prepared by the ligand-chelating impregnation approach showed outstanding activity and stability for conversions of stearic acid or palm oil to diesel range alkanes. This work provides a rational design and precise modulation of metal-based catalysts for the production of renewable diesel.

Effect of Pyrolysis on iron-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to Fe3C @ Fe5C2 for diesel production in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis.

The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) is a significant catalytic chemical reaction that produces ultra-clean fuels or chemicals with added value from a syngas mixture of CO and H2 obtained from biomass, coal, or natural gas. The presence of sulfur is not considered good for producing liquid fuels for(FTS). In this study, we reveal that the presence of sulfur in ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 MOF provides the high amount, 52.50% of light hydrocarbons in the carbon chain distribution. The calcined ferric nitrate Fe(NO₃)₃ MOF reveals the highest 93.27% diesel production. Calcination is regarded as an essential factor in enhancing liquid fuel production. Here, we probed the calcination effect of Metal Organic Framework (MOF) on downstream application syngas to liquid fuels. The XRD results of MOF. N and P. MOF.N shows the formation of the active phase of iron carbide (Fe5C2), considered the most active phase of FTS. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of iron sulfate MOF catalyst (P.MOF.S) reveals that the existence of sulfur creates pores inside the particles due to the reaction of free water molecules with the sulfur derivate. The surface functional groups of prepared MOFs and tested MOFS were analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal stability of prepared MOFS was analyzed by Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface areas and structural properties of the catalysts were measured by N2-Physiosorption technique.

Kinetics of simultaneous hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation reactions using CoMoP/Al2O3 and NiMoP/Al2O3

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a key reaction to achieve diesel production at the specified low sulfur levels and is highly affected by a competing reaction involving nitrogen removal through hydrodenitrogenation (HDN). This work evaluated kinetic parameters of simultaneous reactions of HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and HDN of quinoline (Q) using CoMoP/Al2O3 and NiMoP/Al2O3 catalysts under operational conditions that allow a wide range of reagent conversions. Estimated parameters were evaluated using rigorous statistical analysis. Good fits for the evaluated experimental data were provided by both power-law and Langmuir-Hinshelwood models. Turnover frequency values highlight adsorption and competition effects between nitrogen-containing compounds and sulfur-containing compounds. NiMoP catalyst showed higher hydrogenating power than CoMoP, with larger absolute value of the estimated adsorption enthalpy (−120 kJ.mol−1 for NiMoP and −75 kJ.mol−1 for CoMoP), suggesting strong adsorption of nitrogen compounds. A catalyst with more hydrogenating power is also more capable of performing both HDN and HDS reactions simultaneously.

Nickel Supported on MIL-96(Al) as an Efficient Catalyst for Biodiesel and Green Diesel Production from Crude Palm Oil
 

heterogeneous catalyst in the form of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely Material of Institute Lavoisier-96(Al), which is called MIL-96(Al), was employed for the production of biodiesel and green diesel. The synthesis of MIL-96(Al) was conducted via a hydrothermal method at 210 °C for 4 hours with dimethylformamide (DMF) as an assisting agent. The Ni was loaded into MIL-96(Al) via incipient wetness impregnation method with variations 3, 5, and 10 wt.% to form Ni/MIL-96(Al). Based on X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the obtained material has good crystallinity with characteristic peaks observed at 2? = 5.8°; 7.8°, and 9.1°. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis demonstrated an essential shift from 1715 cm-1 to 1666 cm-1, indicating the coordination of the carboxylate group with Al3+ metal ions. Moreover, MIL-96(Al) is stable up to 390 °C according to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Based on structural and morphological analysis (using XRD, FTIR, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)), the loading of Ni into MIL-96(Al) does not change the basic structure of MIL-96(Al). However, the pore diameter of MIL-96(Al) decreased from 5.7 nm to 1.4 nm after the Ni was embedded in the structure. The largest surface area was obtained from 10% Ni/MIL-96(Al) (up to 595.5 m2/g). The catalytic test exhibits that 3% Ni/MIL-96(Al) could attain an optimum yield of up to 85.24% of biodiesel, while in the case of hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) reaction, the optimum catalyst shown by 10% Ni/MIL-96(Al) with conversion and selectivity of C16 up to 90.70% and 55.22%, respectively.

Mo promoted Ni-ZrO2 co-precipitated catalysts for green diesel production

The promoting action of Mo-species was studied for Ni-ZrO2 co-precipitated catalysts with high nickel loading used in the transformation of sunflower oil into green diesel. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized and evaluated using a high-pressure semi-batch reactor. The significant promoting action of molybdenum species was clearly demonstrated concerning the Ni-ZrO2 catalysts as Mo addition resulted in almost duplication of green diesel yield (from 35.2 to 68.4 %). This is manifested through the acceleration of the hydrodeoxygenation pathway of the reaction network. The increase of the activation temperature increases further the catalytic efficiency of the promoted catalysts resulting in 70.1 % green diesel yield. The promoting action of molybdenum was partly attributed to the increase of the specific surface area and the metallic nickel surface brought about by molybdenum but, principally, to a synergy between the oxygen vacancies developed on the very well dispersed Mo-species - and the nickel surface sites.

Biofuel Successful Strategies towards Sustainable Development: A Bibliometrics Analysis

This study aims to analyze biofuel use from oil palm as an alternative source of sustainable development. Data were obtained from the Scopus database with the last five years of publication. This research method uses a qualitative approach to the study of literature. Data analysis used bibliometric analysis with Vosviewer and NVIVO 12 plus software. The findings of this study indicate that several countries have used palm oil-based biodiesel as a transportation fuel, one of which is that Indonesia is the leading country in taking advantage of this opportunity. This can be seen from the development of the B30 from government and biodiesel programs which have become triggers for rising CPO prices worldwide and have impacted Fresh Fruit Bunches at the farm level. The study also found fluctuations in the publication of scientific research on biofuels. The most significant contribution to research articles comes from Malaysia. The university with the most number is University Malaya. The following research areas have the potential for further study: production of biofuels, vegetable oils, renewable diesel, and bio. Production energy, biodiesel, biomass, and biofuels are narratives of scientific research papers related to biofuels.