Diesel Fuel Research Articles

Isolation of marine-derived filamentous fungi and their potential application for bioremediation process.

We evaluated the bioremediation potential of petroleum-derived compounds using fungal strains isolated from marine samples collected on the coast of the states of Paraná, Brazil. About 75 isolated filamentous fungi were subjected to assays including decolorization of the synthetic dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR), tolerance to diesel oil, production of bioemulsifying and degradation of pyrene. Nine isolates could decolorize RBBR between 3.4% and 88.16%. Ten were able to tolerate diesel oil and/or pyrene. One isolate was able to produce compounds with emulsifying properties. Three strains, Trichoderma sp. FM14 (Penicillium spp. FM02 and FM16, and FM14) were able to degrade pyrene between 33.0 and 42.4%, after 8 days. The results of the present work encourage future studies to optimize enzymatic conditions using isolates with biotechnological potential in bioremediation studies of marine environments contaminated with industrial pollutants including hydrocarbons derived from petroleum such as diesel oil and PAHs and synthetic dyes.

Investigation into the impact of acetylene on performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine using a blended biodiesel of ethanol and tamanu oil.

Due to the significant increase in transportation, traditional fossil fuels utilised in internal combustion engines will only be accessible for a limited duration. Additionally, the harmful pollutants produced by these fuels, including CO, NOx, unburned hydrocarbons, smoke, and a small amount of particulate matter, have a severe negative impact on the environment. Although biodiesel proves efficient without necessitating engine modifications, its performance is hindered by its higher viscosity. Consequently, this research aims to enhance performance by introducing acetylene alongside tamanu methyl ester (biodiesel); however, this approach results in elevated NOx levels. To mitigate NOx emissions, a combination of ethanol and biodiesel is employed. This study investigates the performance and emission attributes of Acetylene + TME90E10 as the fuel. The combustion pressure and heat release rate of TME90E10 with 6 lpm, improved by 5.41% and 9.1% than diesel. When compared to regular diesel fuel, the introduction of 6l per minute of acetylene with TME90E10 yields a substantial 24.4% decrease in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Furthermore, employing TME90E10 at the same acetylene flow rate demonstrates the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, registering at 0.07%, in contrast to the 0.13% emissions observed throughout the exhaust cycle when using pure diesel fuel.

Small Punch Test to Estimate the Threshold Stress in Aggressive Environments by Incremental Step Loading

The present work is a relevant advance in the validation of the incremental step loading technique (ASTM F1624 standard) when applied to Small Punch tests (SPT) for the threshold load determination of medium- and high-strength steels in aggressive environments, as a novel alternative to conventional time-consuming tests under constant load. It completes previous works by the authors on this topic, extending a methodology to estimate the threshold stress from SPT tests in aggressive environments, covering the whole range of hardness marked by ASTM F1624 as the main goal. This is achieved by calibrating a model of the material’s hardness by the use of a coefficient in function of it. For this purpose, four medium- and high-strength steels of 33, 35, 50 and 60 HRC (Hardness Rockwell C) are exposed to three different cathodic polarization hydrogen embrittlement environments of 1, 5 and 10 mA/cm2 in 1N H2SO4 acid electrolyte connected to a platinum anode. Threshold stresses in these circumstances are obtained by uniaxial specimens following ASTM F1624 and compared to their homologous threshold loads obtained by Small Punch tests according to the authors’ original methodology proposal. Finally, the aforementioned model, consisting of a correlation based on composing an elastic and a plastic part, is calibrated for a hardness ranging 33–60 HRC, this being the main original contribution of this work; the elastic part is dependent just on the elastic-to-plastic transition SPT load, while the plastic part is ruled by a material hardness-dependent coefficient. This technique supposes an advance in engineering tools, due to its applicability in situations of material shortage, such as in-service components, welded joints, local areas, complex geometries, small thicknesses, etc., often present in aerospace, automotive or oil–gas, among others.

Impact on Green Synthesised Al2O3 Nanoparticles on Performance and Emission Properties as Biodiesel operated diesel engine

<p style="text-align:justify;"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;">Global warming and pollution are two of the numerous causes of environmental issues due to industrial wastes and greenhouse gases. As a result, efforts are being made to limit emissions in order to mitigate these issues and reduce pollution. Given that fuel supplies are running low, biodiesel is one of the best alternatives to diesel fuel. One of the main obstacles to biodiesel's commercialization is its higher cost than diesel. One of the more superior substitute fuels for diesel is biodiesel, which is a fuel with great potential. When combined with 20% commercial diesel (B20), the resulting biodiesel is known as Pongamia. Improving engine performance and combustion characteristics while decreasing atmospheric NOX, CO, and HC exhaust emissions are the primary goals of this research. In comparison to neat diesel, BSFC and BTE were found to have increased by 12.27% and 15.34% respectively, while NOx, CO, and HC concentrations were decreased by 15.46%, 54%, 7.30%, and 25.67% respectively. Biodiesel mixed with Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nano additive significantly improves the performance and combustion characteristics of diesel engines.</span></p>

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FLUX ON DIESEL FUEL LINE ON SOME PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION OF DIESEL ENGINE

This study aimed to investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance and product emission of four cylinder 4- stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) diesel engine fueled by permanent magnet exposed diesel fuel compared with diesel fuel (DF). Three levels of magnet field intensity were used including Diesel fuel exposer to 3000 Gauss (DG3), Diesel fuel exposer to 5000 Gauss (DG5) and Diesel fuel exposer to 9000 Gauss (DG9) fuel respectively. Permanent magnetic device was employed and installed on fuel line before interring high pressure fuel injection pump . The engine run at constant speed 1500rpm(revolution per minute) and loaded by two levels 4.5 kW and 9 kW represented as L1and L2 respectively. Results obtained showed that fuel DG5 registered an increased in thermal efficiency(TE) about 20.09% at load L1 compared with DF. Maximum reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) about 12.12%, when using DG5 fuel at load 1 compared to DF fuel. All exhaust emission Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2),Particular Maters (PM), and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) are decreased when diesel fuel treated with different magnetic intensities 3000,5000 and 9000 Gauss. Compared with conventional diesel fuel. Maximum reduction in PM,HC,NOx,CO2,and CO about 16.56-27.08%, 3.89–64.26%, 4.79–7.91%, 4.05-5.71and 11.46-53.48% respectively. CO2 emission was increased by 1.65-4.28 at DG5 with L1 and L2 respectively due to the operating conditions.

Speciation of the Removed Pollutants in Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil

The biological removal of a mixture of soil contaminants, namely, hydrocarbons, is not equally efficient for each compound. Some pollutants can be metabolized by the microbial consortium but also generated again as by-products from the removal of others. At the end of the runs, notwithstanding the high integral removal, single compounds can still be present with a relevant concentration. This paper presents the results achieved in a study of the aerobic degradation of diesel oil in three mesocosms carried out for several months with the same operative conditions. They differed in biological management: Natural Attenuation (NA), Biostimulated without inoculation (BS), and Biostimulated with Inoculation (BS + IN). At the end of the runs, the pollution removal was calculated by measuring the residual diesel oil, both as an average in the total amount of soil and only at the bottom of each column. The overall removal was around 2%, 66%, and 72% for NA, BS and BS + IN, reduced to 0%, 48%, and 47%, respectively, if measured only at the bottom. For the biostimulated mesocosms, the speciation of the hydrocarbons was carried out to assess their concentration. The findings evidence the need to delve deeper into this issue and assess the speciation of contaminants.

Assessing the Future of Oil and Gas Production and Local Government Revenue in Five Western US Basins

Oil and gas production is a major source of public revenue in many US regions, but uncertainty exists over the future of demand for hydrocarbons. We model how oil and gas production and related government revenue change in five western US basins depending on future oil and natural gas prices under three scenarios of climate policy ambition. We find that the Green River and San Juan basins experience production declines across all scenarios, while production in the Bakken, Permian, and Powder River basins are more dependent on prices. Government revenue generally follows the direction of production, but these relationships are not directly proportional. Under the lower price scenarios, revenue declines more steeply than production because it reflects both production and prices, which both decline. Long-term permanent funds, which are in place across all the states we examine, provide an important fiscal cushion for school districts, their primary beneficiary. JEL Classification: H71, H72, H73, O13, Q41, Q48

Numerical simulation on multi-well fracturing considering multiple thin layers in vertical direction

Multiwell fracturing is a key technology for developing shale gas and shale oil reservoirs. In this study, a multiple planar 3D (PL3D) fracture simulator that can capture multiple thin layers was developed to examine the propagation of multiple fractures during multicluster fracturing in multiple horizontal wells. The simulator considers multiple thin layers in the vertical direction. The results of the model are validated against the analytical solution of a single radial fracture and the implicit level set algorithm (ILSA). Using the simulator, a series of numerical simulations based on the field case are performed to investigate the fracture propagation mechanism of multiwell fracturing. The completion sequence, well placement pattern, well spacing, and cluster spacing are investigated to optimize the treatment parameters. The effective fracture area is used to quantitatively describe the stimulation effect. The adaptability of the completion sequence and well placement pattern is also analysed from the perspective of “frac hits”. The results show that the completion sequence has a critical influence on the stimulation effect and fracture geometry. From the perspective of avoiding “frac-hit” fractures, fracturing the low-stress layer can form an “artificial stress barrier”, which slightly protects the well from interference from other fractures. The staggered well pattern is better than the stacked well pattern. Compared with the stacked pattern, the staggered pattern can reduce the overlap area of fractures by 80 %, which greatly reduces the probability of “frac-hits”. With increasing well spacing from 200 m to 500 m, the fracture area increases by 25 %, and the degree of uneven stimulation between the two pay zones also increases by 6 %. Considering that a small well spacing is prone to “frac hits”, a large well spacing leads to an unstimulated area between two wells, and a 350 m well spacing is optimal. The effective fracture area decreases slightly with increasing perforation cluster spacing, but the fracture geometry becomes much more regular. The results can be helpful for the field design of multiwell fracturing.

Energy Transition in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Regional Solutions for Climate Change Challenges Amid Economic Sanctions

As the world grapples with the urgent priority of transitioning to a net-zero future, there exists a shared need to make all efforts to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, mostly caused by burning fossil fuels. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region plays an important role because of its oil and natural gas output. Additionally, this region has experienced significant conflict and numerous wars. This article will focus on one of the many challenges that some key states in the MENA region, with a main focus on Iran, are facing in their energy transition. Several countries in the MENA region are or have recently been subject to some form of economic sanctions. Sanctions appear to have had a material impact on these countries’ abilities to fulfill their contributions to transitioning to a net-zero economy. Research suggests that the chief obstacles they face regarding that transition is the lack of access to the latest technologies, a dearth of financing, limited or often no direct investments in low carbon industry, diplomatic isolation, and the concomitant economic volatility caused by sanctions, which in sum, take away from the financial capacity of a target country to save and invest for the transition to net zero. Therefore, it is crucial to revisit sanctions laws and policies, ensuring that they do not hinder the global community from achieving its climate goals. This article proposes establishing a regional ‘climate savings account’ to serve as a strategic mechanism to balance geopolitical interests and environmental goals.

Application ICP-OES to Multielement Analysis on Plastic Waste and Blends with Vacuum Gas Oil: Developing a Sample Preparation Protocol

This paper introduces a new methodology for a routine metal analysis of plastic waste (PW) and PW blended with petroleum feedstock such as vacuum gas oil and VGO (PW/VGO). For such purposes, recycled polyethylene and polypropylene plastic were selected to mimic the potential feeds to be integrated at the Fluid Catalytic Cracking unit (FCC) to produce valuable products. Elements such as P, Ca, Al, Mg, Na, Zn, B, Fe, Ti, and Si were included in the method development. Different sample preparation methods were evaluated, such as microwave-assisted acid digestion (MWAD) and dry/wet ashing, followed by a fusion of the ash with lithium borate flux. Some PW homogenization pretreatments, such as cryogenic grinding and hot press molding, were also covered. The finding of this work suggests that MWAD with HNO3 and H2O2 is adequate for both types of samples and is the quickest sample preparation; however, the sample needed to be homogenized, and recoveries for Si and Ti may be biased for PW due to the limited solubilities of these elements in the nitric acid media. Carbon removal is required before fusion sample preparation and analysis due to the amount of carbon in PW samples. The sample needed to be homogenized for wet ash fusion but not for the pre-ash (dry) method. A benefit to the damp ash pretreatment is that the ash for the sample was created in the same crucible used for fusion digestion, avoiding material loss during sample management. Fusion from wet ash or carbon removal allowed for better acid solubility for Si and Ti in PW. The results of the PW samples evaluated matched well with those of both sample preparation methodologies. For most elements, precision was <10% regardless of the sample preparation; however, Fe and P had some variation using wet ash fusion, possibly due to contamination in an open digestion system or variation due to being close to the method limit of quantification (LOQ). The methodology reported here is robust enough to be implemented as routine analysis in any laboratory facility.

Identification of Suitable Vacuum Gas Oils as Plasticizers Using HT-GC × GC-HRMS

Identification of Suitable Vacuum Gas Oils as Plasticizers Using HT-GC × GC-HRMS

Forecasting of retail prices of liquid fuels in Poland

Motivation: In recent years, the prices of liquid fuels in Poland have been rising, negatively affecting the country’s economy and the daily life of its inhabitants. Consequently, there is a need for effective forecasting of prices in fuel markets, as this could enable entrepreneurs and consumers to make more informed decisions.Aim: The objective of the article was to forecast the retail prices of EU95 petrol and diesel fuel using causal-effect econometric models. The study uses historical data on fuel prices in Poland from 2007.Q1 to 2022.Q2 and the forecast period is to cover the next four quarters.Materials and methods: In order to identify the most significant variables influencing the retail prices of liquid fuels in Poland, the relevant literature was consulted. The final models were constructed using the ordinary least squares method and were validated through selected statistical tests.Results: Based on the constructed models, successful forecasts were made for EU95 gasoline and diesel oil. The obtained values were subjected to ex-post analysis, which resulted in an RMSPE of 3.15% and 4.79% respectively, indicating a positive outcome.

Exploring the potential of Desert Rose fibers (Adenium obesum) for the remediation of oil-contaminated sites

This work proposes the use of Fibers from the pod of Desert Rose, Adenium obesum (DRF), as an alternative for oil removal in spill scenarios and cleaning of contaminated bird feathers. The sorption capacity of biomass was evaluated through kinetics tests, which were adjusted using the Fractal Linear Driving Force (FL-LDF) model. Additionally, capture stability tests were performed to determine the oil retention capacity of the material. Furthermore, the DRF were tested in the cleaning of bird feathers, and the fibers were characterized using Optical Microscopy (OM), SEM, FTIR and TGA. The DRF demonstrated sorption efficiency, with approximately 13.01 ± 1.87 g/g, 14.59 ± 0.58 g/g and 49.12 ± 2.43 g/g, for diesel oils, 20 W50 mineral oil and petroleum, respectively. It was found that these results were achieved by combining the viscosity with the functional groups identified on the material surface, which strongly contributed to the sorption capacity. The sorption kinetics indicated a fast rate in the first minute of testing for diesel oils and 20 W50. The material was still stable, managing to retain 65 %, 83 % and 78 % and removing from the feathers a total of 82 %, 71 % and 81 % of diesel oils, 20 W50 and petroleum. The biomass presented a hollow cylindrical structure, with the presence of grooves and roughness in some regions of its surface with a thin wall, demonstrating to be an efficient and competitive oil sorbent.

Assessing the environmental and economic viability of floating PV-powered green hydrogen: A case study on inland ferry operations in Türkiye

This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the environmental impacts and costs associated with a floating photovoltaic (FPV)-powered green hydrogen production system for a ferry line in Türkiye, utilizing life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) methods. The methodology involves regridding daily data from 13 Global Climate Models (GCMs) to a consistent 1° × 1° grid, comparing this data with ERA5 datasets using various statistical methods, and identifying the top four GCMs. These models are then used to forecast ambient temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation for 2023–2052. Based on these forecasts, the FPV system's component sizes are determined. The LCA, based on the GREET 2022 database, reveals that green hydrogen is the most environmentally friendly option, reducing global warming potential (GWP) by 77.5 % compared to marine diesel oil (MDO 0.1 % S), with more than 62 % of GWP for the hydrogen-powered ferry attributed to PV production. LCCA results indicate that, without subsidies, green hydrogen is not economically feasible for the selected inland ferry line. Carbon taxes are insufficient to bridge cost differences, highlighting the need for financial incentives. Reducing corporate tax to 10 % is identified as the most effective incentive, and the Production Tax Credit (PTC) option maximizes internal rates of return for green hydrogen producers. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable energy choices in maritime transport, emphasizing the importance of both environmental and economic considerations.

Enhanced Study of CO2 Hydrate Formation in Marine Oil–Gas Based on Additive Effect

During marine oil–gas extraction, significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas are often produced. Effectively separating these associated CO2 gases during extraction has become a critical technical challenge. Therefore, this paper aims to enhance the efficiency of CO2 hydrate-based capture technology and conduct relevant research. The goal is to increase the driving force for hydrate formation by combining the traditional thermodynamic additive TBAB with pressure modulation and to improve the hydrate formation rate through the use of multiple kinetic promoters. This paper presents the initial investigation into the effect of the thermodynamic accelerator tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) on the characteristics of CO2 hydrate formation. The promotion effects of TBAB solutions with varying mass concentrations (3%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%) and reaction pressures (3 MPa, 4 MPa) were subjected to a systematic analysis, and the optimal conditions were identified as 4 MPa and a 5 wt% TBAB concentration. Subsequently, the impact of combining TBAB with kinetic promoters (SDS, nano Al2O3, L-methionine, L-leucine) on CO2 hydrate generation characteristics was further investigated. In this paper, the effect of a single promoter on the generation characteristics of CO2 hydrate was investigated, and the efficient carbon trapping ability of the complex promoter was verified, which provides theoretical support for the application of CO2 trapping technology using the hydrate method.

Evaluation of Advanced Biofuels in Internal Combustion Engines: Diesel/Fusel Oil/Vegetable Oil Triple Blends

In this research work, the feasibility of using fusel oil, a by-product of the sugar–alcohol industry, as an LVLC solvent in blends with straight vegetable oils (SVOs) and diesel was investigated. Concretely, diesel/fusel oil/sunflower oil (D/FO/SO) and diesel/fusel oil/castor oil (D/FO/CO) triple blends were prepared and characterized by measuring the most important physicochemical properties, i.e., viscosity, density, cold flow properties, flash point and cetane number. An appreciable improvement in cold flow values has been achieved with triple blends, without compromising properties such as calorific value and cetane number. Likewise, the triple blends meet the viscosity and density requirements specified by the European quality standard EN 14214 and the American standard ASTM D6751. After characterization, the triple blends were used on a diesel engine, evaluating different parameters such as power output, opacity, exhaust emissions (CO and NOx) and consumption at different engine loads. The results indicate that as the biofuel content in the blend increases, engine power decreases while fuel consumption rises. Nevertheless, the values obtained with D/FO/CO are better than those for D/FO/SO and are also very similar to those of fossil diesel. Regarding opacity values and NOx emissions obtained with the utilization of the triple blends, they are lower than those produced by diesel. However, in the case of CO emissions, it depends on the type of oil used, with the samples prepared with castor oil exhibiting the best results.

Modelling pressure dynamics of oil–gas two-phase flow in double-porosity media formation with permeability-stress sensitivity

Pressure dynamics can reflect the basic characteristics of fluid flow through underground porous formation. In this research, the oil–gas two-phase flow model for a double-porosity media formation with permeability-stress sensitivity was first established for three kinds of outer boundaries. The unified governing equation was deduced by utilizing the H function. The nonlinear mathematical model in consideration of permeability-stress sensitivity was linearized by implementing the canonical perturbation transformation and then solved by using the Laplace transformation. After that, a sequence of typical log–log curves of pressure dynamics influenced by various model parameters were plotted and analyzed. These curves reflect the typical characteristic of a V shape caused by the inter-porosity fluid flow from matrix toward natural fractures. Oil saturation and permeability-stress sensitivity coefficient have much influence on the pressure dynamics. Ultimately, the established model of oil–gas two-phase flow was validated through a well-test fitting interpretation for a real condensate gas well in a sandstone formation. This research can offer insights into the pressure dynamics dominated by the oil–gas two-phase flow in naturally fractured formations and the permeability-stress sensitivity effect.

A New Bacterial Strain Producing Both of the Surfactin and Fengycin Lipopeptide Biosurfactant with Strong Emulsifications on Crude Oil.

A new lipopeptide-producing strain Cytobacillus sp. R3-1 was isolated from the production water of the Daqing oilfield in China and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. The strain R3-1 is capable of simultaneously producing both of the surfactin and fengycin, the two major families of the lipopeptide biosurfactant. The chemical structures of the surfactin and fengycin were confirmed by a combination of the ESI-MS, FT-IR, and amino acid analyses, and the impact of various temperatures, pH, and NaCl concentrations on the emulsifying activity (E24) was investigated. The lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by the strain R3-1 exhibited strong emulsifying activity with E24 value over 60% on crude oil and different hydrocarbons, including the cyclohexane, hexadecane, benzene, toluene, kerosene, diesel oil, and liquid paraffin. Meanwhile, it showed excellent emulsifying activity across a broad range of conditions of the temperature up to 60 °C, NaCl tolerance up to 100 g/L, and pH values between 5 and 9, which suggests that the strain R3-1 is a valuable microbial candidate for the simultaneous production of the surfactin and fengycin lipopeptide biosurfactant with strong emulsifying properties and stability under diverse environmental conditions and is a potential application in environmental bioremediation and enhanced oil recovery.

Digital Supply Chain and Business Performance: The Case of the Oil and Gas Industry

A competitive global business competition requires a firm to formulate a competitive strategy in supply chain management. The transformation from manual to digital management is also necessary for the oil and gas industry. A digital supply chain is a management approach that uses technology to manage the flow of goods, information, and finance across the entire supply chain. This study attempts to evaluate the impact of the digital supply chain on business performance in the oil and gas industry. The study sample was 523 PETRONAS staff members who were involved in operating two main units, namely, a gas processing and oil refinery. The results of multiple regression analysis found that the digital supply chain significantly and positively influences firm performance across the three study samples, namely gas processing, oil refinery, and the overall sample. Technology-driven supply chain management has had a significant positive impact on every aspect of the supply chain. This can be observed in enhanced efficiency, improved visibility, time savings, and increased company competitiveness. Nonetheless, the influence of the digital supply chain is not absolute because other factors such as communication, competence, transparency, and training empirically affect the firm's performance. All of these factors are complementary to the effectiveness of digital supply chain implementation. In line with this, steps are being taken to optimize digital applications across all aspects of the supply chain, along with certain elements related to human capital, to create a unique resource capable of fostering competitive advantage and enhancing firm performance.

Biodegradation kinetics of petroleum hydrocarbons by composite microbial agents combined with slow release agents in groundwater

Bioremediation of oil-polluted groundwater is often limited by the properties of oil and oligotrophic conditions in the groundwater environment, sometimes causing long biodegradation times and low biodegradation efficiencies. To clarify this issue, dominant oil-degrading bacteria and slow release agents (SRAs) were prepared and mixed to enhance the biodegradation of different oil samples and hydrocarbons in the groundwater environment. The biodegradation efficiencies of diesel oil, Venezuelan crude oil, and Jibei heavy crude oil by the consortia of bacteria increased from 33.66 %–52.21 % to 34.90 %–63.43 % when optimal nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrients were added with SRAs. The release kinetics of N and P SRAs (NP-SRAs) followed Fickian diffusion, and the biodegradation processes of the five petroleum hydrocarbons and three oil products were all well approximated by a second-order kinetic model. The half-lives of the five hydrocarbons in the groundwater were shortened from 0.01 to 7.46 d with the NP salt directly added to 0.002–6.67 d when the NP-SRAs and oxygen SRAs were added, and they decreased from 4.85 to 34.00 d to 2.80–28.90 d for the three oil samples. This study provides insights into the biodegradation kinetics of different hydrocarbons, facilitating the development of effective microbial remediation technologies for the oil contaminated groundwater environment.