Diesel Generator System Research Articles

A Bottom-Up Approach to PV System Design for Rural Locality Electrification: A Case Study in Burkina Faso

This work evaluates the performance of optimal hybrid PV/battery and PV/diesel generator renewable energy systems for a remote village in Burkina Faso. Based on socioeconomic data and the household sample survey, a technoeconomic simulation and optimization model of electrical loading are presented. Ant colony optimization (ACO) and the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) algorithms were used for the search of the optimal hybrid power system. For the selected village location, the results have shown that the hybrid PV/battery system represents the best renewable energy solution due to abundant solar irradiation and carbon emission free compared to the conventional diesel generator (DG) or PV/DG system. To reach the estimated load power demand of 2150 kWh for the studied location, optimized PV/battery configuration sizing required 650 PV modules of 250 W and 715 batteries of 300 Ah. The economical evaluation reveals a cost investment of about 1,293 025.7 USD for a lifetime of 25 years in comparison of that of PV/DG and DG systems, which are 1,088 701.9 USD and 1,682 850.6 USD, respectively. However, environmental and atmospheric pollution is minimized with a saving of more than 17943 tons of CO2. Therefore, the production of electricity from the PV/battery system leads to better competitiveness reliability for a socioeconomic development of studied remote villages.

Decarbonizing Telecommunication Sector: Techno-Economic Assessment and Optimization of PV Integration in Base Transceiver Stations in Telecom Sector Spreading across Various Geographically Regions

Renewable energy is considered to be sustainable solution to the energy crisis and climate change. The transition to renewable energy needs to be considered on a sectoral basis and one such sector that can potentially decarbonized with renewable energy is the telecommunication sector. Several base transceiver stations (BTS) in remote regions have unstable electric supply systems. Diesel generators (DG) are a common solution to energy problems on such telecommunication sites. However, they have high fuel costs on the global market and contribute to high carbon emissions. Hybrid renewable energy systems may provide a stable power output by integrating multiple energy sources, essential for supplying a dependable and uninterrupted power supply in the context of the telecom sector, notably base transceiver stations (BTS). Deploying such a system might also help BTS, which relies mainly on diesel generators with battery storage backup, reduce operational costs and environmental problems. This study presents the framework for large-scale photovoltaic system penetration based on techno-economic analysis (based on actual on ground data with least assumptions) in base transceiver stations (BTS) encapsulating telecom sector spread across various geographical regions. The proposed framework includes a mathematical model complemented with system design in HOMER software tool. The techno-economic aspects of the study were spread across 2, 12 and 263 sites, along with comparison analysis of photovoltaic system installation with and without energy storage devices, respectively. The sites included both on-grid and off-grid sites, which were exposed to high levels of power outages and subjected to reliance on costly and environmentally hazardous diesel generators. Optimization results showed that the photovoltaic system with a diesel generator and battery storage system provide a promising solution to the energy problem, with an average decrease in LCOE of 29%, DG hour’s reduction by 82% with 92% reduction in carbon emission and a reduction in NPC of 34% due to the high availability of solar. The techno-economic analysis indicated that optimized photovoltaic system and storage results in both on–off grid BTS sites with better options, amid low cost of energy and free accessibility of solar. Moreover, the results spread across geographical regions aiming at a reliable and environmentally friendly option that reduces load on utility grid across on-grid BTS sites and substantial overall reduction in diesel usage.

Optimization and planning of renewable energy sources based microgrid for a residential complex

AbstractWorld population growth and increased energy demand are taking a heavy toll on the environment. Aside from developed countries, the adverse effects are far more apparent in third‐world countries, which are also affected by climate change, pollution, and fuel scarcity. One of the primary solutions to this challenge is the implementation of cleaner and more sustainable energy resources. Building scale renewable integration is one of the solutions included in hybrid energy systems. The article aims to design a grid‐tied hybrid energy system for a residential complex in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The design includes several combinations of the photovoltaic system, diesel generator, and battery energy storage system (BESS). The key objectives of the analysis are to minimize system costs, reduce grid dependency, and reduce emissions. Various models were simulated in Hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER Pro) to obtain a suitable system with maximum renewable usage. Several systems were compared based on different parameters such as net present cost (NPC), operating cost, cost of energy (COE), and carbon emissions. A grid‐tied system with PV and lithium battery storage was found to be the most suitable system for powering the residential load. From the analysis, the preferred system can reduce COE by 53%, NPC by 26%, and operating costs by 54%. Also, the total emission is reduced by 31%. Aside from being cost‐effective, the proposed system is also convenient and sustainable, with fewer salvageable parts owing to its use of lithium‐based BESS.

Modeling and optimization of hybrid renewable energy with storage system using flamingo swarm intelligence algorithms

AbstractThis paper unveils the simulation and optimum design of five models based on photovoltaic (PV), diesel generator (DG), and battery energy systems for rural area farmhouse load demand (agriculture and household). The choice for designing an optimal energy system is constructed on minimum technical considerations like loss of load probability (LOLP), economic (cost of electricity [COE] with net present cost [NPC]), environmental (CO2 aspects) using a novel flamingo swarm intelligence algorithm (FSIA). The optimization results are compared by particle swarm intelligence algorithm, improved particle swarm intelligence algorithm, genetic algorithms, and hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources (HOMER‐Pro). FSIA shows PV/DG/battery energy system to be an optimal system as regards NPC (Rs. 8 056 734), COE (12.14 Rs./kWh), CO2 (13 784 kg/y), and LOLP (0.00000501 per year). The saving of the fuel cost and CO2 emission from PV/DG/battery to DG only system is 66.10% and 61.26%, respectively.

Sizing Design for a Hybrid Renewable Power System Using HOMER and iHOGA Simulators

In this study, a comparative sizing design for renewable power systems was developed based on HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) and iHOGA (improved Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms) simulators. A comparative analysis of the solutions obtained with iHOGA and HOMER simulators for the same hybrid renewable power system (HRPS) is presented in detail. The system contained a new hybrid configuration that used fuel cell (FC) as a green energy source, replacing the polluting diesel generator system, as well as other renewable energy sources, namely, photovoltaic panels, wind turbine, a battery stack, power converters, and electric load. The same case study was carried out for the design of the hybrid system using HOMER and iHOGA simulators to perform a comparative analysis of the solutions obtained for potential investment. The analysis showed a higher share of renewable energy for iHOGA (92%) compared to HOMER (81%), so the first design produced 51.61 kg/year less carbon dioxide. Moreover, the operating costs (2134 RON/year for HOMER and 70.56 RON/year for iHOGA) and the cost of electricity were higher by 96% and 2.5%, respectively, for HOMER compared to iHOGA. Taking into account the need for high reliability, safe operation, and lower operation/exploitation costs, the design implemented in iHOGA is clearly more efficient and useful in practice, and this is supported by the three iHOGA case studies.

Fuzzy logic-based energy management for isolated microgrid using meta-heuristic optimization algorithms

Rural areas have increased directly with the growth of the world population. Although, isolated rural areas do not have the energy infrastructure to supply essential services such as electricity. In Ecuador, as in the rest of the world, these areas of the rural population usually present access problems due to the topography of the place. This makes the construction of power lines to connect them to the Interconnected National Energy System unfeasible. In this regard, isolated microgrids have emerged as a great solution to cover the energy demands in these locations. However, an optimal implementation of isolated microgrids depends on several factors, such as geographical location, weather conditions, sizing, load demand, operating costs, and social impacts. Therefore, this study proposes the design of a new energy management system (EMS) for isolated microgrids comprising a photovoltaic system, diesel generator, and battery energy storage system (ESS). Since fuzzy logic control (FLC) has proven to be a powerful tool for dealing with the nonlinearities of a microgrid and the application of fuzzy-based EMS for isolated microgrids is rarely reported in the literature, this study proposes the application of an FLC for the EMS's design of an isolated microgrid. The proposed fuzzy-based EMS uses generation and demand forecasts, enhances the operating time of diesel generators (DLG), and takes advantage of the available solar resource to supply the energy required by a community while preserving the ESS lifetime. An adjustment of the FLC parameters by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithms is performed to improve the behavior of the proposed EMS. Furthermore, a battery degradation model is applied to estimate the ESS State of Health (SOH). To highlight the advantages of the proposed approach, a case study in a specific community in Ecuador is presented. In this location, the proposed EMS is compared with an EMS without parameter adjustment developed in previous work, demonstrating improved performance in DLG limits, preserving the battery lifespan by controlling the battery SOC limits more efficiently, and minimizing the microgrid operating costs by maximizing the use of photovoltaic power (i.e., reducing the wasted photovoltaic energy). The results provide evidence that the EMS adjusted with the PSO algorithm presents an enhanced behavior than the one adjusted by the CS algorithm. Finally, the fuzzy-EMS is validated using Matlab® and Hardware-in-the-Loop Typhoon HIL-402 device. Results demonstrate that the proposed approach limits DLG usage, make the most of the available solar resources, and extends the battery life by controlling overcharges and deep discharges.

Optimal energy management system for the design of off grid hybrid renewable energy systems: A hybrid technique

This manuscript proposes an efficient hybrid strategy to obtain the optimal solution of operational cost reduction, size reduction of hybrid renewable energy sources and optimal power flow control for off-grid system. Here, off-grid is incorporated with photovoltaic array, wind turbine, Diesel generator, and battery energy storage system. The hybrid method is joint execution of Giza Pyramids Construction (GPC) and Billiards-inspired optimization algorithm (BOA) hence it is named GPC-BOA technique. The major purpose of proposed method is minimizing the operational cost as well as size of hybrid renewable energy sources and improves the power flow of system. In this energy management system of off-grid provides cost reduction which includes the generation, replacement, operating and maintenance, cost of fuel consumption, cost of exchanged power with grid, and the penalty for emissions. Here, the GPC method is employed for forecasting the load requirement of system. The BOA technique optimizes the off-grid system through the deliberation of forecasted load requirement. At last, the proposed approach is performed on MATLAB platform and the performance is assessed using existing techniques.

Special issue on “Optimal design and operation of energy systems”

Special issue on “Optimal design and operation of energy systems”

Optimization of Hybrid Solar PV and Diesel Generator System for an Efficient Electricity Supply

The operation and maintenance cost associated with running diesel generator autonomously is capital intensive and unfriendly to the environmentally. The paper examined hybrid diesel generator and solar (PV) based technology as an effective way to power an off grid facility. Solar PV integration impacted significantly on the energy production, thereby reducing the high operation and maintenance cost associated with diesel generator. Two scenarios were considered and implemented in HOMER software. The result obtained in the base case scenario when diesel generator was used shows [Cost of Energy: N0.712], [Net Profit Cost: N39.7M], [Operating Cost: N2.99M], [Fuel Cost: 1,857,800] and [O & M: N551880]. Also, the GHG emission [CO2:4863006Kg/yr], [CO:30.654kg/yr], [Unburned Hydrocarbon: 3,650kg/yr], [Particle matters: 507kg/yr], [Sulphur dioxide: 26811kg/yr], and [Nitrogen oxides: 78586kg/yr]. However, with the modified system, when diesel generator and PV system are integrated [Cost of Energy: N0.378], [Net Profit Cost: N21.1M], [Operating Cost: N886527M], [Fuel Cost: 530,555] and [O & M: N144, 660]. Similarly, the GHG emission [CO2: 1388788Kg/yr], [CO: 8,754kg/yr], [Unburned Hydrocarbon: 382kg/yr], [Particle matters: 53.1kg/yr], [Sulphur dioxide: 3,401kg/yr], and [Nitrogen oxides: 8224kg/yr]. Solar PV integration impacted significantly in mitigating GHG emission and high O&M cost associated with autonomous operation of diesel generator set.

Modelling and Energy Management of an Off-Grid Distributed Energy System: A Typical Community Scenario in South Africa

Conventional power systems have been heavily dependent on fossil fuel to meet the increasing energy demand due to exponential population growth and diverse technological advancements. This paper presents an optimal energy model and power management of an off-grid distributed energy system (DES) capable of providing sustainable and economic power supply to electrical loads. The paper models and co-optimizes multi-energy generations as a central objective for reliable and economic power supply to electrical loads while simultaneously satisfying a set of system and operational parameters. In addition, mixed integer nonlinear programing (MINLP) optimization technique is exploited to maximize power system generation between interconnected energy sources and dynamic electrical load with highest reliability and minimum operational and emission costs. Due to frequent battery cycling operation in the DES, rainflow algorithm is applied to the optimization result to estimate the depth of discharge (DOD) and subsequently count the number of cycles. The validity and performance of the power management strategy is evaluated with an aggregate load demand scenario of sixty households as a benchmark in a MATLAB program. The simulation results indicate the capability and effectiveness of optimal DES model through an enhanced MINLP optimization program in terms of significant operational costs and emission reduction of the diesel generator (DG). Specifically, the deployment of DES minimizes the daily operational cost by 71.53%. The results further indicate a drastic reduction in CO2 emissions, with 22.76% reduction for the residential community load scenario in contrast to the exclusive DG system. This study provides a framework on the economic feasibility and effective planning of green energy systems (GESs) with efficient optimization techniques with capability for further development.

Small-Scale Solar-Powered Desalination Plants: A Sustainable Alternative Water-Energy Nexus to Obtain Water for Chile’s Coastal Areas

The natural potential of Chile—solar energy and 8 km of coastline—make the implementation of small-scale reverse osmosis desalination plants (RODPs) in coastal areas energetically supported with photovoltaic systems (PVs) feasible. This work considers a survey of the plants in Chile. As a demonstration of a RODP, a technical/economic evaluation is carried out, analyzing four possible cases in which different energy configurations are proposed: electric grid, diesel generator, and photovoltaic systems, without or with batteries. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of these plants are presented. The results obtained indicate that there are 39 plants in operation, which produce an average permeate water flow of Qp 1715 m3d−1. Solar Explorer, and Homer Pro software are used for a plant that generates 8 m3day−1 of permeate water, resulting in the conclusion that Case 3 is the most economically viable, as it has a useful life of 20 years and will have an annual solar contribution of more than 65%. The levelized cost of water production is 0.56 USDm−3 (RODP/PV) and 0.02 USDkW−1h−1 was obtained for the LCOE. Finally, this case contributes to the mitigation of climate change.

The Potential Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Grid Intermittency Problem: A Techno-Economic Optimisation and Comparative Analysis

The renewed interest for power generation using renewables due to global trends provides an opportunity to rethink the approach to address the old yet existing load shedding problem. In the literature, limited studies are available that address the load shedding problem using a hybrid renewable energy system. This paper aims to fill this gap by proposing a techno-economic optimisation of a hybrid renewable energy system to mitigate the effect of load shedding at the distribution level. The proposed system in this work is configured using a photovoltaic array, wind turbines, an energy storage unit (of batteries), and a diesel generator system. The proposed system is equipped with a rule-based energy management scheme to ensure efficient utilisation and scheduling of the sources. The sizes of the photovoltaic array, wind turbine unit, and the batteries are optimised via the grasshopper optimisation algorithm based on the multi-criterion decision that includes loss of power supply probability, levelised cost of electricity, and payback period. The results for the actual case study in Quetta, Pakistan, show that the optimum sizes of the photovoltaic array, wind turbines, and the batteries are 35.75 kW, 10 kW, and 28.8 kWh, respectively. The sizes are based on the minimum values of levelised cost of electricity (6.64 cents/kWh), loss of power supply probability (0.0092), and payback period (7.4 years). These results are compared with conventional methods (generators, uninterruptible power supply, and a combined system of generator and uninterruptible power supply system) commonly used to deal with the load shedding problem. The results show that the renewable based hybrid system is a reliable and cost-effective option to address grid intermittency problem.

Development of Operation Strategy for Battery Energy Storage System into Hybrid AC Microgrids

With continuous technological advances, increasing competitiveness of renewable sources, and concerns about the environmental impacts of the energy matrix, the use of hybrid microgrids has been promoted. These generation microsystems, historically composed basically of fossil fuels as the main source, have experienced an energy revolution with the introduction of renewable and intermittent sources. However, with the introduction of these uncontrollable sources, the technical challenges to system stability, low diesel consumption, and security of supply increase. The main objective of this work is to develop an operation and control strategy for energy storage systems intended for application in hybrid microgrids with AC coupling. Throughout the work, a bibliographic review of the existing applications is carried out, as well as a proposal for modification and combination to create a new control strategy. This strategy, based on optimized indirect control of diesel generators, seeks to increase generation efficiency, reduce working time, and increase the introduction of renewable sources in the system. As a result, there is a significant reduction in diesel consumption, a decrease in the power output variance of the diesel generation system, and an increase in the average operating power, which ensures effective control of hybrid plants.

Techno-economic optimization of standalone hybrid power systems in context of intelligent computational multi-objective algorithms

The use of renewable energy (RE) for meeting some load power demand in the present global developmental dealings is realistically unavoidable. However, many challenges conspicuously stand the way of RE penetration into the global power sector. Some of the perceived problems require aggressive research attentions. The utilization of single RE energy structure for the supply of electricity in off-grid isolated communities is usually not a technically dependable system with to regards reliability, security and stability. The core challenge is usually connected to some spontaneous variable weather conditions. It is based on this perspective that the implementation of integrated hybrid RE becomes a promising solution for mitigation of RE intermittent behaviors. In this study, an autonomous hybrid energy system was examined based on simulations for optimal sizing configurations of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), diesel generator (DG) and battery storage (BS) system. Modern intelligent optimization algorithms of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were applied for providing solutions to the set of selected focal technoeconomic objectives in the framework of this study. Compare with others, FPA provided better results in terms of the net present cost (NPC), cost of energy (COE) and deficit power supply probability (DPSP). The proposed hybrid power systems are configured in four different scenarios: PV/BS, PV/DG/BS, PV/WT/BS and PV/WT/DG/BS. It was consequently established that the configuration of PV/DG/BS with NPC of $85112.08, COE of 0.145 $/kWh and zero DPSP gave the best overall technoeconomic results through the FPA optimization technique.

Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of a Solar Photovoltaic Hybrid System for Rural Electrification in Sierra Leone for Zero Carbon Emission

Remote area electrification is a crucial need in sub-Saharan Africa’s drive to attain universal electrification. In Sierra Leone, with a rural population of over 5 million, the electrification rate accounts for less than 10% of the total inhabitants. This paper presents a comparative techno-economic analysis carried out to determine the most feasible of four individual options for off-grid mini-grid power generation system utilizing sources that include: Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV), Diesel Generator (DG), and Battery Storage (BS) system, to provide electricity for a rural and remote village located in the northwestern part of Sierra Leone (longitude 9.1°W and latitude 12.6°N), with an average daily solar irradiance between 4.6 and 6 kWh/m2/day. An assessment of the total electrical load estimated an expected daily consumption of 178 kWh. Simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analyses of each one of the individual power generation systems were carried out using HOMER software. Economic parameters such as Cost of Capital (CC), Net Present Cost (NPC), Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)), technical parameters (energy production characteristics), and greenhouse gases emissions were compared and analyzed. Key findings from the simulation result indicate that systems consisting of DG only ($29,750) and SPV/BS ($110,131) obtained the least and highest CC, respectively. Similarly, in a respective manner, the highest and least NPC were obtained for systems with DG only ($496,336) and PV/DG/BS ($152,491) over a 25-year project lifetime. Furthermore, the least LCOE was obtained for the system comprising PV/DG/BS ($0.336/kWh). With an expected annual generation of (75,121 kWh), PV/DG/BS was obtained to be the most optimal solution. The sensitivity analysis observed that a reduction in the discount rate consequently reduces the LCOE of such a system. Furthermore, the model accounts for a 90% renewable energy fraction, with a significant reduction in the amount of annual GHG emissions, when compared with a generation system using diesel generator only.

Feasibility Analysis and Economic Viability of Standalone Hybrid Systems for Marudi Electrification in Sarawak, Malaysia

A hybrid renewable energy system is a feasible solution for off-grid electrification where grid electricity is not available due to economic or technical limitations. In this study, rural electrification is performed on a small longhouse settlement, Long Moh, in Sarawak, Malaysia, with a population of 308 from 70 households. Initially, a hybrid PV/Hydro/DG/Battery system is proposed due to the abundance of solar and hydro resources in the village. There have been a lot of studies based on PV/DG/Battery systems in Malaysia but less with the inclusion of hydropower. Through simulation and optimization process, the most optimal system in terms of Net Present Cost (NPC) is found to be a hybrid Hydro/DG/Battery system which provides a total NPC of $213,694.90, cost of electricity of $0.08/kWh, and operating cost of $9,495.56/year. The most environmentally friendly system is the proposed PV/Hydro/DG/Battery system due to less fuel consumption (12,863.63 L/year) and its high renewable penetration. The standalone diesel generator (DG) system was the least economic and most polluting system. The best system overall for rural electrification at the case study location is a hybrid Hydro/DG/battery system due to its relatively low NPC and emissions output compared to a standalone DG system.

Techno-socio-economic-environmental estimation of hybrid renewable energy system using two-phase swarm-evolutionary algorithm

A multi-objective optimal sizing model for an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consisting of solar photo-voltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), diesel generator (DG) and lead-acid battery-based energy storage (ES) system is developed including techno-socio-economic and environmental considerations. The problem is formulated using six objectives; levelized cost of energy (LCOE), renewable fraction (RF), loss of power supply probability (LPSP), human development index (HDI), job creation (JC) and emission curtailment (EMC). To solve this real-world problem with complex practical constraints, a hybrid two-stage PSO-DE optimization (HPSODE) algorithm is constructed by connecting the improved variants of PSO and DE in series. The exploration capability of swarm intelligence is synthesized with the exploitation potential of classical evolutionary concepts, to achieve better performance with least dependence on algorithmic tuning parameters. A fuzzy satisfaction module (FSM) is appended to identify the solution with the highest possible attainment level for all the considered objectives. The selected optimization goals have a significant bearing on the optimal design, some are contradictory while others are similar in nature; therefore, impact analysis is presented. For the minimum cost solution, attainment of LCOE is 100%, HDI attainment is 0.27%, JC is 4.04%, emission curtailment is 6.29%, LPSP attainment is 91.25% and attainment of RF is 92.33%. On the other hand, when all six objectives are optimized, LCOE is attained by 68.61%, HDI by 92.97%, JC by 84.04% and EMC goal is satisfied by 78.98% while attainment of both LPSP and RF is 100%. For the selected location, the best configuration of HRES is PV-WT-ES, with total capacity of 175.44 kW. The levelized cost is 0.0779 $/kWh, human development index (HDI) is 0.6454, 0.2711 jobs are created and annual emission curtailment is 290147.28 kg, whereas unmet power is zero. Well distributed Pareto-optimal solutions are obtained, which offer multiple options to the designer. The results of the proposed HPSODE-FSM approach are compared and corroborated with results from literature and also with other state-of-the-art algorithms.

Techno-economic feasibility assessment model for integrating hybrid renewable energy systems into power systems of existing ships: A case study of a patrol boat

The shipping industry has set out to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050 compared to 2008, as op. cit. in the note by the International Maritime Organisation to the UNFCCC Talanoa Dialogue. In order to achieve this target, ship owners and operators are to consider replacing the conventional diesel generators and gas turbines with renewable energy and other cleaner power producing systems. In this paper, a techno-economic feasibility evaluation model for integrating hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) into the power architecture of existing ships for greener and sustainable shipping is presented. For HRES to qualify as technically and economically feasible, a decision is made based on a ‘techno-economic measure’ which is estimated by combining space availability, load served and economic performance. The proposed model is applied to a patrol boat sailing along the Eastern Coast of Ghana with three different proposed HRES. The results from the applied case shows that the most technical and economically feasible HRES for the patrol boat that meets the key performance indicators and offers low GHG emission is a hybrid solar PV, wind turbine and diesel generator system. The results further shows that the proposed model is capable of assisting ship owners to integrate affordable and cleaner energy into the power architecture of ships.

Energy management of renewable energy sources incorporating with energy storage device

The best solution to exploit renewable energy sources (RES) together is by using the application of microgrid (MG). This indeterminate of resources such as solar panels, wind farm, diesel generator, and battery storage system paired with load profile result in random changes within the generation and the load phases, which create it is challenging to properly manage an MG. Due to this problem energy management technique for real-time scheduling of an MG takes into consideration the uncertainty of load demand, renewable energy, and electricity price are proposed. In this paper, linear programming with two methods (optimized problem and solver based) of dual-simplex are suggested to tackle the energy management issue of the renewable microgrid. The simulation is done in each method using four cases fast wind speed with clear solar irradiance, fast wind speed with cloudy solar irradiance, slow wind speed with clear solar radiation, and slow wind speed with clear solar irradiance. The result showed that the first and second cases in the first method are higher cost than the two corresponding cases in the second method. In addition, the third and fourth cases in the first method are lower cost than the two corresponding cases in the second method.

Exploration on the feasibility of hybrid renewable energy generation in resource-based areas of China: Case study of a regeneration city

In order to explore the feasibility of hybrid renewable energy generation in resource-based areas in China, this paper takes a regeneration city as an example. The technical, economic, and environmental optimization design of the hybrid energy systems for the considered tiny village in Nanyang of Henan province are carried out using HOMER Pro software. The study demonstrates the multi-year and single-year modules of the HOMER Pro software with the advanced storage module. The load following (LF), cyclic charging (CC), and combined dispatch (CD) strategies are adopted in this study. The results indicate that the optimal photovoltaic (PV)-wind turbine (WT)-diesel generator (DG)-battery system under the CD strategy, consisting of 250 kW PV arrays, a WT, a 360 kW DG, 10 battery units, and a 150 kW converter, is the most economically viable with a total net present cost (NPC) of $1,795,558 and cost of energy of $0.378/kWh. The present worth is $5,827,278, which is the difference between the NPC of the DG system and the PV-WT-DG-battery hybrid system. From the perspective of economic and environmental, the PV-WT-battery system is the best among the studied systems. Moreover, the annual CO2 emissions of the optimal PV-WT-DG-battery system as a proposed system is 71,988 kg/year. The optimal PV-WT-DG-battery system reduces CO2 emissions by 89.4% per year compared with DG-only system. The amounts of CO2 emissions emitted from the PV-WT-DG-battery system increase with the number of years, while the renewable fraction values decrease with the number of years.