Emission Characteristics Of Diesel Engine Research Articles

Impact of nano cerium oxide addition with pyrolysis waste plastic oil on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine

Abstract This investigation examined the effect of incorporating cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle into diesel and waste plastic oil (WPO) blends on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. The WPO was extracted from low density polyethylene using plastic pyrolysis. The blending of diesel and WPO with combination of D70:WPO30 and D50:WPO50 was prepared to evaluate the engine operation. Additionally, the spherical sized CeO2 with 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L was added with this blend. The various blends named as Diesel, D-WPO30, D-WPO30+Ce50, D-WPO30+Ce100, D-WPO50, D-WPO50+Ce50 and D-WPO50+Ce100 were used in this investigation to operate the engine under various load conditions. The experiment was performed using water cooled common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine with prepared D-WPO blend. Different characteristics such as In-cylinder pressure (CP), heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay time (IDT), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke opacity emission are studied with respect to the effect of different blends and applied load used. It was observed that increasing of CeO2 nanoparticles in blend improved the overall performance and emission of the engine. Form the results, D-WPO30+Ce100 blend showed enhanced brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and exhaust has temperature (EGT) are 28.2%, 3% and 465oC respectively. Similarly, reduced emission of CO, NOx, HC and smoke opacity was observed in the CeO2 added blends particularly at 100 mg/L. It was concluded that among all blends prepared, the D70:WPO30 with 100 mg/L of CeO2 showed improved combustion, performance and emission characteristics in proposed diesel engine.

Effect of hybrid nanoparticles dispersed ternary fuel blend on diesel engine performance and emissions: Experimental and Taguchi-Grey relation study

The present study deals with the influence of hybrid nanoparticles dispersed in ternary fuel mixtures on the evaluation of the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine. The fuel blend consists of 70% diesel, 20% Madhuca longifolia biodiesel, and 10% ethanol (by volume). The hybrid nanoparticles of ferric chloride (FeCl3) and graphene nanoparticles were then added to this ternary fuel mixture in different proportions, namely 50 mg/L and 75 mg/L, together with the surfactant and the dispersant in a ratio of 1:1. Moreover, the experiments were conducted on a diesel engine to evaluate the performance and emission parameters by varying different fuel samples, different loads (3, 6, 9, and 12 kgf) and injection pressures (i.e. 200, 225,and 250 bar). In addition, the Taguchi-Grey relation analysis was used for optimization, and the input parameters are fuel samples, loads and injection pressures. Experimental performance metrics, including brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE), were improved when hybrid nanoparticles were added to the ternary fuel blend compared to diesel. At the same time, smoke opacity, nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were reduced. Increasing the injection pressure also led to positive results, apart from NOx. Both performance and emissions were better for hybrid nanofuel based on surfactants and dispersants than for the base fuel, and it performed better of all dispersant-added nanofuels. The better results were obtained with D70B20E10NPs75QPAN75 mg/L than with the other fuel samples. The maximum BTE and lowest BSFC are 33.26% and 0.206 kg/kWh, while the minimized CO, UHC, NOx and smoke values at full load are 0.019%, 21 ppm, 833 ppm and 36.25%, respectively, at full load and injection pressure of 250 bar. By combining experimental investigations with the Taguchi -Grey method, a comprehensive and rapid assessment of the effects on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines was achieved.

An experimental investigation of the impacts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ethanol on performance and emission characteristics on diesel engines run with castor Biodiesel ethanol blended fuel

Investigating the impact of ethanol and TiO2 on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines running on a blend of ethanol and castor biodiesel is the primary goal of this study. The nanoparticles of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 diesel fuel were combined at several concentrations. Diesel, B10, B20, B30, B10E10T, B20E10T, B30E10T, B10E20T, B20E20T, and B30E20T were among the various fuels that were investigated. The physiochemical properties of all the sample fuels were assessed, including density, pour point, cloud point, fire point, flash point, and kinematic viscosity. Following this, other engine performance indicators, such as torque, power, and fuel-consumption, were examined. Studies were also carried out on the properties of emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, and NO. Peak braking power and engine torque were found for each fuel under investigation at around 2750 and 2500 rpm, respectively. The addition reduced the brake-specific fuel consumption for B10E20T by 7.41 % while increasing the braking engine's torque and power by 8.64 and 3.86 %, respectively, in compared to blends without the TiO2 additions. When compared to diesel, the exhaust emission data without the addition of TiO2 revealed a decrease in CO and HC emissions but an increase in CO2 and NO emissions. On the other hand, using ethanol blend reduced NO emissions. According to the overall findings, diesel engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust gas emissions were enhanced averagely by 7.43 % when a certain ratio of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 additives (B10E20 + 50 ppm) was used.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines Using Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil with Cetane Number Improver

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines Using Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil with Cetane Number Improver

A comprehensive assessment over the environmental impact and combustion efficiency of using ammonia/ hydrogen/diesel blends in a diesel engine

To reduce the dependence on traditional fossil fuels and promote low-carbon emissions, this article takes a four-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine as the research object and constructs a simulation model. It mainly simulates and studies the effects of different ammonia energy substitution rates (AESR) and hydrogen energy substitution rates (HESR) on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines. Under the full load condition, the AESR was simulated within the range of 10 %–50 %. Subsequently, HESR of 0, 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % at AESR of 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 % are set for further study. The research results indicate that with the increase of AESR, the combustion performance of the engine is improved. The emissions of NOx, CO2, and soot are reduced, but the emissions of unburned ammonia are significantly increased. Adding hydrogen to ammonia-diesel blended fuel can effectively reduce unburned ammonia emissions. Based on the comprehensive analysis results, it is more appropriate to choose a HESR of 4 % when the AESR is 10 %.

Prediction of the Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using diphenylamine Antioxidant and ceria nanoparticle additives with biodiesel based on machine learning

This study explores the impact of incorporating antioxidants diphenylamine (DPA) and nanoparticle ceria (CeO2) into Jatropha biodiesel (B30) blend on engine performance and exhaust emissions. The fuel blends utilized in this study consists of diesel, B30, B30 with 100 ppm of antioxidant diphenylamine (B30+DPA100), and B30 with 50 ppm of antioxidant diphenylamine and 50 ppm of nanoparticle ceria (B30+DPA50+CeO250). The experiments were designed using the design of experiment methodology, and they were conducted using various fuels to assess both engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics. Further, machine learning algorithms (multilayer perceptron, random forest regression, and K-nearest neighbors) has been employed to develop a model for accurately predicting experimental outcomes. The K-nearest neighbors model surpassed the multilayer perceptron and random forest regression models, demonstrating a higher coefficient of determination value and precise outcome predictions. The experimental results reveal that adding antioxidants diphenylamine and nanoparticles ceria at 50 ppm to B30 significantly reduced nitrogen oxides emissions. Compared to B30, B30+DPA50+CeO250 showed a 6.35 % decrease in brake specific fuel consumption and an 8.68 % reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions. However, there was a slight increase of 5.74 % in brake thermal efficiency. Additionally, B30+DPA50+CeO250 exhibited a 2.54 % reduction in maximum cylinder pressure compared to B30.

Role of hydrogen-enrichment for in-direct diesel engine behaviours fuelled with the diesel-waste biodiesel blends

Carbon footprint indicates the total amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere by individuals, institutions and countries. The widespread use of fossil fuels is a big player which increases the carbon footprint. Therefore, switching to sustainable alternatives in energy production and consumption is an effective step in combating climate change, as well as efforts to prevent the depletion of fossil fuels. In this regard, although biodiesels offer a solution to the depletion of fossil fuels, with this advantage, the effects of production processes and use on environmental sustainability should be taken into consideration. Many scientific studies have shown that engine performance remains below standards with biodiesel. The availability of hydrogen as an energy carrier in cylinder to overcome the above-mentioned negative situations has recently become a popular topic for fuel researchers. In this work, the diesel-biodiesel fuels were blended proportionally and tested on a three-cylinder water-cooled in-direct diesel engine at varying loads (15, 30, 45, and 60 Nm) and a constant engine speed of 2200 rpm for observing the effects of test fuels on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of diesel engine. First of all, conventional diesel fuel (D) was used to obtain reference data, and then B20 fuel obtained by mixing waste cooking oil with 20 % by volume of diesel fuel was used. The remaining 4 fuels are test fuels obtained by giving hydrogen from the intake manifold at different flow rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 L/min) in addition to B20 fuel. These fuels are called B20 + 10 Lpm H2, B20 + 20 Lpm H2, B20 + 30 Lpm H2 and B20 + 40 Lpm H2, respectively. As a result, the BSFC of B20 fuel increased by 8.78 % compared to diesel fuel, and then the addition of hydrogen dropped the BSFC value by 8.8 %, 13.02 %, 17.16 %, and 22.12 % for B20 + 10 Lpm H2, B20 + 20 Lpm H2, B20 + 30 Lpm H2, and B20 + 40 Lpm H2, respectively. Hydrogen enrichment also had a positive impact on BTE. Although the BTE dropped by 6.14 % in B20 fuel compared to diesel, it increased by 4.51 %, 5.05 %, 5.62 %, and 7.12 % in B20 + 10 Lpm H2, B20 + 20 Lpm H2, B20 + 30 Lpm H2 and B20 + 40 Lpm H2 fuels, respectively. The addition of 10, 20, 30, and 40 Lpm H2 to B20 fuel reduced NOx emissions by 31.25 %, 33.08 %, 38.87 %, and 41.46 %, respectively, and also reduced CO emissions by 17.47 %, 30.73 %, 51.8 % and 59.04 % respectively.

Enhancement of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with jatropha-karanja biodiesel using EGM and TGME as additive

The oxygenated additives can improve the physical properties of biodiesel blends to achieve enhanced characteristics of a diesel engine. The present work has investigated ethylene glycol monoacetate (EGM) and tri-ethylene glycol mono-methyl ether (TGME) as potential additives for the jatropha-karanja dual blended biodiesel for improved characteristics of diesel engines. The experiments have been conducted with a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine operating at constant speed of 1500 rpm. The performance, emission and combustion parameters of the engine were investigated with pure diesel, jatropha-karanja dual blended biodiesel having 20 % of methyl ester and the biodiesel added with 2, 4, and 6 % of both the additives respectively. The doping of additives improved the brake thermal efficiency by 4.1 and 4.7 % with brake specific fuel consumption dropped by 0.18 and 0.2 kg/kWh. The additives reduced the hydrocarbon emission by 29.8 % and carbon monoxide by 40 % with a slight increase in NOx emission by 5.2 %. The cylinder pressure attained value near to pure diesel while the heat release rate increased by 12.6 % indicating proper fuel combustion inside the engine cylinder. Thus, the oxygenated additives can suitably be adopted as performance improvers in biodiesel fuels for automotive engines.

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine with hydrogen fuel and nano additives

One of the most popular techniques for reducing emissions, in particular nitrogen oxide (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM), is exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). In an EGR system, the intake manifold is used to re-introduce some of the exhaust gases into the combustion chamber. Diesel engine performance could be enhanced by employing the right number of nano additives. Nano additions aid in increasing efficiency when using hydro fuel. The following systems are impacted by the use of EGR: brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), diesel engine combustion characteristics, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), engine speed, CO2 and HC emissions, turbocharged diesel engine performance characteristics, fuels, temperature, and on EGR.

Exploitation of Annona reticulata leaf extract for the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles as catalyst for the production of biodiesel using seed oil thereof

Annona reticulata plant components such as leaves and seeds are successfully employed as low-cost and environmentally-safe sustainable materials for the synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles and biodiesel production. The synthesized CeO2 NPs worked well as a catalyst to convert A. reticulata oil into biodiesel. At a methanol to oil molar ratio of 8.97:1, a catalyst (CeO2 NPs) loading of 2.97 wt %, and reaction time of 56.4 min, the maximum 96.8 % biodiesel yield was attained. A pseudo-first-order reaction with activation energy (Ea) of 49.77 kJ/mol and a frequency factor (A) of 1.8 x 105 min−1 is consistent with the Annona reticulata methyl ester (ARME) production. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines were found to be significantly impacted by the use of CeO2 NPs. While the BSFC of ARME20CeO250 and ARME20CeO2100 decreased by 2.04 % and 5.10 %, respectively, the BTE of ARME20CeO250 and ARME20CeO2100 increased by 1.8 % and 2.41 %, in contrast to ARME20 at maximum load. When CeO2 nano-additive (100 ppm) is added to the ARME20 blend, the CO, HC, and NOx are reduced by 42 %, 35.59 %, and 5.94 %, respectively, in comparison to the ARME20 fuel. Thus, the A. reticulata plant may be seen as an eco-friendly source from its leaves extract, and the oil extracted from its seeds may be used as a feedstock for the effective production of biodiesel.

Effect of Ammonia Addition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Under Various Operating Conditions

ABSTRACT Ammonia is a carbon-free alternative fuel and a hydrogen carrier. Ammonia diesel dual fuel (ADDF) combustion mode is one of the promising ways to reduce carbon emissions in CI engines. However, present researches are mainly based on combustion and emissions for naturally aspirated diesel engine under specific operating condition. This paper aims to illustrate the impacts of replacing diesel with ammonia in a turbocharged diesel engine under various operating conditions. Hence, the effects of various ammonia substitution rate (ASR) on combustion and emission characteristics are numerically investigate by using GT-Power software for nine groups of different operating conditions with low, medium and high speeds and loads. Results show maximum 70% of input energy can be provided by ammonia for nine groups of different operating conditions, and the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) increases with the increase of ASR. Secondly, increasing ASR decreases the peak cylinder pressure (PCP) under different operating conditions, but increases the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) at certain operating conditions. Among them, under medium-speed and high-load conditions, the MPRR reaches the highest value, about 0.587 MPa/(°CA), but does not exceed 0.6 MPa/(°CA). Thirdly, increasing ASR changes the combustion mode from diffusion combustion in pure diesel operation to premixed combustion in dual fuel mode. Finally, adding ammonia reduces the NOx, CO and HC emissions, and the decrease is 15.2%–43.2%, 76.2%–82.3%, 70%–79.6%, respectively.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Fuel Injection Duration and Spray Angle on the Combustion Process in a Compression Ignition Engine

The changes in injection strategies for diesel engines have a major impact on the performance and pollutant emission characteristics of diesel engines. If injection strategies like injection duration, injection timing, injection pressure and spray angle are properly adjusted, combustion can be improved. The engine performance will increase and emissions will decrease with the combustion improvement. In this work, the influences of injection duration and spray angle on the combustion characteristics of single cylinder, natural aspirated, electronically controlled injection, compression ignition engine were investigated. In the first stage of the work, experiments were executed on a single cylinder CI engine using a Cussons P8160 DC dynamometer. After the experiments, the piston bowl geometry of the engine was modeled and numerical simulation studies were achieved at 7 different injection durations and 7 different spray angles using Converge CFD software. As a result of this study, it was observed that there is a good match between experimental and simulation data of heat release rate (HRR) and in-cylinder pressure. In-cylinder pressure decreased with longer injection duration. The highest max. in-cylinder pressure was roughly 101.0 bar at 4°CA injection duration and the lowest max. in-cylinder pressure was roughly 82.0 bar at 10°CA injection duration. When the HRR data were analyzed, it was seen that as the injection duration increased, the amount of heat released by combustion decreased. When examining the results of the spray angle analysis, it was concluded that there were not very large differences in-cylinder pressure and HRR data, and there was a difference of 1.4 bar between the highest and lowest max. in-cylinder pressure values. In addition, the highest in-cylinder pressure of approximately 86.7 bar was obtained at a spray angle of 77°. It was observed that the CA50 value was obtained at angles closer to the top dead center by increasing the spray angle and decreasing the injection duration. Moreover, the longest combustion durations were realized at 60° spray angle and 10°CA injection duration.

Effects of the turbocharged Miller cycle strategy on the performance improvement and emission characteristics of diesel engines

The turbocharged Miller cycle strategy is studied to improve the power density of diesel engines and reduce emissions. A thermodynamic model and a 1D simulation model of turbocharged diesel engine are established. Results show that the introduction of the Miller cycle reduces the thermal efficiency under naturally aspirated conditions because of the low effective compression ratio, whereas it increases the thermal efficiency under a turbocharged condition owing to the energy recovered by the turbocharger. Under restricted combustion pressure and fixed intake mass, the thermal efficiency first increases and then decreases with increasing Miller cycle ratio, and the peaks occur at approximately 30%–50%. The gain of isochoric combustion ratio overlaps the loss of effective compression ratio due to the Miller cycle on the lower side, whereas it reverses on the higher side. With maximum and equal intake mass, the maximum power initially increases and subsequently decreases with increasing Miller cycle ratio, reaching a peak at 40%. Under a fixed isochoric combustion ratio, the thermal efficiency first increases and then decreases with increasing intake mass, and the optimum intake mass corresponding to the highest thermal efficiency decreases with increasing Miller cycle ratio. The lower the restricted combustion pressure is, the higher the gain in power and thermal efficiency by the Miller cycle strategy. Based on the calculation of the 1D model validated using a practical engine, the power can be increased from 41.6 kW/L to 100 kW/L while the brake thermal efficiency can be increased from 34.98% into 38.55% by increasing the Miller cycle ratio from 19% to 30% and the combustion pressure from 17.7 MPa to 35 MPa. With the application of the supercharged Miller cycle, when the Miller cycle ratio is 30% and the power intensity is increased from 60 kW/L to 100 kW/L, NOx decreases by 32.4%, CO decreases by 28%, showing a tendency to decrease and then stabilize, and HC increases by 5.3%. When the power is 80 kW/L and the Miller cycle ratio is increased from 10% to 30%, NOx decreases by 8.6%, CO decreases by 2%, and HC increases by 0.04%.

Influence of phenolic antioxidant additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with Jatropha biodiesel: A sustainable hybrid model using RSM and ANFIS

This study aimed to assess the inclusion of antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) to a Jatropha biodiesel (B30) blend to affects engine performance and exhaust emissions. In this research, three fuel blends has been utilized: diesel, B30, and 100 ppm of antioxidant diphenylamine is added to the B30 blend referred to as B30 + DPA100. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been employed to analyze experimental data, resulting in the development of a regression equation. Additionally, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) has been employed to assess and verify the consistency of the developed model. The results from the experiments revealed that the inclusion of the antioxidant had a notable impact on reducing NOx emissions with only a slight effect on brake thermal efficiency (BTHE). Specifically, B30 + DPA100 showed a 7.48 and 15.53% decrease in average NOx emissions, while the average BTHE experienced a modest 0.78% decrease and a 2.67% increase compared to diesel and B30 biodiesel blend, respectively. The Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) of B30 + DPA100 has been found to be 3.91% and 1.3% higher than diesel and B30, respectively. The Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) was 8.68% lower than B30 but 1.49% higher than diesel. Overall, these findings suggest that B30 + DPA100 can be used in diesel engines without modification, offering reduced NOx emissions.

Experimental studies on performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of diesel engine powered with subabul seed biodiesel blends

ABSTRACT The increasing demand for fuel is due to industrialisation, transportation, and agricultural applications. The present research work exploits the potentiality of subabul seed biodiesel as a viable solution for diesel engine applications. Subabul crude oil was extracted from the subabul seeds through a mechanical pressing process. The transesterification technique was used to produce the subabul seed methyl ester (SSME). Different blends were prepared from subabul biodiesel such as SSME 10, SSME 20 and SSME 30 on a volume basis. It is found that SSME 20 was shown 3.26% higher BTE than SSME 10 at full load. Further, exhaust emissions like CO, HC and smoke were reduced drastically by 23.41%, 10.52% and 11.76% respectively at full load when compared to diesel. However, NOx emissions are 17% higher for the SSME20 than diesel. Further, Combustion characteristics of SSME20 such as HRR (72.68 J/ ˚CA), CP (71.94 bar) and ID (19˚) are closely competing with the diesel fuel.

Influence of ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with okra seed bio-diesel

Energy sector is demanding alternate fuel for conventional fuel to solve the problems like environmental pollution, Climate change and the exhaustion of fossil resources. Hence, the search of new fuel is paramount importance. This study aimed to identify a new fuel source from okra plants. Okra oil was extracted from okra seed and Okra biodiesel was prepared by transesterfication process. Okra bio-diesel was added with ZnO and TiO2 particles and its effects on diesel engine performance were examined. Performance study showed that B20 fuel exhibited the lowest BSFC of 0.34 kg/kWh and higher BTE of 33% among the biodiesel blends. Further, a lowest BSFC of 0.31 kg/kWh and BTE of 34% were observed for B20/50 ppm ZnO fuel. Combustion study showed that B20/50 ppm ZnO fuel exhibited the In-cylinder pressure and HRR of 71 bar and 54 kJ/°CA respectively. This is 5.9% and 8% increasing in In-cylinder pressure and HRR respectively, compared to B20 fuel. Emission study reported that the B20/50 ppm ZnO fuel showed the CO, HC and smoke release of 0.22 vol%, 40 ppm and 25 HSU respectively. This is 8.3%, 20% and 10.7% decrease in CO, HC, smoke release respectively, than B20 fuel.

Comparative analysis of compression ignition engines performance and emission characteristics devouring edible and nonedible oil biodiesel

AbstractThe globe is in search for an upgraded and compatible alternative of diesel to triumph over pollution and its limited availability issues. Researchers are using biodiesel from various edible and non‐edible oil sources to reduce environmental footprint of diesel. This article compares the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines fueled by edible and non‐edible oil biodiesel. In this work, five biodiesels (methyl esters of microalgae, jatropha, karanja, soybean, and sunflower) are tested and transesterification is used to produce methyl esters to optimize their physiochemical properties. It is observed that all the properties lie in tolerance limits. To examine the compatibility of the proposed methyl esters two performance characteristics, brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption are examined. Further, the emission characteristics such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxides are investigated. To validate results the blend characteristics are compared to diesel. The relative analysis revels that the brake thermal efficiency is declined by 8.87% as compared to diesel whereas the brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 4.28%. The carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon levels are decreased by 7.32% and 20.56% whereas nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide levels are increased by 7.47% and 4.80%, respectively. The analysis infers that microalgae biodiesel gives adequately better characteristics.

Carbon neutrality with ammonia: An analysis of its feasibility as a fuel for diesel engines fuelled with spirulina microalgae and oxygenated additives

Ammonia has emerged as a promising gaseous fuel for replacing conventional fossil fuels and achieving carbon neutrality. This research explores the viability of using ammonia as a fuel in compression ignition diesel engines operating in dual-fuel mode. The study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines fueled with ammonia, microalgae-based biodiesel, and their combinations, with the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles to enhance combustion efficiency. A series of experiments were conducted using various blends of ammonia, biodiesel, and nanoparticles in a single-cylinder engine. The objective was to assess the impact of ammonia and biodiesel on thermal efficiency and carbon-based emissions. Comparative analysis revealed that ammonia-based fuels exhibited higher brake thermal efficiency and lower carbon emissions compared to traditional diesel fuel. The combination of ammonia, biodiesel, and nanoparticles resulted in an 8.5% increase in thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel. However, the fuel consumption increased by 18% due to the lower energy density and higher viscosity of the biodiesel blends. Furthermore, the study examined the emissions profile of the tested fuels. The use of ammonia and nanoparticles led to significant reductions in carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke emissions. However, there was a slight increase in nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide emissions, regardless of engine loading conditions. It was observed that the emission of NOx was influenced by combustion delay and autoignition temperature. To mitigate NOx emissions, optimizing the combustion delay and avoiding premixed combustion phases are crucial. Based on the findings, the study concludes that ammonia has the potential to serve as a viable substitute for diesel fuel in engines. Ammonia-based fuels exhibit higher brake thermal efficiency and lower carbon emissions. Future research should focus on optimizing combustion parameters to minimize NOx emissions, thereby facilitating the widespread adoption of ammonia in diesel engines and contributing to the decarbonization of the transportation sector.

Effect of diesel-B20-pentanol and diesel-B20-butonal blends on diesel engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with diesel-B20-pentanol and diesel-B20-butonal blends without engine modification. Higher viscosity of biodiesel causes poor fuel atomization during the spray process and more energy is needed to pump the fuel. To overcome those problems, biodiesel was blended with alcohols. There are two types of combinations that has been presented, they are biodiesel-diesel-pentanol and biodiesel-diesel-butanol without modifying the engines. Based on the fuel characterization, D75-B20-PN5, D70-B20-PN10, D75-B20-BU5, and D70-B20-BU10 were selected for further experimental investigation. It is utilized for the reduction of calorific value due to the presence of oxygen in the molecular structure of biodiesel. The highest brake thermal efficiency of 31.7% was obtained for the D75-B20-BU5 blend. The lowest brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.12(kg/kW-h) was obtained for the D75-B20-BU5 blend. The D75-B20-BU5 fuel has a heat release rate of 4.8 J/°CA. The lowest carbon monoxide emission of 0.0055% vol. was obtained from the D75-B20-BU5 blend. At 100% load, the least unburned hydrocarbon emission of 38 ppm was obtained in the D75-B20-BU5 blend. The nitric oxide emission of 47.4 ppm was obtained in D75-B20-BU5. The lowest filter smoke number of 34 ppm was obtained in D75-B20-BU5. Among the above-mentioned blends, D75-B20-BU5 blend has the minimum emission of CO, Unburned Hydro Carbon(ppm), and Filter Smoke NumberFSN. Thus, this paper discusses the viability of recommending biodiesel-diesel-alcohol blends to fulfil the future energy demands of the world.

Emission characteristics of diesel engines fuelled with B20 with different DPF, DOC and EGR arrangements

ABSTRACT In the present investigation, pre- and post-combustion techniques are adopted for diesel engines. This work focuses on optimisation of engine performance powered with biodiesel B20 blend by incorporating pre- and post-combustion techniques addressing emission from diesel engines within acceptable norms. In pre-combustion techniques, Karanja biodiesel with two proportions (B10 and B20) is injected along with diesel and exhaust gas recirculation with varied flow rates is used to address NOx emissions. A diesel particulate filter (DPF) and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) are fitted in the exhaust pipe of the engine. Initial test runs were conducted on engine using diesel with 0%, 5%, 10% and 20% EGR when DPF and DOC are positioned according to three arrangements. After optimising position of EGR, DPF and DOC, the engine was fuelled with B10 and B20 to study performance and emissions at different EGR rates with and without these devices. Results indicated changes in overall performance with injection of biodiesel; reduction in unburnt hydrocarbon by 43.9%, smoke by 71.15%, NOx by 22.6% for 20% biodiesel fuelled engine with 10% EGR, DPF and DOC. B20 can be fuelled into diesel engine with suitable modifications, least emissions can be achieved with 10% EGR, DPF and DOC.