Dierent Ways Research Articles

Interactive Graphics for Analysing Quality of Survey Data

Despite the availability of software for interactive graphics, current survey processing systems make limited use of this modern tool. Interactive graphics oer insights, which are dicult to obtain with traditional statis- tical tools. This paper shows the use of interactive graphics for analysing survey data. Using Labour Force Survey data from Pakistan, we describe how plotting data in dierent ways and using interactive tools enables an- alysts to obtain information from the dataset that would normally not be possible using standard statistical methods. It is also shown that interac- tive graphics can help the analyst to improve data quality by identifying erroneous cases.

Las compañías teatrales españolas en internet

In this work, the Internet presence of Spanish theater companies will be analyzed by studying a corpus of own data. The internet concept is very broad. The great advances in this eld have developed many new functions. Although the fundamental and essential purpose of the Internet is communication, the real technological change begins with computerization and the ability to process, manipulate and control vast amounts of data. This change does not lie only in the methodology in communicating, but involves a deep change that aects the life of society in general. Internet is a virtual space where you can live: watch a movie, buy food or clothes, talking with friends, check bank details, play, etc. This profound change in society also comes to literature in general and theater in particular. Within this giant free showcase that is Internet, every author and every theater company seeks its place in order to be visible to the world. In this paper, we review the dierent ways in which the theater appears on the Internet and present a systematic and detailed analysis of the Internet presence of twenty companies of Spanish theater with very dierent idiosyncrasies that reect the current Spanish theater scene.

New discoveries of domination between traffic matrices

A trac matrix D1 dominates a trac matrix D2 if any capacity reservation supporting D1 supports D2 as well. We prove that D3 dominates D3 + (D2 D1) for any > 0 if D1 dominates D2 . By the property , it is pointed out that the domains supported by dierent trac matrices are isomorphic on the extended concept of support. Besides, we oer an absolutely dierent way based on domination to help solve the Robust Network Design problem. Furthermore, we give the generalization to integral ows.

What If? The Exploration of an Idea

A crucial question here is what, exactly, the conditional in the naive truth/set comprehension principles is. In 'Logic of Paradox', I outlined two options. One is to take it to be the material conditional of the extensional paraconsistent logic LP. Call this "Strategy 1". LP is a relatively weak logic, however. In particular, the material conditional does not detach. The other strategy is to take it to be some detachable conditional. Call this "Strategy 2". The aim of the present essay is to investigate Stragey 1. It is not to advocate it. The work is simply an extended exploration of the strategy, its strengths, its weaknesses, and the various dierent ways in which it may be implemented. In the first part of the paper I will set up the appropriate background details. In the second, I will look at the strategy as it applies to the semantic paradoxes. In the third I will look at how it applies to the set-theoretic paradoxes.

Soft topological space and topology on the Cartesian product

The paper deals with a soft topological space which is dened over an initial universe set U with a xed set of parameters E . The main goal is to point out that any soft topological space is homeomorphic to a topological space $( E \times U, \tau )$ where $\tau$ is an arbitrary topology on the product $E \times U$ , consequently many soft topological notions and results can be derived from general topology. Furthermore, in many papers some notions are introduced by dierent ways and it would be good to give a unied approach for a transfer of topological notions to a soft set theory and to create a bridge between general topology and soft set theory.

ON SOME GENERALIZATIONS OF CLOSED SUBMODULES

Characterizations of closed subgroups in abelian groups have been generalized to modules in essentially dierent ways; they are in general inequivalent. Here we consider the relations between these generalizations over commutative rings, and we characterize the commutative rings over which they coincide. These are exactly the commutative noetherian distributive rings. We also give a characterization of c-injective modules over commutative noetherian distributive rings. For a noetherian distributive ring R, we prove that, (1) direct product of simple R-modules is c-injective; (2) an R-module D is c-injective if and only if it is isomorphic to a direct summand of a direct product of simple R-modules and injective R-modules.

Developed societies = happy societies? Growth or development - BRIC

e paper presents the eects of the approach of the BRIC countries' authori- ties (Brazil, Russia, India and China) to the issues of growth, development and social satisfaction. e aim was to establish which of the BRIC countries best used the fa- vorable economic conditions for achievement of social objectives. e paper shows the results of reasearches on a correlation between the assessment of quality of life of the population and growth as well as economic development on the example of the BRIC countries. Comparison of qualitative and quantitative (from economic to psychologi- cal) indicators allowed to evaluate the eectiveness of governments' policies. As a result of the analysis, the author stated that a steady increase in income is essential and should be used by the authorities of the state to ensure the development and to satisfy the needs of the society. In the last three decades, BRIC achieved dynamic eco- nomic growth, which in dierent ways inuenced the socio-economic development. Consequently, only Brazil used the economic growth properly to improve the social and living conditions of the population, which had an eect on the level of the hap- piness of the society.

Magnetostructural Correlations of Nano-Sized Manganites Prepared by Different Ways

Prepared by Di erent Ways M. Vavraa,b,∗, Marian Mihalik, Matu2 Mihalik, M. Zentkova, J. Lazurova, M. Matik, J. Brian£in, Z. Arnold, M. Mary2ko Institute of Experimental Physics SAS, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Ko2ice, Slovakia Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P. J. ’afarik University, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Ko2ice, Slovakia Institute of Geotechnics SAS, Watsonova 45, 040 01 Ko2ice, Slovak Republic Institute of Physics AS CR v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic We present the preparation and magnetostructural correlations of binary NdMnO3 oxide prepared by four di erent procedures. Nano-size particle were prepared by simple precipitation of hydroxides (PH), nitrate-glycine synthesis (NG) and self-combustion high-temperature synthesis (SHS), while sol-gel method (SG) produced particles with size of about 2 μm. The as prepared PH and SG particles exhibit amorphous structure, the orthorhombic crystal structure was observed for NG and SHS particles. As prepared PH, NG and SHS are magnetically ordered, annealing leads to magnetic ordering of SG particles.

How Consumers Respond to Product Certification: A Welfare Analysis of the Energy Star Program

The ENERGY STAR certification is a voluntary labeling program managed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that favors the adoption of energy ecient products. In the US appliance market, the label is a coarse summary of otherwise readily accessible information. This paper develops a structural model of demand to capture the degree of sophistication with which consumers account for energy information. Using micro-data of the US refrigerator market, I find that consumers respond to certification in dierent ways. Some consumers have a large willingness to pay for the ENERGY STAR label, well beyond energy savings associated with certified products, others appear to pay attention to electricity costs, but not to ENERGY STAR, and still others appear to be insensitive to both electricity costs and ENERGY STAR. The findings suggest that the certification acts as a substitute for more accurate, but complex energy information. The welfare analysis shows that the opportunity cost for an imperfectly informed consumer in the refrigerator market ranges from $12 to $17, or $33 to $40 excluding the producer surplus. Whether the large willingness to pay for the label itself is interpreted as preferences or as a bias has important welfare implications.

Maximal Neighborhood Search and Rigid Interval Graphs

A rigid interval graph is an interval graph which has only one clique tree. In 2009, Panda and Das show that all connected unit interval graphs are rigid interval graphs. Generalizing the two classic graph search algorithms, Lexicographic Breadth-First Search (LBFS) and Maximum Cardinality Search (MCS), Corneil and Krueger propose in 2008 the so-called Maximal Neighborhood Search (MNS) and show that one sweep of MNS is enough to recognize chordal graphs. We develop the MNS properties of rigid interval graphs and characterize this graph class in several dierent ways. This allows us obtain several linear time multi-sweep MNS algorithms for recognizing rigid interval graphs and unit interval graphs, generalizing a corresponding 3-sweep LBFS algorithm for unit interval graph recognition designed by Corneil in 2004. For unit interval graphs, we even present a new linear time 2-sweep MNS certifying recognition algorithm.

Negative Features on Negative Indefinites: Evidence from Split Scope

The assumption that negative indenites are semantically non-negative elements associating with sentential negation has proven fruitful to account for the behaviour of negative indenites in languages exhibiting negative concord. Under this view, negative indenites carry a negative feature that has to be licensed by a semantic negation. This paper critically discusses and evaluates dierent ways in which the notion of negative features can be spelled out. Particular attention is paid to ap

Flippable tilings of constant curvature surfaces

We call flippable of a constant curvature surface a tiling by and faces, so that each edge is adjacent to two black and two white faces (one of each on each side), the black face is forward on the right side and backward on the left side, and it is possible to flip the tiling by pushing all black faces forward on the left side and backward on the right side. Among those tilings we distinguish the ones, for which the metric on the surface does not change under the flip. We provide some existence statements, and explain how to parameterize the space of those tilings (with a fixed number of black faces) in dierent ways. For instance one can glue the white faces only, and obtain a metric with cone singularities which, in the hyperbolic and spherical case, uniquely determines a symmetric tiling. The proofs are based on the geometry of polyhedral surfaces in 3-dimensional spaces modeled either on the sphere or on the anti-de Sitter space.

General Solution of EM Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media

When anisotropy is involved, the wave equation becomes simultaneous partial dierential equations that are not easily solved. Moreover, when the anisotropy occurs due to both permittivity and permeability, these equations are insolvable without a numerical or an approximate method. The problem is essentially due to the fact neither nor µ can be extracted from the curl term, when they are in it. The terms r ◊ E (or H) and r ◊ E (or µH) are practically independent variables, and E and H are coupled to each other. However, if Maxwell’s equations are manipulated in a dierent way, new wave equations are obtained. The obtained equations can be applied in anisotropic, as well as isotropic, cases. In addition, E and H are decoupled in the new equations, so the equations can be solved analytically by using tensor Green’s functions.

Regulation Strategies for Public Service Provision

Public service provision has undergone a significant process of reform through the reduction of vertical integration in its supply and the introduction of competition. The aim of these reforms is to increase eciency and ultimately to improve welfare, but these goals can be reached only if the appropriate regulation tool is chosen. In this paper we compare dierent ways of regulating the market in order to extract the information rent from the provider, in an environment where the regulator cannot observe quality and production costs and the workforce is represented by devoted workers. In particular, we will compare forms of competition in the market, such as spatial competition, with several forms of Dutch first price auctions for the market.

Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation may be violated in a single measurement

The well-known Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation is an inequality between uncertainties of canonically conjugate observables in a given state. In this interpretation, the Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation is a rigorous mathematical theorem and is, therefore, always valid. However, the same inequality is often applied in the situation of measurement, where it is illustrated in a quite dierent way. The uncertainty relation is then an inequality connecting the precision (resolution) of the measurement of one observable and the uncertainty of the conjugate observable in the state arising after the measurement. It turns out that in such an interpretation the Heisenberg’s inequality may be violated for some measurement readouts that emerge with small but finite probabilities. Making use of the uncertainties averaged in a special way over all possible measurement readouts, one may formulate an inequality of the type of Heisenberg’s inequality but valid for any measurement.

Ramanujan Modular Forms and the Klein Quartic

In one of his notebooks, Ramanujan gave some algebraic relations between three theta functions of order 7. We describe the au- tomorphic character of a vector-valued mapping constructed from these theta series. This provides a systematic way to establish old and new identities on modular forms for the congruence subgroup of level 7, above all, a parametrization of the Klein quartic. From a historical point of view, this shows that Ramanujan discovered the main properties of this curve with his own means. As an application, we introduce an L-series in four dierent ways, generating the number of points of the Klein quartic over finite fields. From this, we derive the structure of the Jacobian of a suitable form of the Klein quartic over finite fields and some congruence properties on the number of its points.

Cultural scripts: What are they and what are they good for?

The term cultural scripts refers to a powerful new technique for articu- lating cultural norms, values, and practices in terms which are clear, pre- cise, and accessible to cultural insiders and to cultural outsiders alike. This result is only possible because cultural scripts are formulated in a tightly constrained, yet expressively flexible, metalanguage consisting of simple words and grammatical patterns which have equivalents in all languages. This is of course the metalanguage of semantic primes devel- oped over the past 25 years of cross-linguistic research by the editors and colleagues in the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) approach. The present collection of studies demonstrates the productivity and versa- tility of the cultural scripts approach with case studies from five dierent parts of world—China, Colombia, Korea, Singapore, and West Africa— describing a widely diering selection of culture-specific speech practices and interactional norms. One recurrent theme is that the dierent ways of speaking of dierent societies are linked with and make sense in terms of dierent local cultural values, or at least, dierent cultural priorities as far as values are concerned. Cultural scripts exist at dierent levels of generality, and may relate to dierent aspects of thinking, speaking, and behaviour. The present set of studies is mainly concerned with norms and practices of social interaction. The cultural scripts technique is one of the main modes of descrip- tion of the broad project which can be termed ethnopragmatics (cf. Goddard ed, in press a). This refers to the quest, inaugurated in linguistics by Anna Wierzbicka (1985) in her article 'Dierent cultures, dierent languages, dierent speech acts: English vs. Polish', to understand speech practices from the perspective of the speakers themselves. For this pur- pose, the techniques of cross-cultural semantics are also essential be- cause to understand speech practices in terms which make sense to the people concerned, we must be able to understand the meanings of the rel- evant culturally important words—words for local values, social catego- ries, speech-acts, and so on. Important words and phrases of this kind

The virtual and universal braids

We study the structure of the virtual braid group. It is shown that the virtual braid group is a semi-direct product of the virtual pure braid group and the symmetric group. Also, it is shown that the virtual pure braid group is a semi-direct product of free groups. From these results we obtain a normal form of words in the virtual braid group. We introduce the concept of a universal braid group. This group contains the classical braid group and has as its quotient groups the singular braid group, virtual braid group, welded braid group, and classical braid group. Recently some generalizations of classical knots and links were de- fined and studied: singular links (20, 5), virtual links (15, 12) and welded links (10). One of the ways to study classical links is to study the braid group. Singular braids (1, 5), virtual braids (15, 21), welded braids (10) were defined similar to the classical braid group. A theorem of A. A. Markov (4, Ch. 2.2) reduces the problem of classification of links to some alge- braic problems of the theory of braid groups. These problems include the word problem and the conjugacy problem. There are generaliza- tions of Markov's theorem for singular links (11), virtual links, and welded links (14). There are some dierent ways to solve the word problem for the singular braid monoid and singular braid group (8, 7, 22). The solution of the word problem for the welded braid group follows from the fact that this group is a subgroup of the automorphism group of the free group (10). A normal form of words in the welded braid group was constructed in (13). In this paper we study the structure of the virtual braid group V Bn. This is similar to the classical braid group Bn and welded braid group

Generalized shadows of codes over rings

We describe dierent ways of defining shadows for self-dual codes over rings, giving special attention to the rings of order 4. We determine their respective weight enu- merators and give the corresponding shadow sum constructions. We also give a connection between the shadow of a code and its construction via the Chinese Remainder Theorem.

A general approach to indexing and retrieval of images in image databases

In this paper we present a very general approach to indexing and retrieval of images in image database systems. We allow dierent ways of indexing and matching for objects in an image, and integrate them with our existing approach of the generalized extended pseudo-2D string and generalized combined 2D string representation of the image to formulate a more general framework for iconic indexing and retrieval of images. Image retrieval is then discussed, and the query processing of image retrieval consists of both matching of objects and matching of spatial relationships. This suggestion for general-purpose image database systems is particularly suitable for building huge, heterogeneous and distributed image databases. 1. Introduction. Image database systems have been very active over the past 20 years. With the explosive interest for the last 10 years in multimedia systems, content-based image retrieval has attracted the attention of researchers across sev- eral disciplines (7), including computer vision, pattern recognition, human-computer interaction, and image databases. Applications that use image databases include oce