Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array Research Articles

Design of Self-Decoupled Circularly Polarized MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna Arrays Based on Polarization Orthogonality

Design of Self-Decoupled Circularly Polarized MIMO Dielectric Resonator Antenna Arrays Based on Polarization Orthogonality

Design and optimization of circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna array based on Al2O3 ceramic

A comprehensive design of an ultra-broadband circularly polarized (CP) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array operating in the C-band for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems is presented in this paper. The objective is to achieve a compact antenna size capable of receiving and transmitting CP electromagnetic waves over a wider bandwidth. The material chosen for the dielectric resonator (DR) is Alumina (Al2O3) ceramic, known for its low dielectric loss and exceptional mechanical properties, making it an ideal candidate for the DR. The proposed design utilizes a 2 × 2 array of cross-shaped DRs, fed by a compact circular phase-shift feeding network with double-point feeding. This configuration results in a 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 48.7 % and an impedance matching bandwidth (IMB) of 53.2 %. The antenna's horizontal size is reduced to 1.17 × 1.17λ02, and the gain is significantly enhanced by exciting multiple Mie resonances in the stacked DRs, yielding a measured peak gain of 12.48 dBic. These outstanding features position the CP DRA array as an excellent choice for 5G communication systems.

Wideband millimeter-wave hybrid dielectric resonator antenna array with dual-slot feeding

ABSTRACTA hybrid dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array is proposed for the wideband millimeter-wave communication. The radiator is composed with a pair of stacked dielectric resonators (DRs), which are H-shaped and Hexagon-shaped DRs, respectively. The dual-slots on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity are utilized for higher mode generation in the DRA element. The antenna bandwidth is improved by the stacked DRs and dual-slot feeding. The structural characteristics and key parameters of feeding slots are discussed in detail. The DRA array fed with parallel power distribution feeding network is fabricated and measured to verify the reliability of the simulations, and the simulations and measurements have reasonable consistency. The impedance bandwidth is from 23.55 GHz to 27.28 GHz (14.7%), and the measured gain ranges from 13.1 dBi to 15.7 dBi. The radiation patterns are stable in the operation band. The proposed DRA array has a promising application prospect for 5 G communication system.

A Self-Decoupling Method for MIMO Linear and Planar Dielectric Resonator Antenna Arrays Based on Transmission Characteristics of Feeding Structure

In this paper, a novel self-decoupling method for the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) arrays is investigated. This method is based on the transmission characteristics of the conformal strip that feeds the DRA. It is found that when the strip-fed DRA operates in the higher-order mode, e.g., TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">113</sub> mode, the E-field coupled to the metal strip of the adjacent passive DRA presents a standing wave distribution. By appropriately adjusting the dimensions of the feeding strip, the E-field can form a node with zero amplitude at its bottom where a coaxial probe is connected, preventing the energy from getting into the receiving port and hence achieving a high isolation level without requiring any extra decoupling structure. This self-decoupling method is applicable not only to one-dimensional (1-D) H- and E-plane coupled MIMO linear arrays but also to two-dimensional (2-D) MIMO planar array. To verify its feasibility, a prototype of 2 × 2 MIMO planar DRA array is simulated, processed, and tested. The results show that a usable bandwidth (|S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ii</sub> | < -10 dB and |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ij</sub> | < -20 dB) of 10.8% is achieved, and the maximum isolation is over 40 dB within the passband.

1-D Wideband Phased Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array With Improved Radiation Performance Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

A 1-D wideband phased array of the rectangular ring dielectric resonator antenna (RRDRA) is presented for millimeter-wave applications. By using the characteristic mode analysis, it is found that the unwanted higher order mode (HOM) of the RRDRA results in severe gain degradation and high cross polarization when the array scans. To remedy the problem, each RRDRA is loaded with a pair of silver strips. They can suppress the unwanted HOM and enable good scanning performance in a wide frequency range. To demonstrate the idea, a 1×4 phased RRDRA array was designed, fabricated and measured for the licensed millimeter-wave bands (24.25–29.5 GHz). Reasonable agreement between the measured and simulated results is observed.

Wideband Circularly Polarized Millimeter-Wave DRA Array for Internet of Things

This work proposes a novel millimeter-wave wideband circularly polarized antenna array for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The proposed design addresses the issues of having IoT sensors deployed in remote locations or over large geographical regions. Elliptically-shaped dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) are used as array elements to improve radiation characteristics and achieve circular polarization over a wide impedance bandwidth around 28 GHz. Two different sequential-phase corporate feed networks are studied and compared to obtain wider impedance, 3-dB gain, and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths. Furthermore, a ridge gap waveguide technique based on the low-cost PCB technology is adopted to reduce the transmission losses in the considered sequential-phase feed networks. The proposed millimeter-wave antenna exhibits an impedance bandwidth of 35% (28.1-40 GHz) and 3-dB gain bandwidth of 19.3% (27.6-33.5 GHz). The achieved 3-dB AR bandwidth is 22.6% (27.5-34.5 GHz). The proposed antenna was fabricated and measured, and good agreement between measured and simulated results was obtained. The reported results show that the suggested wideband circularly polarized millimeter-wave antenna has a lot of promise in preventing polarization mismatch losses between IoT devices and satellites caused by their varying orientations.

A Compact Aperture-Sharing Sub-6 GHz/Millimeter-Wave Dual-Band Antenna.

In this article, a microwave (MW)/millimeter wave (MMW) aperture-sharing antenna is proposed. The antenna is constructed using two orthogonal columns of grounded vias from a 3.5 GHz slot-loaded half-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (HMSIW) antenna. These vias are reused to create two sets of 1 × 4 MMW substrate-integrated dielectric resonator antenna (SIDRA) arrays. With this proposed partial structure reuse strategy, the MW antenna and MMW arrays can be integrated in a shared-aperture manner, improving space utilization and enabling dual-polarized beam steering capability in the MMW band, which is highly desirable for multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) applications. The integrated antenna prototype was manufactured and measured for verification. The 3.5 GHz antenna has a relative bandwidth of 3.4% (3.44-3.56 GHz) with a peak antenna gain of 5.34 dBi, and the 28 GHz antenna arrays cover the frequency range of 26.5-29.8 GHz (11.8%) and attain a measured peak antenna gain of 11.0 dBi. Specifically, the 28 GHz antenna arrays can realize dual-polarization and ±45° beam steering capability. The dual-band antenna has a very compact structure, and it is applicable for 5G mobile communication terminals.

A Low-Profile Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array for OAM Waves Generation at 5G NR Bands.

This paper presents the generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex waves with mode +1 using dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array. The proposed antenna was designed and fabricated using FR-4 substrate to generate OAM mode +1 at 3.56 GHz (5G new radio band). The proposed antenna consists of 2 × 2 rectangular DRA array, a feeding network, and four cross slots etched on the ground plane. The proposed antenna succeeded in generating OAM waves; this was confirmed by the measured radiation pattern (2D polar form), simulated phase distribution, and intensity distribution. Moreover, mode purity analysis was carried out to verify the generation of OAM mode +1, and the purity obtained was 53.87%. The antenna operates from 3.2 to 3.66 GHz with a maximum gain of 7.3 dBi. Compared with previous designs, this proposed antenna is low-profile and easy to fabricate. In addition, the proposed antenna has a compact structure, wide bandwidth, high gain, and low losses, thus meeting the requirements of 5G NR applications.

Multi-feed, loop-dipole combined dielectric resonator antenna arrays for human brain MRI at 7 T

ObjectiveTo determine whether a multi-feed, loop-dipole combined approach can be used to improve performance of rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) arrays human brain for MRI at 7 T.Materials and methodsElectromagnetic field simulations in a spherical phantom and human voxel model “Duke” were conducted for different rectangular DRA geometries and dielectric constants εr. Three types of RF feed were investigated: loop-only, dipole-only and loop-dipole. Additionally, multi-channel array configurations up to 24-channels were simulated.ResultsThe loop-only coupling scheme provided the highest B1+ and SAR efficiency, while the loop-dipole showed the highest SNR in the center of a spherical phantom for both single- and multi-channel configurations. For Duke, 16-channel arrays outperformed an 8-channel bow-tie array with greater B1+ efficiency (1.48- to 1.54-fold), SAR efficiency (1.03- to 1.23-fold) and SNR (1.63- to 1.78). The multi-feed, loop-dipole combined approach enabled the number of channels increase to 24 with 3 channels per block.DiscussionThis work provides novel insights into the rectangular DRA design for high field MRI and shows that the loop-only feed should be used instead of the dipole-only in transmit mode to achieve the highest B1+ and SAR efficiency, while the loop-dipole should be the best suited in receive mode to obtain the highest SNR in spherical samples of similar size and electrical properties as the human head.

An eight‐element sequentially rotated crescent‐slot‐coupled dielectric resonator antenna array for WIFI applications

SummaryIn this communication, the author presents an eight‐element sequentially rotated (SR) circularly polarized (CP) dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for operation in the IEEE 802.11a standard. A novel resonating element composed of a crescent slot (CS) used to excite a rectangular dielectric resonator (RDR) is proposed that has two orthogonal modes and as required for CP radiation. An SR series–parallel geometry is used to prototype the array feed network to allocate the array elements to symmetrical positions. The phase progression of each element was 45° along the array, and the signal magnitude was distributed evenly based on the binomial theory to enhance the antenna performance. The prototyped SR array had a size of mm3 and was measured and characterized in order to authenticate the design. The resonance bandwidth (S11 ˂ −10 dB) was found to be 14.28% with a 3 dB axial ratio (AR) of 17.7% for right‐hand CP. The gain varied from 15.71 to 16.26 dBi within the operating band. The size, gain, and impedance bandwidth of the proposed array make it a potential candidate for devices operating in the IEEE 802.11a band.

Fabrication of High Radiation Efficiency Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array Using Temperature Stable 0.8Zn2SiO4‐0.2TiO2 Microwave Dielectric Ceramic

AbstractArray antenna is of great significance in realizing the Sub‐6 GHz fifth‐generation (5G) mobile communication systems, however, its utilization in the base station systems implementation is limited due to high power consumption. In this paper, a high radiation efficiency 4 × 4 cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) array fabricated using the temperature stable 0.8Zn2SiO4‐0.2TiO2 composite ceramic is proposed. TiO2‐doped Zn2SiO4 composite ceramics are synthesized by the conventional solid‐state method. Notably, 0.8Zn2SiO4‐0.2TiO2 composite ceramic sintered at 1250 °C demonstrates excellent microwave dielectric properties with dielectric constant (εr ≈ 8.24), high‐quality factor (Q × f ≈ 35 000@8.08GHz), and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (TCF ≈ +4.6 ppm °C−1). Moreover, the composite ceramic CDRA array is designed by exciting fundamental HE11δ mode using the aperture coupling microstrip feeding network. The fabricated composite ceramic based 4 × 4 CDRA array has enhanced measured radiation efficiency of up to 87%, high gain of 17.85 dBi and is a promising candidate for utilization in Sub‐6 GHz 5G Base Station communications systems.

5G MILLIMETER WAVE MIMO DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA

A four-element rectangular dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array for fifth generation (5G) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) application at 28 GHz is presented. Each DRA element of the array has a very small dimension of 3 &amp;times; 0.03 &amp;times; 6 mm and oriented at an angle of 90 deg to each other. Total dimension of the proposed antenna system is 20 &amp;times; 20 &amp;times; 7 mm. Each antenna of the system has high radiation efficiency (&amp;#60; -0.004 dB). Defected ground structure is used to obtain very good isolation (&amp;#62; 27 dB) between any two DRA elements of the array. Moderate directivity (&amp;#62; 4.1 dBi) of the MIMO antenna can be increased up to 7.8 dBi using thin metal walls to separate each DRA element of the system. This MIMO antenna system is capable of giving 4 GHz impedance band width extending from 25.78 to 29.78 GHz. Computer simulation technology is used to design and investigate the performance parameters of this MIMO antenna system. Performance parameters of the proposed antenna are compared with similar types of antennas found in recent literature.

Wideband Low-Profile Connected Rectangular Ring Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array for Millimeter-Wave Applications

A wideband low-profile connected rectangular ring dielectric resonator (DR) antenna (DRA) array is presented for millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. It consists of four rectangular ring DRA elements. The DRA elements are excited by microstrip feedlines through four slots on the ground plane. A slot mode, the DRA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm {TE}}^{\text {y}}_{1\delta 1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode, and the perturbed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mathrm {TE}}^{\text {y}}_{3\delta 1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode are simultaneously excited, giving a wideband design. To avoid the alignment problem, the DRAs are connected to their adjacent elements through dielectric arms. It is found that the position of the dielectric arms has significant effects on the antenna performance. To demonstrate the idea, a prototype with a dielectric constant of 20.8 was designed, fabricated, and tested for licensed mmWave bands (24.25–29.5 GHz). A reasonable agreement between the measured and simulated results is observed. The measured 10 dB impedance bandwidth ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert \text{S}_{11}\vert \le - 10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB) is 31.6% (22.52–30.97 GHz), with a measured boresight realized gain being higher than 8 dBi from 22.5 to 30 GHz. The measured mutual couplings between the DRA elements of the array are lower than −20 dB in the operating frequency range. Furthermore, our prototype has a low profile of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.074~\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{0}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength in air at the center frequency.

A Low-profile 4-element Circularly Polarized Hexagonal DRA Array for Triple-band Wireless Applications

This paper presents a triple-band low-profile circularly polarized (CP) hexagonal dielectric resonator antenna (HDRA) array for various wireless applications. A 4-element linear array is designed using a simple microstrip power divider to improve the performance of the HDRA. This HDRA excites TEd01 mode at a first resonant frequency of 1.52 GHz. The proposed design operates in three frequency bands, i.e. 1.44 - 1.61 GHz, 2.95 - 3.27 GHz, and 4.00 - 4.84 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 10.98%,11.02% and 22.20%, respectively. It also provides good gain and more than 70% of radiation efficiency with a better radiation pattern at all the resonating points. Further, it has a CP bandwidth of 50 MHz and 650 MHz around 3.12 GHz and 4.25 GHz, respectively. The proposed HDRA array is suitable for different wireless applications such as GPS (1 - 2 GHz), WiMAX (2 - 4 GHz), and WLAN (4 - 8 GHz).

Co-Design of Dielectric Resonator Antenna and T-Shaped Microstrip Feeding Network for Back-Radiation Suppression

In practice, the broadband feeding network on the back side of an antenna can have a nonnegligible effect on the antenna's back radiation due to the feeding network's radiation contribution. Thus, a back-radiation cancellation scheme is proposed by co-designing the antenna and its feeding network to solve this problem. The antenna and its feeding network can be viewed as a two-element array. Their radiation toward the antenna's backward direction can cancel each other when both have equal amplitude and opposite phases along the back direction. A differential fed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) through a rat-race coupler ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${180}^\circ $</tex-math></inline-formula> hybrid coupler) and a T-shaped broadband differential feeding network are compared and analyzed to verify the proposed scheme. In addition, a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\!\times\!4$</tex-math></inline-formula> DRA array with a T-shaped broadband differential feeding network in a previous work (where the feeding network's radiation effect on the back side was overlooked) is used for experimental validation of the proposed scheme. Simulations and measurements demonstrate significant back-radiation suppression than the ideal differential feeding network.

Stable High-Gain Linearly and Circularly Polarized Dielectric Resonator Antennas Based on Multiple High-Order Modes

Dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) under high-order multiple-modes resonator (MMR) for stable high gain are proposed in this communication. The approach is to implement slot cuts on the surface of DR for reconstructing the electric field distribution of high-order resonance modes. In this way, the sidelobes are reduced and two high-order modes are reallocated to construct a continuous wide band. Various MMR configurations were proposed in this work. First, a DRA operating in TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm {x}}_{031}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm {x}}_{051}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes is proposed with a pair of loaded slots to realize a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 26% and a stable gain as high as 8.3 dBi within the desired passband. Second, a DRA with TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm {x}}_{051}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm {x}}_{071}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes is developed by introducing two pairs of slots, and an impedance FBW of 12.8% and a stable gain as high as 11 dBi are achieved. Third, three pairs of slots are introduced to the DRA with TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm {x}}_{091}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\mathrm {x}}_{0,11,1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes, and an impedance FBW of 6.4% and a stable antenna gain as high as 12.3 dBi are obtained. At last, a circularly polarized (CP) DRA array with four proposed linearly polarized (LP) DRA elements is designed with an impedance bandwidth of 51.8%, a 3 dB axial-ratio (AR) FBW of 32%, a peak gain of 13.89 dBic, and a 1 dB gain bandwidth of 19.9%.

Design of Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array With Wide-Angle Scanning Based on Dual Magnetic Currents

A wide-beam dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) and its related phased array with wide-angle scanning are presented in this article. To improve the scanning coverage and cross polarization discrimination (XPD) simultaneously, the wide-beam method utilizes dual magnetic currents (MCs) in the same direction. The operating principle is theoretically analyzed using suspended MC theory. Two wide-beam DRAs working in TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{y}_{1\delta 1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and TE <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{y}_{1\delta 3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> modes with parasitic loops are studied to verify the presented beam-broadening method. The simulated 3 dB beamwidths of the two DRAs are higher than 205° and 140° in the E- and H-planes, respectively. Two wide-beam DRAs operating at 5.5 GHz were fabricated and measured. Based on the wide-beam DRA element, the passive eight-element array antenna and three feeding networks corresponding to scanning angles of 0°, 40°, and 80° were machined. The total array system is verified to have an enhanced beam scanning angle of ±85° with a gain fluctuation of 2.5 dB. The co-polarization is stable and the XPD is greater than 20 dB for any scanning angle.

Miniaturized reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna array with reduced beam squinting

In this study, a compact reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array is proposed to operate in the band IEEE 802.11 WLAN. The main goal of this design is to propose an array feeding topology to avoid radiated beam squinting due to frequency alteration and acquire some gain enhancement with miniaturized array size. For that, the parallel–series geometry is used to layout a microstrip feeder with four output ports on the front plane. Each output port coupled with a rectangular slot (RS) at the bottom plane, and a rectangular dielectric resonator (RDR) mounted above the RS. The frequency reconfigurability is attained by employing PIN diodes that are integrated with the four output ports to operate as switches. Moreover, an impedance equivalent circuit model of the proposed array is postulated for studying the resonance behavior to ensure the validity of the proposed design prior to simulation and fabrication. The prototype 64 × 18 mm2 achieves frequency agility in the range of 5.8 to 5.17 GHz. Also, the realized gain ranges from 12.2 to 10. 5 dBi. The array specifications make it a decent potential candidate to be used for WLAN wireless systems.

A high-gain filtering DRA array for millimeter wave communication

ABSTRACT A millimeter wave dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) array with high-gain and high-selectivity filtering response is proposed, which is composed of stacked feeding network and stacked DRA. The stacked feeding network consisting of two layers of thin substrate has the efficient characteristics to expand and integrate. The band-pass filter formed by complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structure generates radiation nulls at the edge of the high-frequency band. With the improved filtering stubs loaded at the end of the H-shaped microstrip power divider, a radiation null at the edge of the low-frequency band is obtained and the roll-off degree at the edge of the high-frequency band is improved. By embedding the metal column in the fork-shaped stub, the suppression level of the low-frequency stopband is improved. A prototype of the proposed DRA array is fabricated and measured, which shows 7.2% relative bandwidth and a stable directional pattern in the range of 26.28–28.25 GHz with an average gain of 9.57 dBi. And an out-of-band suppression level of 18 dB is achieved. The DRA array can be applied for 5 G millimeter wave band to support high-speed communications at short distance.

Effects of Mutual Coupling on Gain and Beam Width of a Linear Array of a Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Main Beam Scanning Applications.

The effects of mutual coupling on the scanning characteristics of a four-element linear rectangular dielectric resonator antenna array (RDRA) are investigated for different inter-element spacing in this work. In particular, the gain and half-power beam width (HPBW) of an RDRA are studied for various scan angles in the E- and H-plane configurations. It is shown that for both the E and H planes, mutual coupling has an adverse effect on the performance of both phased array configurations. The H-plane array, however, is more stable than the E-plane array in terms of a gain and beam width performance comparison. The HPBW increases and gain decreases more in the E plane than the H plane when the scan angle is increased.