Dielectric Parameters Research Articles

Molecular interactions studies of methyl cellulose-water solutions using dielectric spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and frequency domain techniques have been used for the dielectric measurement of methyl cellulose (MC) with water for different concentrations and frequency ranges from 20 Hz to 2 MHz and 10 MHz to 30 GHz at 25°C. The dielectric relaxation in these mixtures can be represented by the Debye relaxation behaviour. The dielectric parameters such as complex permittivity ε*(ω), complex electrical modulus M*(ω), complex electrical conductivity σ*(ω), loss tangent (tan δ), static dielectric constant (ε0) and relaxation time (τ) have been determined. The variation of dielectric parameters of methyl cellulose (MC) in water suggested that methyl cellulose (MC) bonds with water alter its structure and electric dipole moment.

Effect of (Sm, In) Doping on the Electrical and Thermal Properties of Sb2Te3 Microstructures.

Doped Sb2Te3 narrow-band-gap semiconductors have been attracting considerable attention for different electronic and thermoelectric applications. Trivalent samarium (Sm)- and indium (In)-doped Sb2Te3 microstructures have been synthesized by the economical solvothermal method. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to verify the synthesis of single-phase doped and undoped Sb2Te3 and doping of Sm and In within the crystal lattice of Sb2Te3. Further, the morphology, structure elucidation, and stability have been investigated systematically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These analyses verified the successful synthesis of hexagonal undoped Sb2Te3 (AT) and (Sm, In)-doped Sb2Te3 (SAT, IAT) microstructures. Moreover, the comparison of dielectric parameters, including dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and tan loss of AT, SAT, and IAT, was done in detail. An increment in the electrical conductivities, both AC and DC, from 1.92 × 10-4 to 4.9 × 10-3 Ω-1 m-1 and a decrease in thermal conductivity (0.68-0.60 W m-1 K-1) were observed due to the doping by trivalent (Sm, In) dopants. According to our best knowledge, the synthesis and dielectric properties of (Sm, In)-doped and undoped Sb2Te3 in comparison with their electrical properties and thermal conductivity have not been reported earlier. This implies that appropriate doping with (Sm, In) in Sb2Te3 is promising to enhance the electronic and thermoelectric behavior.

Deep Learning-Based Transformer Moisture Diagnostics Using Long Short-Term Memory Networks

Power transformers play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and reliability of energy systems. Accurate moisture assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation is critical for ensuring safe operating conditions and power transformers’ longevity in large interconnected electrical grids. The moisture can be predicted and quantified by extracting moisture-sensitive dielectric feature parameters. This article suggests a deep learning technique for transformer moisture diagnostics based on long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The proposed method was tested using a dataset of transformer oil moisture readings, and the analysis revealed that the LSTM network performed well in diagnosing oil insulation moisture. The method’s performance was assessed using various metrics, such as R-squared, mean absolute error, mean squared error, root mean squared error, and mean signed difference. The performance of the proposed model was also compared with linear regression and random forest (RF) models to evaluate its effectiveness. It was determined that the proposed method outperformed traditional methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency. This investigation demonstrates the potential of a deep learning approach for identifying transformer oil insulation moisture with a R2 value of 0.899, thus providing a valuable tool for power system operators to monitor and manage the integrity of their transformer fleet.

Impact of Ni2+ on the structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties of Cu0.25Co0.25Mg0.5-xNixCe0.03Fe1.97O4 spinel ferrites synthesized via sol-gel auto combustion (SGAC) route

The sol–gel auto-combustion (SGAC) route was used to prepare the Cu0.25Co0.25Mg0.5-xNixCe0.03Fe1.97O4 [Ni-CCMCF] (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5 with the step interval of 0.125) spinel ferrites (SFs). The formation of a single-phase spinel matrix was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Moreover, the sharp peaks of XRD spectra confirmed the high crystallinity of the as-prepared spinel ferrites. The crystallite size (D) was reduced from (57.33–10.51) ± 0.05 nm and for the pure CCMCF sample, the specific surface area was 20.36 m2/g. The variation absorption bands at tetrahedral and octahedral sites along five Raman modes in Raman spectra were also confirmed in the spinel matrix of the Ni-CCMCF samples. The optical bandgap increased from 0.87 eV to 1.68 eV was observed with the replacement of dopant ions. Furthermore, the minimum resistivity was observed both in Ferro and para regions for the pure CCMCF sample. The tangent loss and dielectric constant were reduced, but ac conductivity was enhanced with increasing frequency and all the dielectric parameters have a minimum value for pure the CCMCF sample. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) confirmed the successful incorporation of Ni2+ in the CCMCF sample. Therefore, due to the low tangent loss, the pure CCMCF sample will be used for high resonant frequency applications.

Aging Analysis of Transformer Insulation at Weakest Region: Dielectric Parameters Extraction via Immune Optimization

The conventional method is insufficient for determining the worst aging state of traction transformer oil-paper insulation due to the nonuniform aging. To address this issue, an extended relaxation distribution model based on multipopulation immune algorithm (ERD-MPIA) is proposed. This work collects frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) on the oil-paper system in a variety of nonuniform aging phases. Then, the MPIA is used to optimize the ERD model to establish the appropriate relaxation parameters for characterizing the worst aging stages. The verification results demonstrate that ERD-MPIA is capable of accurately decoupling the FDS of oil-paper systems subjected to nonuniform aging, allowing for the determination of the ideal relaxation parameters. Additionally, a distinct association is discussed between the relaxation parameters and the worst aging states. In that regard, the findings are expected to evaluate and detect the worst aging states of the traction transformer insulation system.

Biophysical, histological, and bioaccumulation properties of Tilapia muscle affected by water pollution with heavy elements and microbes at the El-Rahawy drain in Egypt

The leakage of sewage and agricultural drains has led to the contamination of freshwater branches with toxic heavy elements. This raises concerns about their toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems, especially on fish. Tilapia is regarded as an important protein source in Egypt and many other countries. The biophysical, nutritional, and histological aspects of water pollution in the El-Rahawy and Al-Qatta locations of the Nile on Nilotic tilapia muscle were evaluated by assessing the level of contamination of Nilotic tilapia fish. The current study showed that water of the Rosetta branch water was polluted with a very high level at El-Rahawy Drain discharge (RD) location, and with a high level at Al-Qatta (Q) location, while El-Rahawy (R) location was polluted with a lower level. The study traced the pollution effects on Tilapia (Nilotic) muscles in the previous locations. Bioaccumulation factor (BAF) showed a high value of all heavy metals in Tilapia muscle at the Q and R locations. Contrary to what was expected, discharge (RD) location contamination caused BAF increment of heavy metals in Tilapia muscles at upstream R location. All these results were compared with measured dielectric parameters of Tilapia muscle samples in the frequency range (0.02–1000) kHz. There was an increase in conductivity (σac), dielectric constant (ε′), dielectric loss (ε″), penetration depth (dp), and dissipated power (PD) values of Tilapia muscle, with increasing pollution level. The values of permittivity at low and high frequencies (ε′s & ε′∞) for Tilapia muscle decreased by increasing pollution. Finally, the variation of these parameters, based on that proportionality relationship, can be considered as a physical indicator for fish contamination affected by their environment pollution, although these parameters need further studies in a controlled (qualitatively and quantitatively) polluted media.

Optical and Dielectric Characterization of Nanoparticle-Based Cu2Ni1+xSn1–xS4 Nanosphere Synthesized by Facile Solvothermal Method

Here, we have reported an excellent optical, dielectric, and electrical behavior of Cu2Ni1+xSn1–xS4 (CNTS) nanospheres synthesized by the facile solvothermal technique. From its structural analysis, the polycrystalline nature of the material was confirmed due to the presence of the sphalerite phase along with several secondary phases, demonstrating the structural tuning possibilities with a compositional variation. Further analysis of the electronic structure showed the presence of Cu+1, Ni+2, Sn+4, and S–2 valence states in the composition. The nanoflower-like morphology made up of nanospheres remained the same even after the compositional variation and enhanced the light-trapping effect. However, the increase in the optical band gap and decrease in the refractive index showed distinctive properties with the Ni concentration variation. The frequency and temperature-dependent behavior of dielectric parameters, conductivity, impedance, and electric modulus parameters broadened the application possibilities along with the optoelectronic properties. The increase in AC conductivity with temperature enabled the hopping of charge carriers, and properties like an increase in the loss factor at a lower frequency and higher temperature made the nanomaterials favorable for devices based on high-power circuits. The decrease in impedance values indicated less current dissipation in lower-frequency regions, and the electric modulus parameter showed non-Debye-type behavior. The tunable optical, dielectric, and electrical properties of the CNTS materials widen the cutting-edge optoelectronic application possibilities.

Synthesis and Characterization of CaFe1.925Gd0.025Sm0.05O4/PEG Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Diverse Applications

The core–shell structure has been studied by coating polyethylene glycol (PEG) on rare-earth-doped calcium ferrite nanoparticles (RCFNPs). RCFNPs are successfully synthesized in the formula CaFe1.925Gd0.025Sm0.05O4 by the citrate nitrate auto-combustion method. The XRD pattern of PEG-coated RCFNPs observed two peaks at 19.3° and 23.6° confirming the existence of PEG, while the other peaks are attributed to the orthorhombic structure formation. The obtained samples exhibit an orthorhombic single-phase structure with an average crystallite size in the range of 18–20 nm. The elemental analysis is performed using EDAX and XPS. The doublet spectrum of Fe atoms corresponds to the valence states Fe 2P1/2 and Fe 2P3/2. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed a well-designed hexagonal core/shell structure represented as a unique hexagonal PEG shell coating the synthesized RCFNPs. The magnetic hysteresis loops have been recorded using VSM. The coupling between the unpaired electrons of Fe+3 and Sm+3 ions via the p orbitals of the O−2 ions leads to the antiferromagnetic alignment. The smaller values of the switching-field distribution (SFD) and higher coercivity of the prepared samples are most appropriate for ultra-high-density recording performance. The behavior of dielectric parameters is explained on the basis of the interfacial polarization and the Maxwell–Wagner polarization models. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is used to study the performance of electromagnetic reflection and estimate the optical band gaps of the samples. The obtained data shows that the coating has an important role in enhancing the reflection by up to 50%.

Electrochemical, ferroelectric and dielectric properties of Gd, Fe and Mn doped nickel perovskite with robust photocatalytic activity under visible light

Single phase La1-xGd1-xNi1-2yFe1-yMn1-yO3 (x and y = 0.0–0.25) nanomaterials were prepared via microemulsion approach, where effect of dopants on various properties was studied. The slanted rhombohedral phase was formed having particle size in 60–90 nm range. Dielectric parameters value was decreased in lower frequency and constant at higher frequency. The AC conductivity was improved with doping and LNGFM5 (x and y = 0.0–0.25) revealed better current density versus pure LNO. PL analysis suggested that LNGFM5 have improved photocatalytic activity. Thus, higher dielectric constant, AC conductivity and electrochemical properties was enhanced significantly on doping. The optical bandgap was reduced from 2.5 eV (pristine LNO) to 2.0 eV for highly doped material. Doped LNGFM5 catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic competence by furnishing 92.2% removal of methyl orange (MO) dye in comparison to pristine LaNiO3 (49.5%) within 160 min of irradiation. The catalyst dosage and initial pH of solution significantly affected catalytic activity of LNGFM5. Based on the promising efficiency, the doped LNO materials has ability for the removal of dyes from the wastes under visible light irradiation.

A Free-Space Transmission Setup for Material Parameters Estimation with Affordable and Non-Synchronized Software-Defined Radios in the 0.85–1.55 GHz Band

This paper describes a prototype of a free-space transmission setup for dielectric parameters estimation. The transmitter and receiver, both configurable by software and working in the range 0.85–1.55 GHz, are not synchronized, as they use different clocks. An estimation of the dielectric permittivity of a planar sample was obtained by comparing our measurements with a numerical model. A parametric study with different variables was conceived in order to find the best fit between measurements and simulations. Customized techniques were applied to deal with noise and inconsistencies found in the measurements. The genetic algorithm was used to adjust the constants that minimized the error between simulated and experimental data. Results for a reference sample of polymethylmethacrylate are presented and discussed. Although the accuracy of the proposed approach in recovering the dielectric parameters of the sample was relatively low, the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of this setup make it interesting for scenarios where a rough characterization of the material is sufficient.

Dielectric and thermodynamic studies of n-cyano-biphenyl (nCB) liquid crystals at microwave frequency

ABSTRACT A study of dielectric and thermodynamic properties of three members 5CB, 6CB and 7CB from the family of n-cyano-biphenyl (nCB) liquid crystals is reported using the cavity perturbation technique at microwave frequency of 9.0 GHz. The observed shifts in the resonant frequency and widths of the resonance profile are used to analyse the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss respectively. The loss tangents are calculated using relaxation times obtained from Debye’s single relaxation phenomenon. The temperature-dependent parameters such as free energy of activation, enthalpy and entropy are calculated for understanding all three thermotropic samples. For the dielectric investigation of very small amount of samples with high accuracy, the cavity perturbation technique suits well. The study provides interesting and neoteric results as comparison between various dielectric and thermodynamic parameters for nCB liquid crystals is not reported earlier at the given frequency.

The SHI irradiation induced transition to negative dielectric constant phase in K2Bi4Ti4WO18

In present communication, a new Aurivillius family compound K2Bi4Ti4WO18 was synthesized, and the impact of swift heavy ion (SHI), Ni+11 irradiation on its surface and dielectric properties has been studied in detail. The phase formation in this complex oxide, and crystallization to B2cb symmetry was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction. However, post irradiation the XRD, SEM and AFM studies shows the surface amorphization, in agreement with the theoretical calculations. Furthermore, the effect of irradiation was also observed in the bulk dielectric properties as the system transform to a phase with negative dielectric constant above 350 K in the radio frequencies. This transition is in correlation with significant change in other dielectric parameters such enhancement in AC conductivity, a helical Nyquist plot and multiple dielectric relaxations. This conspicuous changes in the dielectric response post irradiation is attributed to the SHI induced defect formation, modification of energy barriers and their consequences on the electronic structure. Thus, current study suggests that the dielectric properties of Aurivillius K2Bi4Ti4WO18 could be tailored by ion irradiation and opens a new possibility of tuning functional properties.

Covalent Bonding of MXene/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites for Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Due to their high conductivity and unique surface chemical characteristics, MXene and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) have received a great deal of attention in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA). This study describes the covalent modification of rGO with amino-functionalized MXene to create an electromagnetic absorbent material called MXene-rGO composite. After amidation, an amide bond successfully assembles MXene and rGO. The absorber performs admirably when the mass ratio of MXene to rGO is 1:2 (sample MG-3). With a thickness of 2.7 mm, the best reflection loss (RL) is −47.98 dB at 6.4 GHz. Additionally, the best effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) (RL< −10 dB) is 4.08 GHz (11.84–15.92 GHz) with a 1.4 mm matching thickness. The performance of the EMA can be obtained by adjusting the dielectric parameters and the migration rate of the electrons using the covalent bond as a stable carrier channel. The high dielectric loss, superior impedance matching, and strong attenuation ability contribute to the great absorption performance.

Characterisation of 3D printed meta-structure PLA substrate for patch antenna applications in S-Band

ABSTRACT A novel approach for the dielectric characterisation of 3D printed substrates in S-band applications of patch antennas with different infill percentages is presented in this paper. The meta-structure substrate design has been 3D printed with a fused deposition modelling technique using bio-sourced material poly-lactic acid (PLA). Combining different infill patterns changes the dielectric parameters, and hence, the RF(Radio-Frequency) performance of the design. To validate the usefulness of this approach, the Taguchi sampling technique is used, where nine samples of a meta-structure substrate were designed to determine the dielectric properties of the substrate. The ring resonator technique is used for measuring the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the fabricated substrates. All nine meta-structure substrate shows varying dielectric properties, which can be used for tuning of RF characteristics of the patch antenna. The measured permittivity of various substrate structures ranges between 2.39 and 2.71. The concept of propagation delay is chosen as the selective parameter for the fabrication of the antenna. The results of antenna simulation and fabrication were mapped closely. The proposed meta-structure design antenna resonates at 2.43 GHz with an S 11 of −26.60 dB. Gain enhancement of 5% is seen in the selected meta-structure design compared with the simple (solid) structure. This meta-structure substrate design approach using different patterns is simple, scalable and can be realised in other 3D printed antenna applications.

Analysis of Selected Dielectric Properties of Epoxy-Alumina Nanocomposites Cured at Stepwise Increasing Temperatures

The paper presents the effects of gradual temperature curing on the dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposite samples. Samples were prepared based on Class H epoxy resin filled with nano-alumina (Al2O3) for different wt% loadings (0.5 wt% to 5.0 wt%) and two different filler sizes (13 nm and &lt;50 nm), i.e., two different specific surface area values. During the research, specimen sets were cured gradually at increasingly higher temperatures (from 60 °C to 180 °C). Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) was used to determine the characteristics of the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss factor in the frequency range from 10−3 Hz to 105 Hz. As a result, it was possible to analyze the impact of the progressing polymer structure thermosetting processes on the observed dielectric parameters of the samples. The nano-Al2O3 addition with 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, and 3.0 wt% resulted in a decrease in dielectric constant values compared to neat epoxy resin samples. The most significant reductions were recorded for samples filled with 0.5 wt% of 13 nm and &lt;50 nm powders, by about 15% and 11%, respectively. For all tested samples, the curing process at a gradually higher temperature caused a slight decrease in the dielectric constant (approx. 2% to 9%) in the whole frequency range. Depending on the nanofiller content and the curing stage, the dielectric loss factor of the nanocomposite may be lower or higher than that of the neat resin. For all tested samples cured at 130 °C (and post-cured at 180 °C), the differences in the dielectric loss factor characteristics for frequencies greater than 100 Hz are low. For frequencies &lt; 100 Hz, there are prominent differences in the characteristics related to the size of the nanoparticle and the individual wt% value. At a small nanofiller amount (0.5 wt%), a decrease in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor was observed for frequencies &lt; 100 Hz for samples with nanofillers of both sizes.

Directions of Development of Diagnostic Methods of Vacuum Medium-Voltage Switchgear

The development of power grid infrastructure and increasingly stringent environmental regulations have intensified work, carried out by researchers and electrical equipment manufacturers, to develop innovative gas-insulated, environmentally neutral devices. The emergence of new designs of circuit breakers and disconnectors, in which the resulting electric arc is extinguished in a vacuum environment, requires the development of appropriate techniques for diagnosing the chambers responsible for the dielectric parameters of the device. The following article presents an overview of the directions of development of diagnostic methods for medium-voltage vacuum switching equipment, which can potentially be used to develop a real-time pressure monitoring system that can be applied to vacuum switching equipment used in electrical infrastructure.

Microstructure, chemical bond characteristics, and dielectric response of Cr/Sb co-doped molybdate-based ceramics at microwave and terahertz frequency

In this research, Cr/Sb was co-doped in Ce2Zr3(MoO4)9 ceramic to optimize the microwave dielectrics and explore the intrinsic mechanism. All ceramics were synthesized using the traditional ceramic method to investigate the effects of Cr/Sb on the microstructure, chemical bond characteristics, phonon vibration spectra, and dielectric response at microwave and terahertz frequencies. X-ray diffraction analysis identified that all samples crystallized in a trigonal system, and no additional peaks observed. The dense ceramic was obtained at 875 °C based on the observed sintering behaviors. The co-addition of Cr/Sb significantly reduced the dielectric loss in the matrix. Therefore, dielectric parameters were discussed in terms of intrinsic factors. The findings of chemical bond indicate that Zr(Cr/Sb)–O bonds possess a close relationship with microwave dielectric properties, and Cr/Sb is occupied preferentially on the Zr(1) sites. Infrared spectrum analysis identified that phonon vibration lower than 400 cm−1 contribute 72.1% to the polarization. In our comparison between the infrared spectrum and terahertz time-domain (THz-TD) spectrum, we found that the permittivity extracted by the latter is closer to the observed value. Consequently, the outstanding parameters of εr = 10.53, Qf = 72,656 GHz, τf = −16.77 ppm/°C were obtained in the Ce2[Zr0.98(Cr0.5Sb0.5)0.02]3(MoO4)9 ceramic.

Influence of Dielectric Plate Parameters on the Reflection Coefficient of a Planar Aperture Antenna

In this article, an aperture antenna excited by a waveguide with a circular cross-section and covered with a dielectric plate was analyzed via simulation calculation and verified via measurements. The influence of the geometrical and electromagnetic parameters of the dielectric plate on the reflection coefficient S11 of the antenna opening was systematically analyzed. The geometrical parameters taken in this analysis are the thickness d and the width/length h1/h2 of the dielectric plate. The electromagnetic parameters used in this analysis are the real and the imaginary part of permittivity (εr, tan δ) and the electrical conductivity of the dielectric plate (σ). The simulation calculation and analysis included other structural and electromagnetic parameters of the dielectric plate (density of the radome material, relative permeability, and magnetic loss tangent (ρ, µr, and tan δµ, respectively)), but the results show that in the range of real values of these parameters for the materials used for the dielectric plate, they had no significant influence on the reflection coefficient. The results show that impedance-matched antennas with very low values of the reflection coefficients S11 at the resonant frequency can be realized by changing the geometrical and electromagnetic parameters of the dielectric plate material. The results are presented for a circular aperture antenna on a planar grounded plane with a dielectric plate on the opening, and the achieved lowest values of the S11 parameter were −45.17 dB (simulated) and −43.93 dB (measured) at the frequencies of 1.7820 GHz and 1.7550 GHz, respectively. The estimated values of the dielectric plate parameters in this case are thickness d = 11.08 mm (0.67 λ); width × length of grounded plane and dielectric plate h1 × h2 = 423 × 450 mm2 (2.51 × 2.67 λ); relative permittivity 2.5, tan δ = 0.09, μr = 1, tan δμ = 0.00, ρ = 1200 kg·m−3; and electrical conductivity σ = 0 S/m. The simulation calculation results were verified by measuring the reflection coefficient S11 on the created laboratory model of the aperture antenna with the dielectric plate and showed a very good match.

Influence of Nb2O5 Additive on Elastic and Dielectric Properties of NiCuZn Ferrites

The influence of Nb2O5 additive on elastic and dielectric properties of NiZnCu ferrite is reported. The longitudinal and shear wave velocities were measured by ultrasonic pulse transmission method. The elastic constants increased as the Nb2O5 contents increased. The dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant (ɛ′) and dielectric loss tangents as a function of frequency and Nb2O5 additive composition for all samples at room temperature. The variations in the dielectric constant (ɛ′) and dielectric loss tangents values were explained using Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization according to Koops phenomenological theory. AC conductivity was increased with an increase in the frequency. A reduction in AC conductivity with Nb2O5 additive is reported.

Investigation of structural, micro-structural, electrical, and leakage current characteristics of Bi0.5K0.5TiO3-CaSnO3-CaSeO3 ferroelectric ceramics

This research work deliberates the structural, dielectric and electrical characteristics of a mixed oxide method prepared CaSnO3/ CaSeO3 modified bismuth potassium titanate (Bi0.5K0.5TiO3 = BKT) of a chemical compositions (1-2x)(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3-xCaSnO3-xCaSeO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15). The room temperature XRD patterns show the formation of single-phase perovskite compounds with tetragonal symmetry. Surface morphology of the pellets (carried out by using scanning electron microscopy) shows the uniform distribution of the rectangular grains with varying size over the surface. The temperature-frequency dependence of dielectric and electrical parameters has provided many interesting features of the materials including ferroelectric phase transition, dielectric relaxation/ dispersion, and conduction mechanism. The electrical properties of the parent compound BKT change significantly by equally adding CaSnO3 and CaSeO3 to it. The PE hysteresis loop confirms the ferroelectricity of the synthesized compounds. The analysis of J-E characteristics indicates that their conduction mechanism is of Ohmic type with a very small amount of leakage current.