Dielectric Constant Epsilon Research Articles

Class‐F power oscillator based on complementary split ring resonator for sub‐6 GHz fifth generation and multistandard applications

SummaryA coupled complementary split‐ring resonator (CSRR) has been proposed. The proposed resonator consists of two coupled 50‐Ω transmission lines and complementary split rings in the ground plane (bottom layer) as defected ground structure (DGS). The proposed bandpass filter (BPF) has a measured stopband attenuation loss of less than −20 dB in the frequency band between 2.3 and 2.9 GHz and a low insertion loss of 1.15 dB. The measurement is carried by a VNA (vector network analyzer) meter of model ZVA67. Then, the proposed resonator (BPF) is utilized with an active device (SiGe BFP 640) as an output matching network of a class‐F oscillator. Fundamentally, this research aims to design and model an optimum achievement of BPF for optimum oscillator performance. The design simulation of the CSRR oscillator has been obtained by ADS and CST programs. The proposed band pass filter is designed and fabricated on a Rogers (RO4003C) micro‐strip material printed with a dielectric constant epsilon of 3.38 and a thickness of 0.813 mm. Depending on this study, the oscillator displays a minimum phase noise of −109.3 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency and maximum dBm output power equals 13.4 dBm at 2.45 GHz oscillation frequency. The power dispassion of the proposed oscillator equals 8.3 mW from a 2 V supply voltage. The obtained maximum dBm output power and minimum phase noise is a benefit for power charger wireless applications, sub‐6 GHz fifth generation applications, and multistandard applications.

Design, fabrication, and low-power rf measurement of an X -band dielectric-loaded accelerating structure

Dielectric-loaded accelerating (DLA) structures are being studied as an alternative to conventional disk-loaded copper structures to produce the high accelerating gradient. This paper presents the design, fabrication and low-power RF measurement of an externally-powered X-band DLA structure with a dielectric constant epsilon_r=16.66 and a loss tangent tan_delta=0.0000343. A dielectric matching section for coupling the RF power from a circular waveguide to an X-band DLA structure consists of a very compact dielectric disk with a width of 2.035 mm and a tilt angle of 60 degree, resulting in a broadband coupling at a low RF field which has the potential to survive in the high-power environment. Based on simulation studies, a prototype of the DLA structure was fabricated. Results from bench measurements and their comparison with design values are presented. The detailed analysis on the fabrication error which may cause the discrepancy between the RF measurements and simulations is also discussed.

Study on low temperature sintering behavior and dielectric properties of BaTi4O9/La2O3-B2O3-CaO microwave dielectric ceramic

In this paper, La2O3-B2O3-CaO (LBC) glass ceramics were sintered at low temperature to density BaTi4O9 (BT4) microwave dielectric ceramics. The effects of composition ratio and sintering temperature on the micromorphology, phase composition and microwave dielectric properties of LBC/BT4 multiphase ceramics were investigated. Experimental results showed that LBC microcrystalline glass and BT4 happened between the ceramic interface reaction obviously, and with the increase of microcrystalline glass content and sintering temperature increases, density, dielectric constant epsilon εr value and the quality factor Qf value were increased after the first decrease. And the resonant frequency temperature coefficient of τf value with the increase of LBC content decreases, and with the increase of sintering temperature, it goes up and then it goes down. When the content of LBC glass ceramics is 50 wt%, LBC/BT4 multiphase ceramics sintered at 875 °C for 2 h have good microwave dielectric properties εr = 26, Qf = 8000 GHz, τf; = +150 ppm/°C.

Variations in surface and electrical properties of polytetrafluoroethylene film after plasma-induced grafting of acrylic acid

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film was graft-polymerized with acrylic acid (AAc) via a low-temperature plasma technique. The effect of plasma treatment parameters (radio-frequency power and treatment time) on the spin number of free radicals in PTFE film was examined. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy were employed to characterize the chemical structure, surface composition, and microstructure of the original PTFE and PTFE-g-PAAc films, respectively, in order to verify the successful graft polymerization of AAc onto a PTFE film surface. Thermogravimetric analysis illustrated that the thermal stability of bulk PTFE film remains unchanged after graft modification. Water contact angle measurements confirmed that the hydrophilicity of PTFE-g-PAAc film was effectively improved as compared to the original PTFE film. The dielectric constant (epsilon(r)) of PTFE-g-PAAc (GD = 218 mu g/cm(2)) film remained invariable, compared to that of the unmodified PTFE film. Nevertheless, the dielectric loss (tan delta) of PTFE film increased considerably, from 0.0002 (GD = 0 mu g/cm(2)) to 0.0073 (GD = 218 mu g/cm(2)), which might be due to the increase in surface polarity and moisture resulting from AAc graft modification. In addition, the surface electrical resistance (R-s) of PTFE film decreased slightly, from 131.89 (GD = 0 mu g/cm(2)) to 110.28 Omega cm(2) (GD = 218 mu g/cm(2)) after surface modification, but still retained its inherent high impedance.

Characterization of magnetic and dielectric properties of Bi(1-x)Gd(x)FeO3 nanoparticles by local structure analyses.

Bi(1-x)Gd(x)FeO3 (0 < or = x < or = 1.0) nanoparticles were synthesized by a wet chemical method. The annealing temperatures were controlled to obtain single-phase Bi(1-x)Gd(x)FeO3 nanoparticles. The crystal diameters decreased as the number of doped Gd ions increased. The crystal structure changed, as the number of Gd ions increased, from rhombohedral to orthorhombic perovskite, at x = 0.2. The behavior of the magnetization curves observed at various values of x (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15) of the rhombohedral structure suggested that the canted antiferromagnetism and remanent magnetization (M(r)) drastically increased, compared with those at x = 0 (BiFeO3). It is suggested that the spin-canting angle of the Fe ions increased with the increase in the number of Gd ions. The dielectric properties at x = 0.1 showed that the dielectric loss (tan delta) was improved, compared with that at x = 0 (BiFeO3), by approximately 90%, while the real part of the dielectric constant epsilon' was reduced by approximately 15%. The reason is that the doping impurities restrained the reduction in the leakage current. It was found, from the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra, that Gd ions were doped accurately and that the symmetry of the B site was improved. The Mössbauer analysis suggested the existence of magnetic cycloid spiral ordering.

Electrochemical and Physical Properties of Electroplated CuO Thin Films

Cupric oxide thin films have been prepared on ITO glass substrates from an aqueous electrolytic bath containing CuSO4 and tartaric acid. Growth mechanism has been analyzed using cyclic voltammetry. The role of pH on the structural, morphological, compositional, electrical and optical properties of CuO films is investigated. The structural studies revealed that the deposited films are polycrystalline in nature with a cubic structure. The preferential orientation of CuO thin films is found to be along (111) plane. X-ray line profile analysis has been carried out to determine the microstructural parameters of CuO thin films. The pyramid shaped grains are observed from SEM and AFM images. The optical band gap energy and electrical activation energy is found to be 1.45 and 0.37 eV, respectively. Also, the optical constants of CuO thin films such as refractive index (n), complex dielectric constant (epsilon) extinction coefficient (k) and optical conductivity (sigma) are evaluated.

Simulation of optical properties of layered metallic nanoparticles embedded inside dielectric matrices: interference method or Maxwell Garnett effective-medium theory?

Optical characterization of composite films consisting of a ceramic matrix with embedded layered metal nanoparticles have recently received increasing interest. In particular, two methods have been mainly proposed in order to obtain optical performances of dielectric matrices containing layered nanoclusters (NCs): the first method is based on the simulation of the layered system as composed of alternated films of dielectric material and effective-medium material. Therefore, the optical response of the multilayer stack is calculated, assigning to the effective-medium layers the dielectric constant epsilon(f)(Yama), obtained by the Yamaguchi theory, and calculating the interference between the beams reflected and refracted at each interface inside the stack. The second method considers the multilayer stack as a single-layer effective-medium film whose dielectric constant is calculated by the Maxwell Garnett (MG) theory. In particular, this second method is recognized to be valid in the case of nanoparticles uniformly distributed inside a dielectric matrix. The present study shows that the interference method, as it has been applied up to now, does not allow reproducing reflectance and transmittance spectra calculated by the MG theory in the case of a uniform distribution of NCs.

The electromagnetic loss characteristics of SiC/C materials with a three-dimensionally connected porous structure

SiC/C foams and their monoliths of the same compositions, with various electrical Conductivities were prepared by polymer sponge replication/carbonization and hot-press solidification/carbonization respectively. Both materials have a three-dimensionally connected pore Structure with the former on a macroscopic scale and the latter a microscopic scale. The electromagnetic parameters of the SiC/C foams and the monoliths Versus their electric conductivities were measured at a frequency of 2 450 MHz by the TE(10) resonant cavity perturbation method. Results show that when the electrical conductivities of the SiC/C foams and the monoliths increase gradually, their dielectric constants epsilon(r') increase gradually and their dielectric losses tg delta(e) exhibit a maximum. The magnetic loss tg delta(m) of the SiC/C foams increases Continually while that of the monoliths first increases quickly then decreases slowly with increasing electric conductivities. When the effective electric conductivities of the SiC/C foams and the monoliths are the same, the epsilon(r') Values of the SiC/C foams are about a half and the to partial derivative(e) values are at least 2 times larger than those of the monoliths, while the tg delta(m) values of the monoliths are more than 4 times those of the SiC/C foams. The SiC/C foams and the monoliths are both non-magnetic, and their magnetic losses are found to be caused by their special structures interacting with the incident electromagnetic waves. Thus it is apparent that this kind of magnetic loss is extrinsic.

Highly polar environments catalyze the unfolding of PrPC helix 1

The first alpha-helix (H1) likely plays an important role in the conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into its pathogenic isoform (PrP(Sc)). In this conversion, H1 may either have to unfold or may represent a site of intermolecular contact. A recent molecular dynamics simulation suggested that H1 can unfold if it is detached from the protein core (Hirschberger et al. in Biophys J 90:3908, 2006). It has been hypothesized that the high dielectric constant epsilon (S) of the bulk water environment facilitates the unfolding of H1. To check this hypothesis, we performed a number of replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of an H1 peptide in solvents of different epsilon (S). We found that the equilibrium helix fraction in water is less than 40%, in agreement with previous experimental findings, and that the helix unfolds much faster in water than in less polar solvents. The kinetically stabilizing effect of the organic solvents is largely unspecific and correlates well with their dielectric constant epsilon (S).

Dielectric Properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3-La(B0.5Ti0.5)O3(B=Mg, Zn) Ceramics

Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-La(B(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3) (B = Mg, Zn) ceramics were prepared by a solid-state reaction method, and their microwave dielectric characteristics and tunability were investigated. The ferroelectric-dielectric solid solutions with cubic perovskite structures were obtained for compositions of 10 to 60 mol% La(Mg(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3) and 10 to 50 mol% La(Zn(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3). With the increase of linear oxide dielectric content, the dielectric constant and tunability were decreased and Qf was increased. Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-La(Mg(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3) has better dielectric properties than Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-La(Zn(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3). 0.9Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-0.1La(Mg(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3) has a dielectric constant epsilon = 338.2, Qf = 979 GHz and a tunability of was 3.7% at 100 kHz under 1.67 kV/mm. The Qf value of 0.5Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)- 0.5La(Mg(0.5)Ti(0.5))O(3) reached 9367 GHz, but the tunable properties were lost.

OD stretch vibrational relaxation of HOD in liquid to supercritical H2O

The population relaxation of the OD stretching vibration of HOD diluted in H(2)O is studied by time-resolved infrared pump-probe spectroscopy for temperatures between 278 and 663 K in the density range 0.28<or=rho<or=1.01 g/cm(3). Transient spectra recorded after exciting the v=0-->1 OD stretching transition at low temperatures show a delay between excited state decay and formation of the thermalized spectrum pointing to an intermediately populated state. Above 400 K, the rates of excited state decay and ground state recovery become equivalent and the intermediate state is not detectable anymore. Over the entire thermodynamic range, the derived OD stretch relaxation rate constant k(r) depends linearly on the static dielectric constant epsilon of water, indicating a correlation of k(r) with the average hydrogen bond connectivity of HOD within the H(2)O network. However, in contrast to the OH stretch relaxation rate constant of the complementary system of HOD in D(2)O, the low density data of k(r)(epsilon) extrapolate to a nonzero intercept for epsilon-->1. Our analysis suggests that at ambient conditions the OD excited state is mainly depopulated by a direct v=1-->0 transition, avoiding the excited v=1 HOD bending state. Therefore, at room temperature the detected intermediate is assigned to a nonthermalized state with respect to nuclear degrees of freedom of the solvent molecules, and subsequent formation of the final product spectrum is related to a rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network. Passing over to the gas phase the excited OD stretch state shifts into close resonance with the HOD bend overtone, thereby opening up an additional relaxation channel.

Structure-thermodynamics relation of electrolyte solutions

The structure of aqueous LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, KF, and NaI solutions is calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the frequently employed Dang force-field in SPC/E water. By using liquid state theory, we integrate the structure to obtain the electrolytes' osmotic coefficient phi and systematically investigate force-field quality and structural consequences to ion-specific bulk thermodynamics. The osmotic coefficients phi(chi) calculated from the exact compressibility route for the cation-Cl(-) force-fields match experiments for concentrations rho approximately < 2M, while NaI and KF parameters fail. Comparison of phi(chi) with phi(v) from the virial route, which relies on the pair potential approximation, shows that many-body effects become important for all salts above rho approximately 0.5M. They can be efficiently corrected, however, by employing a salt-type and rho-dependent dielectric constant epsilon(rho), generalizing previous observations on NaCl only. For physiological concentrations, rho approximately < 0.5M, the specific osmotic behavior is found to be determined by the short-ranged cation-anion pair potential only and is strongly related to the second virial coefficient of the latter. Presented methods and findings, based on simple integrations over the electrolyte structure, enable efficient MD force-field refinement by direct benchmarking to the sensitive electrolyte thermodynamics, instead to noncollective, single ion properties.

Active-Site Motions and Polarity Enhance Catalytic Turnover of Hydrated Subtilisin Dissolved in Organic Solvents

The enzyme subtilisin Carlsberg was surfactant-solubilized into two organic solvents, isooctane and tetrahydrofuran, and hydrated through stepwise changes in the thermodynamic water activity, a(w). The apparent turnover number k(cat)(app) in these systems ranged from 0.2 to 80 s(-1) and increased 11-fold in isooctane and up to 50-fold in tetrahydrofuran with increasing a(w). (19)F NMR relaxation experiments employing an active-site inhibitor were used to assess the dependence of active-site motions on a(w). The rates of NMR-derived fast (k > 10(7) s(-1)) and slow (k < 10(4) s(-1)) active-site motions increased in both solvents upon hydration, but only the slow motions correlated with k(cat). The (19)F chemical shift was a sensitive probe of the local electronic environment and provided an empirical measure of the active-site dielectric constant epsilon(as), which increased with hydration to epsilon(as) approximately 13 in each solvent. In both solvents, the transition state free energy data and epsilon(as) followed Kirkwood's model for the continuum solvation of a dipole, indicating that water also enhanced catalysis by altering the active-site's electronic environment and increasing its polarity to better stabilize the transition state. These results reveal that favorable dynamic and electrostatic effects both contribute to accelerated catalysis by solubilized subtilisin Carlsberg upon hydration in organic solvents.

Solvent Reorganization Energies in A-DNA, B-DNA, and Rhodamine 6G−DNA Complexes from Molecular Dynamics Simulations with a Polarizable Force Field

We estimate solvent reorganization energies lambda(s) of electron transfer (ET) in DNA stacks between positively charged guanine (acceptor) and neutral guanine (donor), as well as in rhodamine 6G (R6G)-DNA complexes between R6G (acceptor) and neutral guanine (donor) from molecular dynamics simulations that used a polarizable force field in combination with a polarizable water model. We compare results from the polarizable scheme with those from a common nonpolarizable analogue. We also discuss the influence of charge sets, separate contributions of solute and solvent electronic polarizations, and partial contributions of different molecular groups to changes of lambda(s) due to electronic polarization. Independent of donor-acceptor distances, solvent reorganization energies of ET processes in DNA duplexes from a polarizable force field are about 30% smaller than the corresponding results from a nonpolarizable force field. The effective optical dielectric constant epsilon(infinity) = 1.5, extracted from pertinent scaling factors, is also independent of the donor-acceptor separation over a wide range of distances, from 3.4 to 50.0 A. Reorganization energies calculated with the polarizable force field agree satisfactorily with experimental data for DNA duplexes. Comparison of results for A-DNA and B-DNA forms as well as for the conformational alignment of the dye relative to the duplex in R6G-DNA complexes demonstrates that the conformation of a duplex hardly affects lambda(s). Among these DNA-related systems, the effective parameter epsilon(infinity) is remarkably constant over a broad range of donor-acceptor distances.

Theoretical study of solvent effect on one- and two-photon absorption properties of starburst DCM derivatives

The equilibrium geometries, electronic structures, one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) properties of starburst 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-[p-(dimethylamino)styryl]-4H-pyran (DCM) derivatives have been studied by using density functional theory (DFT) and Zerner's intermediate neglect of differential overlap (ZINDO) program. Results showed that increasing the number of branches in DCM molecules and introducing stronger electron withdrawing groups are efficient ways to enhance the TPA cross sections. For the two- and three-branched molecules of the DCM derivatives, the solvent effect on the OPA and TPA properties was also considered by adapting the self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory with the polarizable continuum model (PCM) to model the interaction with the solvent in ZINDO program. The calculated molecular structure, transition dipole moment and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in different solvents have been analyzed to approximate how the solvent affects the TPA cross section. Results indicated that the TPA cross section increases as the polarity of the solvents increases, and it reaches a maximum when the dielectric constant epsilon equals 20.7.

Dielectric properties of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3-Sr(Ga0.5Ta0.5)O3solid solutions

Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3) solid solutions are prepared by a solid-state reaction method, and their dielectric and tunable characteristics are investigated. The solid solutions with cubic perovskite structures are obtained for compositions of 10-50 mol% Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3). It is observed that the addition of Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3) into Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3) causes a shift in the phase transition peak to a lower temperature. Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3) solid solutions exhibit depressed and broadened phase transition peaks, resulting in decreased dielectric constants and dielectric losses at room temperature. With the increase of Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3) content, the dielectric constant, loss tangent, and tunability are decreased. 0.9Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-0.1Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3) has a dielectric constant epsilon = 534 and a tunability of 16% at 100 kHz under 2.63 kV/mm. The dielectric characteristics of Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO(3)-Sr(Ga(0.5)Ta(0.5))O(3) ceramics at microwave frequencies are also evaluated.

Magnetodielectric coupling of a polar organic-inorganic hybrid Cr(II) phosphonate

$\text{Cr}[({\text{H}}_{3}\text{N-}{({\text{CH}}_{2})}_{2}{\text{-PO}}_{3})(\text{Cl})({\text{H}}_{2}\text{O})]$ represents a rare example of a polar organic-inorganic hybrid material that exhibits a canted antiferromagnetic order below ${T}_{N}=5.5\text{ }\text{K}$. The unusual coexistence of a polar crystal structure and magnetic order triggered our investigation of the magnetodielectric coupling. The coupling is evidenced by an anomaly in the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ below the N\'eel temperature. The magnetocapacitance is enhanced by one order of magnitude below ${T}_{N}$. The main characteristics of the magnetodielectic response are interpreted by Landau theoretical coupling terms.

Dielectric Relaxation, Ion Conductivity, Solvent Rotation, and Solvation Dynamics in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid

Dielectric susceptibility and related conductivity of the neat ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMI+PF6-) are studied via molecular dynamics computer simulations. Both ion translations and reorientations contribute to dielectric relaxation, while their cross-correlation does not play any significant role. Interestingly, ion translational dynamics are found to enhance the static dielectric constant epsilon 0. The increment in epsilon 0 is attributed to rapid development of large anticorrelation in the autocorrelation function of the ionic current, i.e., hindered ion translations of strong librational character. One consequence of hindered translational dynamics is that the real part of conductivity has a maximum in the terahertz region and decreases with diminishing frequency. This in turn yields significant dielectric absorption in the far-IR region, consonant with recent terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurements. Reorientational dynamics of cations show a marked deviation from diffusion. The well-known relation in the diffusion regime for reorientational correlation times tau R(l) proportional, variant [ l( l + 1)] (-1) fails completely for EMI+PF6-, where l is the order of Legendre polynomials used in the expansion of reorientational time correlation functions. It is found that dielectric continuum theory generally does not provide a reliable framework to describe solvation dynamics in EMI+PF6- even though the inclusion of ion conductivity in dielectric relaxation tends to improve the continuum description. This is ascribed mainly to electrostrictive effects absent in many continuum formulations.

Ab initio simulation of the IR spectra of pyrope, grossular, and andradite

IR spectra of pyrope Mg(3)Al(2)Si(3)O(12), grossular Ca(3)Al(2)Si(3)O(12) and andradite Ca(3)Fe(2)Si(3)O(12) garnets were simulated with the periodic ab initio CRYSTAL code by adopting an all-electron Gaussian-type basis set and the B3LYP Hamiltonian. Two sets of 17 F(1u) Transverse Optical (TO) and Longitudinal Optical (LO) frequencies were generated, together with their intensities. Because the generation of LO modes requires knowledge of the high frequency dielectric constant epsilon(infinity) and Born effective charges, they were preliminary evaluated by using a finite field saw-tooth model and well localized Wannier functions, respectively. As a by-product, the static dielectric constant epsilon(0) was also obtained. The agreement of the present calculated wavenumbers (i.e. peak positions) with the available experimental data is excellent, in that the mean absolute difference for the full set of data smaller than 8 cm(-1). Missing peaks in experimental spectra were found to correspond to modes with low calculated intensities. Correspondence between TO and LO modes was established on the basis of the overlap between the eigenvectors of the two sets and similarity of isotopic shifts; as result, the so called LO-TO splitting could be determined. Animation of the normal modes was employed to support the proposed pairing.

Thickness dependence of electrical properties of PZT films deposited on metal substrates by laser-assisted aerosol deposition

Dependence of electrical properties-dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties-on film thickness was studied for lead-zirconate titanate (PZT) thick films directly deposited onto stainless-steel (SUS) substrates in actuator devices by using a carbon dioxide (CO(2) ), laser assisted aerosol deposition technique. Optical spectroscopic analysis data and laser irradiation experiments revealed that absorption at a given wavelength by the film increased with increasing film thickness. Dielectric constant epsilon, remanent polarization value P(r), and coercive field strength E(c) of PZT films directly deposited onto a SUS-based piezoelectric actuator substrate annealed by CO(2) laser irradiation at 850 degrees C improved with increasing film thickness, and for films thicker than 25 microm, epsilon 800, P(r) 40 microC/cm(2), and E(c) 45 kV/cm. In contrast, the displacement of the SUS-based actuator with the laser-annealed PZT thick film decreased with increasing film thickness.