Dictionary Research Research Articles

Methoden in der Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung. Ein Überblick mit einer Auswahlbibliographie

Abstract In every stage of dictionary-making and in every scientific analysis which is carried out in the field of dictionary research methods are used to reach certain results. However, at present there is no comprehensive and up-to-date documentation of these particular methods. This article provides a general overview of methods in lexicography and dictionary research and of the areas these methods are applied in, and it introduces the further, specialized contributions of the Thematic Part of this issue. A selected bibliography with about 340 titles on methods in lexicography concludes this overview.

General Lexicography in Europe

On the basis of several surveys of experts, centres and projects in lexicography, and against the author's own experience of metalexicography, the paper traces the recent progress of academic lexicography, especially in Europe. Particular attention is paid to 'dictionary research' in four of its divisions. One special concern is the professionalisation of the discipline in terms of conferences, publications and training initiatives.

Bilingualized Dictionaries with Special Reference to the Chinese EFL Context

As a type of dictionary with huge popularity among EFL learners in China, the bilingualized dictionary (BLD) deserves more academic and pedagogical attention than it receives nowadays. This article gives an overview of the BLD within the framework of dictionary research, including dictionary history, dictionary typology, dictionary criticism and dictionary use. It first traces, with a special reference to the Chinese EFL context, the origin and historical development of this type of dictionary, and then proposes several approaches to its classification. The strengths and weaknesses of the BLD are evaluated and its role in language pedagogy discussed, followed by an extensive review of the empirical studies of BLD use. Finally, further areas of BLD research are also suggested. It is hoped that such an overview would kindle more research interest in BLDs which is relevant to language pedagogy, dictionary use instruction and lexicographic practices.

ITADICT Project and Japanese Language Learning

This article aims to show how the Nuclear disaster in Fukushima (3 March 2011) affected Japanese Language teaching and learning in Italy, focusing on the ITADICT Project (Marcella Mariotti, project leader, Clemente Beghi, research fellow and Alessandro Mantelli, programmer). The project intends to develop the first Japanese-Italian online database, involving more than 60 students of Japanese language interested in lexicographic research and online learning strategies and tools. A secondary undertaking of ITADICT is its Latin alphabet transliteration of Japanese words into Hepburn style. ITADICT is inspired by EDICT Japanese-English database developed by the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group established in 2000 within the Faculty of Information Technology at Monash University. The Japanese-Italian database is evolving within the Department of Asian and North African Studies at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, the largest in the country and one of the main teaching centres of Japanese in Europe in terms of the number of students dedicated to it (1800) and number of Japanese language teaching hours (1002h at B.A. level, and 387h at M.A. level). In this paper we will describe how and why the project has been carried out and what the expectations are for its future development.

Reflections on the Mediostructure in Special-Field Dictionaries. Also According to the Example of the Dictionary for Lexicography and Dictionary Research *

One who runs alone cannot be outrun by another(Ethiopian proverb) Abstract: The central question posed in this contribution is: What constitutes the differencebetween a special-field dictionary article giving a cross-reference with a fixed textual referenceposition on the one hand, and a special-field dictionary article giving a cross-reference without afixed reference position on the other, with regard to systematic cross-referencing? Because this veryspecial type of question can only be answered systematically with reference to a theory of themediostructure, some necessary terms are firstly introduced by means of illustrative analyses ofspecial-field dictionary articles giving cross-references, such as e.g. homogeneously externally orientateddictionary article, heterogeneously externally orientated dictionary article, item identifying the starting-point of the reference, item giving the reference, item giving a reference marker, mediostructural articlenetwork, the user’s pre-knowledge relevant to the reference, position-bound reference, item-bound reference,single and expanded domain for the starting-point for the reference, mediostructural selection and manymore. On the basis of various analyses of different special-field dictionary articles with variableand fixed reference positions, a picture evolves which comes close to the situation where the questionat the beginning of the contribution can be answered as follows: When the results of an appropriatemediostructural selection are presented by means of the application of the method of itemboundreference in special-field dictionaries with a variable reference position, and also when thishappens by means of the application of the method of position-bound reference in special-fielddictionaries with a fixed reference position, it is possible in principle that a systematic referenceorientated to the dictionary functions can result. It can continuously be established, however, thatin special-field dictionary articles with a fixed reference position, there is a higher degree of wellconsideredreference practices. This can be explained in so far that, in special-field dictionary articleswith a fixed reference position, the article form already takes into account a genuine feature ofspecial-field knowledge which consists of being systematic coherent knowledge, and therefore a fixed reference position is provided, that means: not only defining and additional explanation isimportant in the formation of the article, but also the creation of connections which go beyondarticles by means of references. Making references, therefore, is not a lexicographical action performedmore or less concomitantly; rather, it obtains a relevant place because of being explicitlytaken into account in the microstructural programme, and thus in the article form. Keywords: SPECIAL-FIELD DICTIONARY ARTICLE GIVING A CROSS-REFERENCE;MEDIOSTRUCTURE; FIXED REFERENCE POSITION; VARIABLE REFERENCE POSITION;MEDIOSTRUCTURAL SELECTION; ITEM-BOUND REFERENCE; POSITION-BOUND REFERENCE Abstract: Uberlegungen zur Mediostruktur in Fachworterbuchern. Aucham Beispiel des Worterbuchs zur Lexikographie und Worterbuchforschung. Diezentrale Fragestellung des Beitrages lautet: Worin besteht der Unterschied zwischen einem verweisvermittelndenFachworterbuchartikel mit festgelegter textueller Verweisposition einerseitsund einem verweisvermittelnden Fachworterbuchartikel ohne festgelegte Verweisposition andererseitsim Hinblick auf eine systematische Verweisvermittlung? Da die sehr spezielle Fragestellungnur relativ zu einer Theorie der Mediostruktur systematisch bearbeitet werden kann, werdenzunachst anhand exemplarischer Analysen von verweisvermittelnden Fachworterbuchartikeln einigenotwendige Termini eingefuhrt, wie z.B. homogen ausenorientierter Worterbuchartikel, heterogenausenorientierter Worterbuchartikel, Verweisausgangsangabe, Verweisangabe, Angabe mit Verweiskennzeichnung,mediostrukturelles Artikelnetz, verweisrelevantes Benutzervorwissen, positionsgebundene Verweisung,angabegebundene Verweisung, einfacher und erweiterter Verweisausgangsbereich, mediostrukturelleSelektion und zahlreiche weitere. Anhand mehrerer Analysen unterschiedlicher Fachworterbuchartikelmit variabler und fester Verweisposition ergibt sich ein Bild, das es nahelegt, dass dieAusgangsfrage des Beitrages wie folgt beantwortet werden kann: Sowohl wenn die Ergebnisseeiner angemessenen mediostrukturellen Selektion durch eine Anwendung der Methode der angabegebundenenVerweisung in Fachworterbuchartikeln mit variabler Verweisposition prasentiertwerden, als auch wenn dies durch eine Anwendung der Methode der positionsgebundenen Verweisungin Fachworterbuchartikeln mit fester Verweisposition geschieht, kann im Prinzip einesystematische, an den Worterbuchfunktionen orientierte Verweisung erfolgen. Durchgehend istjedoch festzustellen, dass in Fachworterbuchartikeln mit festgelegter Verweisposition eine inhoherem Grad reflektierte Verweisungspraxis angetroffen wird. Dies lasst sich so erklaren, dass inFachworterbuchartikeln mit fester Verweisposition bereits in der Artikelform eine genuine Eigenschaftfachlichen Wissens, die darin besteht, systematisch zusammenhangendes Wissen zu sein,ausdrucklich dadurch berucksichtigt wird, dass eine feste Verweisposition angelegt ist, d.h.: Nichtnur Definieren und weiterfuhrendes Erklaren ist bei der Artikelgestaltung wichtig, sondern auchdas Herstellen von artikelubergreifenden Zusammenhangen durch Verweisen. Verweisen ist damitkein lexikographisches Handeln, das mehr oder weniger nebenbei erfolgt; vielmehr erhalt esdadurch einen relevanten Stellenwert, dass es im Mikrostrukturenprogramm und damit in derArtikelform ausdrucklich berucksichtigt wird. Stichworter: VERWEISVERMITTELNDER FACHWORTERBUCHARTIKEL, MEDIOSTRUKTUR,FESTE VERWEISPOSITION, VARIABLE VERWEISPOSITION, MEDIOSTRUKTURELLESELEKTION, ANGABEGEBUNDENE VERWEISUNG, POSITIONSGEBUNDENE VERWEISUNG

Herbert Ernst Wiegand: Internationale Bibliographie zur germanistischen Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung

These are the first two volumes of a three-part international bibliography of German lexicography and dictionary research. The third part will appear in two separate volumes in the near future. This review therefore does not deal with the entire publication, but mainly highlights Wiegand's approach to the compilation of this bibliography, discussing several aspects of the items he included.

Henrik Gottlieb and Jens Erik Mogensen (Editors): Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice. Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography, Copenhagen 2004

This volume contains a selection of papers read at the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography, held in Copenhagen from April 29 to May 1, 2004. Many topical issues are discussed, and even though the volume is arranged according to different lexicographical themes, there are also many common elements between the different papers. For example, sample articles selected for the empirical analyses on which the papers are based, often deal with the use of phraseology in different dictionaries, the finding of suitable translation equivalents in bilingual dictionaries, and the user-friendliness in dictionaries. In some cases, the participants have selected the same mainstream dictionaries for discussion, which means that these dictionaries are examined from different viewpoints, making the volume an interesting and useful reference work.

Julie Coleman and Anne McDermott (Editors). Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research: Papers from the International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology at the University of Leicester, 2002.

The papers collected in this volume were originally presented at an International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology organized by Julie Coleman, and meant to fill the gap created by the two International Round Table Conferences in Florence and Leyden in 1971 and 1977 respectively. The purpose of the conference was to bring together scholars and academics working in the field of historical lexicography, whether researching the history of historical dictionaries or whether compiling dictionaries with a historical point of departure. Accordingly the collection, competently edited and introduced by Julie Coleman and Anne McDermott, is arranged in two sections, reflecting the distinction between those researchers tracing the historical development of dictionaries and those practitioners faced with the problems and challenges of the compilation of historical dictionaries. The first part dealing with the history of dictionaries consists of twelve papers (two-thirds of the book), while the second part dealing with the practice of historical dictionaries consists of six papers (one-third of the book).

Reflections on the Mediostructure in Special-Field Dictionaries. Also According to the Example of the Dictionary for Lexicography and Dictionary Research *

Reflections on the Mediostructure in Special-Field Dictionaries. Also According to the Example of the Dictionary for Lexicography and Dictionary Research *

Julie Coleman and Anne McDermott (Editors). Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research: Papers from the International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology at the University of Leicester, 2002.

Julie Coleman and Anne McDermott (Editors). Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research: Papers from the International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology at the University of Leicester, 2002.

Le chemin des mots: pour un apprentissage méthodique du vocabulaire français par Danièle Dumarest, Marie-Hélène Morsel, and:Le chemin des mots: livret pédagogique avec corrigé des exercices par Danièle Dumarest, Marie-Hélène Morsel

DUMAREST, DANIÈLE, et MARIE-HÉLÈNE MORSEL. Le chemin des mots: pour un apprentissage méthodique du vocabulaire français. Grenoble: PU de Grenoble, 2004. ISBN 27061 -1112-7. Pp. 183. 20 a. . Le chemin des mots: livret pédagogique avec corrigé des exercices. Grenoble: PU de Grenoble, 2004. ISBN 2-7061-1193-3. Pp. 92. 10 a. This slim but chock-full volume, intended for advanced learners who wish to deepen their knowledge of French vocabulary, lends itself well to classroom use or self-study. Having used the text and answer keys in an advanced language/ linguistics course, I would recommend this excellent resource to teachers seeking systematic activities on the lexical aspects of French. The text contains three unequal parts: 1. Sources of the lexicon (1 chapter, 30 pages, 9 exercises); 2. Morphology (4 chapters, 43 pages, 65 exercises); 3. Semantics (5 chapters, 96 pages, 88 exercises). Chapters include three types of components: a brief theoretical section with explanations of key concepts; mini-glossaries of items such as current Latin expressions, Latin and Greek roots, prefixes and suffixes (more common in part 2); and abundant exercises. The theoretical sections are quite minimal, with the exercises predominating. Theoretical notions treated and illustrated in the exercises include doublets, derivation and composition, nominalization , truncation, and sigles in parts 1 and 2, and hyponyms and hyperonyms, synonymy, characteristics of français branché, periphrases, euphemisms, collocations , antonymy, polysemy, comparisons and metaphors, and homonymy and paronymy in part 3. Exercise types are somewhat varied, the most common being fill-in-the-blank or substitution of a word or expression in a sentence context, using items from one of the glossaries or a word bank. Occasionally, no word bank is provided, but the teacher can easily construct the needed word bank by using the corrigés. Other exercises require explaining the meaning of a given word or expression, usually in a phrasal or sentence context. Also frequent are matching activities, where the items to be matched may be a word and its meaning, a base and a prefix, a simple verb and a paraphrase, or parts of a collocation. In some cases, one member of the pair must be supplied. Other exercises require forming derived words, rewriting sentences using nominalizations, supplying captions for cartoons (onomatopoeia), or filling in a usage chart based on a preceding exercise (e.g., an vs. année). Though the theoretical sections are too concise to stand alone as a linguistics text, they are well done. The real value of the text is in the practical exercises, which provide such a wealth of activities that even focusing only on Morphology, it was impossible to cover all of the exercises in a semester course. I anticipate using a number of the exercises when I next teach our advanced composition course. Particularly useful for teaching concepts such as precision and variation in lexical choice would be the exercises on nominalization and discourse organization, on the THE FRENCH REVIEW, Vol. 85, No. 1, October 2011 Printed in U.S.A. REVIEWS Methods and Materials edited by Sarah Jourdain 160 passe partout verbs faire, mettre, and il y a (substituting more precise terms), and on synonyms of dire and voir/regarder. The book’s layout is attractive, and the tone is playful, making good use of humor in its cartoon illustrations. Aside from an occasional typographical error, the only real annoyance is an occasional discrepancy between the text and the answer key. Given the advanced nature of the text (the authors indicate it could be useful for “lycéens et étudiants de premier cycle de lettres”), students will need to do dictionary research in order to complete many of the exercises. Ideally, this would be a collaborative effort, with each student assigned certain items and sharing the results of their research through a course Web site. Concordance activities would also be helpful for providing more examples in context. Finally, while the text is a valuable resource for vocabulary building, it will be best used in conjunction with other course materials providing activities of a more communicative nature. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Betsy J. Kerr JANSMA, KIMBERLY, and MARGARET ANN KASSEN. Motifs. 5th...

Review of Gottlieb & Mogensen (2007): Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice: Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography

Review of Gottlieb & Mogensen (2007): Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice: Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography

Historical dictionaries and historical dictionary research

Julie Coleman and Anne McDermott (Editors). Historical Dictionaries and Historical Dictionary Research: Papers from the International Conference on Historical Lexicography and Lexicology at the University of Leicester, 2002. 2004, vii + 224 pp. Lexicographica. Series Maior 123. ISBN 3-484-39123-5 (Pb.). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. Price: €68.

Reflections on the mediostructure in special-field dictionaries. also according to the example of the dictionary for lexicography and dictionary research

Reflections on the mediostructure in special-field dictionaries. also according to the example of the dictionary for lexicography and dictionary research

The dictionary of lexicography and dictionary research

This article presents a brief explanation of the current state of the work on the Wörterbuch zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung. It is done in a way that gives a general impression of the structure of this multivolume specialised dictionary. Keywords: alphabetical equivalent index, functional cross-reference article stretch, specialised dictionary

Borrowed Words in English and Chinese Vocabulary

Borrowed words are the products of language development and cultural contact. This paper probes into the brief study of borrowed words in both English and Chinese vocabulary. At the very beginning it generally introduces issues being covered, and the following two parts center on the study of borrowed words on the basis of dictionary research. Later, this paper figures out the significance of borrowed words study for EFL (English as Foreign Language) learners, particularly those Chinese ones, and gives some advice for borrowed words learning.

Collocations in Swedish Dictionaries and Dictionary Research

Collocations in Swedish Dictionaries and Dictionary Research

Leaving Parnassus: The Lyric Subject in Verlaine and Rimbaud (review)

Reviewed by: Leaving Parnassus: The Lyric Subject in Verlaine and Rimbaud Adrianna M. Paliyenko Whidden, Seth. Leaving Parnassus: The Lyric Subject in Verlaine and Rimbaud. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007. Pp. 230. ISBN 978-90-420-2210-2. Seth Whidden, who has recently produced excellent modern editions of Marie Krysinska's Rythmes pittoresques (Exeter up, 2003) and Wallace Fowlie's translation of Rimbaud's complete works (u of Chicago p, 2005), makes a valuable contribution to modern nineteenth-century poetry studies with his new book on the crisis of the lyric subject in Verlaine and Rimbaud. The Parnassian movement, taken as the historical point of departure for the study and as the core point of æsthetic reference for Verlaine and Rimbaud's respective poetic projects, provides a fresh critical framework for an illuminating analysis of each poet's subversion of a unified creative voice. This study, which eschews biographically inflected interpretation to focus on discursive practice, charts pivotal departures from Parnassian poetry in Verlaine and Rimbaud as crystallizing, æsthetic turns in their modern conceptions of poetic subjectivity. Introductory comments sketch out salient features of semiotic approaches to poetic language à la Kristeva et Meschonnic that, together with recent "genetic criticism" focused on textual stages of a creative work, inform the emphasis in this study on the organic construction of poetic subjectivity as an æsthetic, rather than a biographical, stance. "For both Verlaine and Rimbaud," Whidden argues, "the destabilized situation of the lyric subject is a direct response to and reaction against the traditional modes of subject/object relations that characterized Parnassian poetry" (14). Chapter 1, "The Dominance of Parnassian Poetry," cogently presents not only the origins and tenets of le Parnasse, but also offers historical and textual evidence that extends this "neo-classical movement" beyond the advent of French Symbolism into the latter decades of the century (19, 23-43). This incisive broadening of the traditional chronology of the dominant poetic movements in the nineteenth century squarely places aspiring poets Verlaine and Rimbaud in the Parnassian shadow and offers an intriguing vantage point from which to view, at the level of poetic discourse, their respective sujets-en-procès. In Chapter 2, "Verlaine's Identities," Whidden reconsiders Verlaine's Parnassian phase, as encapsulated by several poems from "Melancholia" (from the 1866 collection Poèmes saturniens), to reveal "there lies a poet searching for his voice underneath the Parnassian exterior, unsure of his recently adopted poetic identity" (46-47). With discerning textual readings of subversive prosodic practice in Verlaine's Parnassianera poems that blurs the crisp distinction between the Parnassian subject and object, Whidden shows that "Verlaine's poetry involves the poetic subject's search for identity through interaction with its object" (68). For Whidden, "this project extends throughout Verlaine's entire poetic work and is but one phase within the larger context of a constantly evolving search for poetic subjectivity" (68), from La Bonne Chanson to Romance sans paroles to Femmes/Hombres. In his sustained analysis of "an æsthetics composed of an unstable subject who defines his self [. . .] in terms of his object" (69), from the sublime to the profane, Whidden exposes multiple paths of poetic expression departing from le Parnasse while leading to the "degeneracy of the lyric subject in Verlaine's poetry" (117). The third and final chapter, "Rimbaud, Beyond Time and Space," demonstrates [End Page 341] against the Parnassian grain a novel way of thinking through the construction of the lyric subject in Rimbaud, from his early verse to the Illuminations. Whidden frames the displacement of traditional categories of time and space in Rimbaud with an astute reading of the voyant's celebrated dictum, "Je est un autre" and, through ensuing close textual analysis of Rimbaud's æsthetic stance, productively illustrates that "Rimbaud situates the lyric subject not only as an other, but also in another place, in a place that is other, particularly in terms of time and space" (125). Drawing on painstaking research in dictionaries and his thorough knowledge of Rimbaud criticism, Whidden aptly opens up along temporal and spatial lines Rimbaud's "dérèglement de tous les sens" (125-31). Initial ruptures with standard categories of time and space and, by extension, from the strictures of...

الاتجاهات الجديدة في التأليف المعجمي: حالة الفنون(باللغة الانجليزية).

This study focuses on lexicography as a practical professional activity, as well as a theoretical academic discipline, on the other hand, and the influence of information technology on lexicography on the other hand. In the introduction, the lexicographic scene is surveyed since the time when Samuel Johnson produced hi Dictionary of the English Language in 1755. the term ‘ lexicography’ is defined, and some other important terms, such as metalexicography, dictionary history, dictionary typology, and so on. The introduction concludes with a reference to the objectives of the study. The second part of the study deals with lexicography as practice, which maps dictionary research as a whole. This part refers also involves the art of dictionary making, dictionary compilation and the different stages of the project, and finally dictionary structure which refers to the manner in which the component parts of a dictionary are related to each other and the whole. Part three of the study deals with lexicography as theory, which maps dictionary research as a whole. This part refers also to the main players of the lexicography scene, such as the compilers, the user/student, the teacher/ the researcher. It refers to the pedagogical aspects of lexicography, and concludes with the contrast between lexicography and other linguistic disciplines, with special reference to translation. The final part of this study refers to the influence of computer technology on lexicography both as practice and as research. It describes how computerization has facilitated the design, the development, and the analyses of corpora that are more complete and reliable. This part concludes with a reference to the different types of electronic dictionaries, and their pedagogical.

A Semantic Concept Operation Based on Fuzzy Document Ordering System and its Application to Reuter Database

A fuzzy document ordering system (FOCUS) with a shrink operation is proposed to classify vast unknown documents on the Worldwide Web by changing the user’s viewpoint in hierarchical semantic concept structures. The shrink operation, a FOCUS semantic concept, is defined based on the user’s preference vector space and its hierarchical semantic concept structures developed using the concept System Dictionary (CSD) of the Japan Electronic Dictionary Research Institute (EDR). We demonstrate the effectiveness of the shrink operation in document ordering experiments by 5 subjects a using 20 known and 40 unknown documents extracted from the Reuter-21578 Database, i.e., shrinkage of the user’s preference vector space. We confirmed that precision obtained by FOCUS with the shrink operation exceeds that obtained by the conventional method without the shrink operation by over 20%. Processing time by our proposal is just 1/18 that of the conventional method (Pentium III, 550 MHz, Memory 256 MB).