Terminological Dictionaries Research Articles

Polish-English Basic Dictionary of Archaeological Terminology of Modern Tobacco Pipe Findings with Elements of Pipe Production and Tobacco Smoking in the Modern Period

The aim of this work is to present the translation of professional terminology concerning tobacco pipes acquired by excavation methods, supplementing the already existing term base of concepts with a Polish-English translation, important in the context of the current research on this subject. This dictionary is a translation of the basic terms used in English-language works (also used in works of researchers from Central and Eastern Europe) concerning descriptions of tobacco pipe remains (based on finds of stub-stemmed pipes, one-piece clay pipes and porcelain pipes) in archaeological research, the production of such paraphernalia and elements of history of tobacco smoking, which were additionally supplemented with terms currently used in Polish archaeological literature. This dictionary should be treated as a contribution to further work on standardisation of European archaeological terminology, which should provide an aid for both specialists and enthusiasts reaching for professional literature on antique pipes.

Логістичний потенціал: до питання термінології

The article emphasizes Ukrainian terminology streamlining importance for the area of logistics and supply chain management. It is noted that cooperation of linguists-terminologists and logistics specialists should be considered as a prerequisite for terminological work of high quality. First group’s responsibilities include elaboration and presentation of the term resulting into reducing its semantic content by fitting the scope into boundaries of vocabulary definition; logistics professionals on the other hand are responsible for developing scientific discourse maximizing scientific concept contents. Logistics terminology problem gets into focus of every searcher researching logistics and supply chain management problems. Exploration results are rather representing semantic content of a term than polishing it by aiming at unambiguous and clear definition of the term, its conciseness. The streamlining of Ukrainian terminology in logistics is likely to draw experts’ attention to qualitative component of the problem concerning terms unification. And it seems reasonable to start with common terms, such as "logistics potential" being the object of this study. The paper aims at supplementing the scientific discourse on the term "logistics potential" with its subsequent unification. General objectives include (1) carrying out a comparative and critical analysis for the scientific concept of "logistics potential" by means of existing developments of domestic scientific schools and (2) proposing unified term for "logistics potential" suitable for further codification in the terminology dictionary. As a result, a visual representation of "logistics potential" concept is being provided; the author's definition of the term "logistic potential" is being formulated; the need for "logistics system", "capability", "symbiosis", "resilience" and "progress" categories usage is being explained as the most suitable for revealing the content as well as helpful for achieving conciseness of the term.

Dictionary of basic indexing terminology

This multilingual dictionary of basic and most-used indexing terminology consists of six languages: English, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, and French. There is a group-ordered version according to topic and an alphabetically ordered one sorted on the English terms. Resources as well as language specifics and idiosyncrasies are discussed.

THE PECULIARITIES OF COMPILING THE “GERMAN-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY OF TERMINOLOGY OF LIFE SAFETY”

The article deals with the principles of compiling the “German-Ukrainian Dictionary of Terminology of Life Safety” and selection pecularities of the lexical material such as the principles of compliance with the goals and objectives of learning, frequency, word-forming value of the term, associative value, subjectivity and semantics. Compilation of the dictionary involves many stages: analysis of existing dictionaries, research of the needs of the addressee, determination of requirements and future characteristics of the dictionary, development of its macro- and microstructure, collection of lexical material, design of dictionary articles, selection of translation equivalents, ordering of the dictionary in accordance with the developed structure, editing, checking the compliance of the received product with the set goals. The author offers the most productive and speed methods of compiling a dictionary with the help of BootCat generation program and Morphy program of paradigms synthesis, which allowed to single out 20,000 terms of the professional language of life safety in the shortest time and find their Ukrainian equivalents. The generation of a body of texts is carried out with S. Sharoff’s method, which provides the search for professional texts with the help of randomly combined four basic terms. This ensures the organization of a homogeneous selection of thematically related texts from the Internet (manuals, reference books, scientific articles, newspaper reports, instructions, sights, abstracts and annotations of articles, etc.). The obtained texts are processed with the help of the Morphy paradigm synthesis program, which automatically assigns all possible grammatical categories to each word in the sentence, and compiles the initial list of terminological dictionary. The next task is to provide equivalent words in the language of translation, able to accurately convey the semantics of the register word. Consequently, in the hands of the user of the dictionary, there is a certain linguistic model of the German professional language of life safety in its equivalent reproduction in the Ukrainian language. The presence of such an initial model will allow the user to perceive adequately scientific texts and, thus, successfully expand their scientific and conceptual apparatus in the future. Key words: dictionary, term, German professional language of life safety, terminological system, lexicography, synthesis of paradigms.

THE SYSTEM OF EXERCISES FOR TEACHING ORAL CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETING

The aim of our study was to create a system of exercises for teaching interpretation in the language pair "German-Ukrainian", due to the emergence of new standards for the quality of professional training of interpreters. In our article we used theoretical and empirical research methods: critical analysis of scientific literature on translation studies, methods of professional training of translators; educational documents and textbooks in higher education institutions; monitoring the organization of interpretation training in higher education institutions; observation of the organization of interpretation training in the Free Economic Zone; survey of translation teachers in order to study the state of professional training of applicants for higher education; questionnaires, self-assessment of future translators in order to identify the probable level of their professional competence. At the initial stage of the study, a survey of both higher education and translation teachers was conducted in order to identify priority areas of professional interpretation of an interpreter, to select relevant material and develop a system of exercises to develop skills and skills of interpretation within the discipline "Fundamentals of Interpreting", which is taught in the 3rd year (180 hours, 6 credits). The subject component of the content of interpretation training is limited on the basis of the results of the questionnaire in the following areas: social, political, as well as the field of culture and education. According to the stages of interpretation training, a system of exercises consisting of three subsystems has been developed. These include exercises for: 1) the formation of special skills of interpretation; 2) automation of skills and formation of special and strategic skills; 3) development of special and strategic skills. The material for the development of these exercises was authentic German-language online sources in the field of culture and education, as well as social and political spheres of human activity (official websites of Deutsche Welle, the European Commission, the website of the Federal Chancellor and the President of Germany; private podcast Annik Rubens Slow German mit Annik Rubens, printed publications in online format: Bild, Zeit, Spiegel, die Welt, Frankfurter Allgemeine, as well as online terminological dictionaries. The total amount of practical tasks for translation and exercises for the formation and automation of special skills of interpretation and development of strategic skills is 200 units, which are offered as a basis for the conclusion of methodological development for teaching interpretation in the 3rd year. Key words: consecutive interpreting, professional competence of an interpreter, system of exercises, stages of training, groups of exercises.

Methodological Aspects in Creating a Bilingual Polish-Ukrainian Terminological Dictionary in the Field of Management Communication

Methodological Aspects in Creating a Bilingual Polish-Ukrainian Terminological Dictionary in the Field of Management Communication

Перевод многозначных и синонимичных терминов английского языка: возможности когнитивного подхода

The article describes the problem of translating polysemantic and synonymous investment terms and is studied from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, namely in the light of the prototypes theory, which presupposes the identification of the content core as the best representative of the word's semantics. The subject of the research are the semantic processes taking place in the English term system reflecting investment activity. By the example of the research of term dealer and its synonyms broker and agent, the authors have defined that the meanings of polysemantic and synonymous terms are not isolated, but are united by a meaningful core and develop according to the laws of semantic derivation based on the common language nominative-non-derivative meaning. The authors found that the reduction of translation failures in the transfer of terms is possible due to the competent use of the cognitive context and the correct definition of the content core of the terminological unit. The research is carried out by means of such methods as the prototypical semantics method, a definitional and component analysis. When identifying the content core of a polysemantic term it is first of all necessary to define the average primary meaning of this term on the basis of dictionary definitions. As a result, the most frequent meaning is determined. Then etymological analysis of the meaning is carried out. At the next stage, in order to model the cognitive image of a word, contextual analysis is performed, and metaphorical comparisons are investigated. Based on the obtained data, a content core of the term is formulated generalizing all the derived meanings and demonstrating their connections. The results obtained allow the authors to prove that the meanings of polysemantic and synonymous terms are connected by a single content core and are developed on the basis of a common linguistic meaning. The practical value of the scientific research is in the possibility to use the results of the work in lexicographic practice when compiling terminological dictionaries, and when writing university courses in terminology and translation studies. The identification of a content core is necessary while translating polysemantic and synonymous terms, because it reveals the meaning of the term in the context and defines the choice of a right translation variant.

Prof. M. Ya. Breitman. Dictionary of clinical terminology based on the latest Russian and foreign sources. Issue IV. Ed. Practical Medicine 1929. Price 4 rubles

With the publication of the 4th edition of the dictionary by prof. Breitman, we have completed a great work on medical lexicography. One can disagree with the author's peculiar spelling like "gynecology", "Pasteur", etc., but one can in no way dispute the value and necessity of this manual for our time. The absence of such reference books on the book market, as well as the doctor's ignorance of a foreign language, often puts him in a difficult position when he wants to establish the exact pronunciation, spelling or meaning of a clinical term. Therefore, the dictionary of prof. Breitman will undoubtedly serve for a long time to be a reliable reference in all matters concerning clinical terminology. It is very good that the author also gives an indication of the pronunciation of surnames and proper names. At this point, everyone may be puzzled. The dictionary will solve them. In this note, we will allow ourselves to note some errors and controversies regarding terms in the interest of correcting them for the 2nd edition.

Антропоморфна метафора в англійській термінології ветеринарії

Introduction. The article is devoted to the presentation of the results of the study of metaphorization and the study of metaphorical terms, widely represented in the English terminology of veterinary medicine. The purpose of the article is to represent the features of the anthropomorphic metaphorical name in the English terminology of veterinary medicine. Materials and methods of research. The study of metaphorization as a way of forming English veterinary terms was conducted by us on the basis of lexicographic data recorded in English terminological dictionaries of veterinary medicine. Results of the research. The analysis of lexicographic material allowed to identify four donor domains that served as a source of metaphorical names in the terminology of veterinary medicine: HUMAN, LIVING ORGANISM, NATURAL FACT, ARTIFACT. Conceptual analysis of metaphorical terms of veterinary medicine revealed that one of the most productive metaphors used in the creation of terminological units is anthropomorphic. In anthropomorphic metaphorization, the names are transferred from the donor domain HUMAN to the recipient domain VETERINARY. The article attempts to consider the cognitive basis of anthropomorphic metaphor as one of the mechanisms of creation of veterinary terms in English. Based on the theory of conceptual metaphor, it was found that the sources of anthropomorphic metaphor are the biological characteristics of people, the names of body parts and properties of a living organism. Semantic groups of metaphorical terms formed on the basis of cognitive transfer of tokens related to the structure of the human body, its behavior, inherent qualities, life and way of life in the field of veterinary medicine based on external or functional similarity between donor and recipient domains are considered. Сonclusions. Thus, the study allows us to conclude that the terms-metaphors occupy a certain niche in the terminology of veterinary medicine in English and ensure their effective functioning in the language of veterinarians. Conceptual analysis of metaphorical terms of veterinary medicine revealed that one of the most productive is anthropomorphic metaphor. As a result of anthropomorphic metaphorization, new terms of veterinary medicine are formed on the basis of cognitive transfer of tokens that relate to the social characteristics of a person that determine his appearance, behavior or condition, in the field of veterinary medicine on the basis of external or functional similarity between donor and recipient domains.

SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY LATVIAN TERMINOGRAPHY: CHALLENGES, SOLUTIONS, OPPORTUNITIES

While studying the state of contemporary Latvian terminography, it must be acknowledged that terminological dictionaries are issued very often. The present research examines 450 Latvian terminological dictionaries that have been published in the last 30 years. Terminological dictionaries represent 30–40 % of the entire Latvian lexicography. Their characterization has a wide variety, both in terms of the authors and publishers, in terms of language selection and in terms of target audience. In addition, there are dictionaries approved by the Terminology Commission and dictionaries that are not approved by any official institutions. There is a lack of studies on the habits and needs of term dictionary users. In addition, publications of criticism or analysis about the qualitative performance of such dictionaries are also rare and no criteria has been developed to fully analyse and evaluate the development of terminology’s theory and practice. In this article, the authors have focused on exploring the situation in order to clarify the main trends in the characteristics of the terminography of Latvia. This was done through interviews with representatives of leading publishers who confirmed that the publishing houses are losing interest in issuing terminological dictionaries and discussion with the Chairman of the Terminology Commission of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. The authors have identified the main issues in organising the terminology process and determined answers to specific questions: what determines the dictionaries’ choice and credibility factor; how is feedback sought after a new dictionary is issued; what alternatives exist in areas where terminological dictionaries have been missing for decades, etc. Finally, the study analyses the new Latvian National Terminology Portal, which has been in operation for two years, with an aim to provide information on terms and to allow everyone to participate in the process of creating new terms.

VIEWS ON THE DESCRIPTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF TERMINOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES

This article is devoted to the description and classification of terminological dictionaries, and includes the principles and methods of compiling terminological dictionaries. In addition, the opinions of many lexicographers have been studied. Also, the current issues in the field of lexicography and their role in the field of lexicography are discussed.

Codification of Terminology: a Case Study of English Legal Terms

The present paper is devoted to the phenomenon of codification and the main inconsistencies between the theoretical requirements for a term and actual terminological units found in terminological dictionaries of law. The paper presents the analysis of terms used in the legal sphere. The objective of the research is to identify and classify the inconsistencies that have a direct impact on codification as the last stage of the creation of a terminological dictionary. Particular attention is paid to the study of the content plane of legal terms listed in English terminological dictionaries as well as their expression plane. The authors conclude that at both levels (those of the content plane and the expression plane) and at the level of functioning the inconsist- encies raise important issues concerning further development of both terminography as a field of science and the dictionary-making process taking place today.

THE PROBLEMS OF DUPLICITY IN THE FUNCTIONING OF LEGAL TERMS

The article analyzes the use of legal terms in legislation, in the dictionary of approved terms, in the Kazakh-Russian, Russian-Kazakh terminological dictionaries of the branches of jurisprudence, in the office work and archives of economics and finance.Legal terms were considered and the following general points were highlighted: 1) the use of one term in Russian in two or more variants in the Kazakh language (these variants in the Kazakh language are also used as the equivalent of another term in Russian); 2) the use of one term in the Kazakh language as the equivalent of two or more terms in the Russian language (these variants in Russian are also used as the equivalent of another term in the Kazakh language); 3) the use of one-root or terms formed from the same root in Russian in different versions in the Kazakh language (in addition, there is a translation of the same word with different endings or without them).The article identifies and establishes the reasons for some inconsistencies in the use of legal terms, which are explained by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors (for example, some scientifically grounded conclusions of industry experts, such as: «the factor of tradition», the semantic potential, the descent of terms and etc.); bringing to the forefront the argument about the invariability of the terminology used in the legislative documents; Reflection in approved terminological dictionaries of approved terms, and at the same time not subjected to appropriate unification work; in the research article the main necessary systemic works for eliminating such gaps and shortcomings, which are fundamentally important for the terminology, are listed.

STRUCTURE AND THEORETICAL BASIS OF MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARY

This article is devoted to the description and classification of terminological dictionaries, and includes the principles and methods of compiling terminological dictionaries. In addition, the opinions of many lexicographers have been studied. Also, the current issues in the field of lexicography and their role in the field of lexicography are discussed.

Hrvatsko-mađarske leksikografske veze između 1990.–2020. godine

Croatian-Hungarian dictionaries that have been published in Hungary and Croatia between 1990 and 2020. This paper showcases Croatian-Hungarian dictionaries that have been published in Hungary and Croatia between 1990 and 2020. In the line of publications examples of descriptive, prescriptive, normative, thematic dictionaries and glossaries are found. Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, subject, dialectology, field-specific and terminology dictionaries are thematized and categorized synchronically and diachronically, furthermore, they are analyzed according to notion and meaning criteria and the structure of their entries and lemmas. The matter of e-lexicography and the digitalization of existing physical editions is discussed in tandem with the belonging of the field of lexicology in the education process and the modern curriculum.

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЈА ИСХРАНЕ У ОБРЕДНОЈ ПРАКСИ ВЕЗАНОЈ ЗА КРСНУ СЛАВУ КОД СРБА У ДУНАВСКОЈ КЛИСУРИ (РУМУНИЈА)

The paper will present and analyze the terminology of nutrition in ritual practice, which was and it is still in use among Serbs in the Danube Gorge (Romania). The terminological corpus will be drawn from the field records of the authors of the paper, which were recorded in 2017 in the villages of Divič, Stara Moldava and Belobreška. The terms presented in the paper will be considered within the general context of use. In that way, the significance they have in the ritual-customary practice of the Patron Saint among Serbs in this part of Romania will be shown. Along with the analysis of the field material, the relevant literature related to this area will be consulted. The aim of the paper would be to present the terminological lexicon and thus keep it from oblivion, as well as to show the useful meaning of these terms in the rituals. As a contribution to the work, several recipes of Saint Patron ritual nutrition, from the mentioned villages will be given in the form of transcripts.

Cognitive analysis of terminological system as a methodological basis for creating a special purpose dictionary

Creating field-specific dictionaries, the scholars face multiple challenges, such as delimitation of terminology and inclusion of prepositional phrases into dictionary. This article demonstrates the possibility of using cognitive analysis of the semantics of a term to develop a toolset for creating terminological dictionary. The author provides an overview of the conceptual and thematic analyses of terminology of photonic crystals, which underlie the three methods of systematization of terminological lexis in the dictionary; carries out the analysis of original settings of special dictionaries with cognate field; as well as determines the problems that were taken into account in development of the methods of systematization of terminological lexis in the dictionary. The following systematization of terms was conducted: by donor sciences, by stages of research, and by thematic groups. Each of the described methods or all of them together denote the boundaries of terminological system, determine the place of the term in this terminological system, systematize knowledge on the subject, and contribute to learning new terms. Moreover, such approach towards creating special dictionaries adapts the dictionaries to the needs of researchers, discover the previously unexplored phenomena, and facilitate adding new terms into the dictionary. The relevance of this research lies in development of comprehensive approach towards creation of field-specific dictionaries.

CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF DEFINITION PROBLEM OF LINGUISTIC TERMS WITH A METAPHORICAL BASIS AND AN INCONSTANT INNER FORM

The article deals with the issues of practical development of the macrostructure of the author's electronic dictionary-reference, the materials of which are addressed to researchers, creators of terminological dictionaries, including electronic ones, students of linguistic specialties who study the development of Russian science in the 18th century, practical and computer lexicography. The main work procedures are: viewing and analyzing illustrative materials of the dictionary, searching for a term that defines the area (linguistics) and sub-area (prosody / versification; rhetoric; grammar, etc.) of scientific knowledge; establishment of lexical and semantic relationships of terms, characteristics of the main stages of its development (term, pre-term, competition of terms). Research results: substantiation of the need to include the metaphorical nominations of M. V. Lomonosov in the metalanguage of linguistics in order to popularize scientific linguistic knowledge; replenishment of the fund of the electronic linguistic dictionary being created; establishing the relationship of terms within their terminological field (generic, synonymous relations of terms); substantiation of the functions of one-component (one-word) and multicomponent terms; the study of the functioning of the terms, which are based on common vocabulary; studying the main factors of text formation, including those ones that emphasize the individual features of scientific speech, its creative element, figurative potential, as well as additional factors of text formation associated with linguistic categories such as evaluation, emotion.

TransExplain: Using neural networks to find suitable explanations for Chinese phrases

When reading an article, especially a professional article, we often encounter words or phrases that we don't recognize. They may be specific domain terms or emerging entities. When we can't guess their meaning from the article, we generally refer to the terminology dictionary or search for related content on the Internet to understand them. Some researchers have used natural language generation (NLG) models to explain these unknown phrases in recent years automatically. Still, current NLG models have difficulties generating long sentences with good coherence, and they are difficult to generate multiple sentences that describe unknown phrases from different angles. Therefore, this paper proposes a model that can judge whether an existing sentence can explain a certain phrase, called TransExplain. TransExplain can use LSTM, convolutional neural network, and attention mechanism to extract multiple sentence features and map them to a fixed-dimensional semantic feature vector. By calculating the cosine similarity between the semantic feature vector and the unknown phrase vector, it is judged whether the sentence can explain the semantics of the unknown phrase. And a loss function called positive and negative means square error is introduced to improve the model's ability that distinguishes negative examples. For this task, we provided a Chinese dataset containing phrases and explanation pairs in 7 important domains. On this dataset, TransExplain can achieve better results than previous similar tasks.

Some theoretical aspects of the systematic study of fossil ostracods (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the context of species problems in palaeontology

Theoretical contributions into the systematics and taxonomy of fossil ostracods conducted according to unified methodological stands have resolved some key problems of paleontology. For example, this is a problem of species and its derivatives, namely the identification of species, the estimation of the taxonomic weight of morphological characters, the determination of diagnostic characters of different taxonomic ranks, and taxa diagnoses. The unification of the terminology and the formalization of morphological description of fossil shells made it possible to estimate the taxonomic weight of morphological elements. A scheme to identify the rank of taxonomic characters (pyramid principle) has been developed. A unified terminological dictionary has been prepared to describe the morphological elements of ostracod shells in detail.