Dictionaries Of Polish Language Research Articles

Leksyka związana z przygotowaniem piwa w poznańskich inwentarzach mieszczańskich z lat 1528-1601

The article aims to show Poznań bourgeois inventories as a source for studying lexis related to beer production. The excerpted vocabulary has been classified into lexical-semantic fields by means of textual and lexical meanings derived from the Dictionary of Polish Language of the 16th century. The possibility of supplementing the dictionary resources by lexical material obtained from the inventories has also been indicated – these are new meanings and numerous new attestations, especially relevant for lexemes recorded in the dictionary several times. The analysis was supplemented by a commentary on the origin of the lexica.

In Quest of Influences of Polish Language Dictionaries on the Oldest Polish Sign Language Dictionary

Abstract The paper examines whether the authors of the very first Polish Sign Language dictionary, Słownik mimiczny dla głuchoniemych i osób z nimi styczność mających ‘A gestural dictionary for deaf and dumb and persons who have contact with them’, published in 1879, may have been influenced by any of the spoken Polish monolingual dictionaries available at that time. As there is no historical documentation about the circumstances in which Słownik mimiczny was compiled, the inquiry necessarily relies exclusively on internal evidence: comparison of headword spelling, alphabetical ordering, direction of cross-references and the content of sample entries. The results indicate that such influence, if any, was only minor, and that the lexicographic strategies applied in Słownik mimiczny most likely resulted from the authors’ knowledge of Polish Sign Language and teaching practice.

Barokowa polszczyzna w internecie, czyli Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku

BAROQUE POLISH IN THE INTERNET OR THE ELECTRONIC DICTIONARY OF POLISH IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES In 2021, the Electronic Dictionary of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries (e-SXVII) was given the 4th edition Award of the Linguistics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of linguistics. The award was granted in the category of team work carried out by Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński PhD together with the Studio of the History of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries IJP PAN under his management, where e-SXVII is being created. The dictionary has been recognized as “an achievement in producing linguistic resources or tools”. The article reports on the history of the studio and introduces the evolution of conceptual works, especially after the decision to suspend further publication of SXVII in paper form (2004) and transform it into the first Polish dictionary created initially in the electronic form. It also deals with detailed issues regarding the canon of sources, structure and content (shape) of individual elements of the entry and media structure, and relations with other digital collections (especially the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th Centuries). The authors of the article also describe an important IT tool created for the needs of this dictionary.

Functional profile of the lexeme ot in contemporary Polish: A cross-linguistic examination

The Polish lexeme ot, which has no direct English translation, is an expression used mainly in fictional writing. Over the past several hundred years, ot has changed its function and use. Most of the Polish language dictionaries consulted for this paper define the lexeme as a tool for indicating the speaker’s opinion that the subject matter at hand is trivial or insignificant. In one dictionary, ot is also defined as a deictic word. These definitions present only a general picture of the use of ot in modern-day Polish and do not fully account for the lexeme’s functions in individual contexts. This study seeks to create a detailed functional profile for ot by examining its English equivalents. Acting as convenient labels for or paraphrases of the lexeme’s functions, the equivalents are believed to be particularly helpful in identifying these functions. This study provides evidence that in contemporary Polish, ot is used as both a discourse marker (DM) and a deictic expression, yet there is a considerable imbalance between these two broad roles, with the former being the role that notably prevails. As a DM, the lexeme serves several specific functions, such as signalling insignificance, exemplification or explanation. In a wider context, this paper shows how a translation-based study may inform research on the functional potential of semantically elusive items.

Polish Phraseology in the Dictionaries: Dominant Features of Macro and Micro Structures

The article is devoted to phraseological dictionaries of Polish language, which are considered first of all from the point of view of phraseology’s presentation and criteria of its selection. The differences of authors and editors’ approaches to phraseology apportionment and description are discussed. There is underlined the aspect of complementarity of phraseological dictionaries and its social utility. The attention is paid to the differences of composition and presentation’s methods which mostly depend on the authors and editors lexicographical views.

Życie w mieście na podstawie leksykalnej analizy kronik lwowskiego „Kuriera Porannego” z 1928 r.

The purpose of the article is the reconstruction of fragmentary picture of life in Lviv 93 years ago. The material basis are the chronicles from archive issues of „Morning Courier” from 1928, available in the Library of Lviv National University of Ivan Franko. The definition and function of press chronicle is assumed in the article according to Magdalena Pietrzak genologic research. The attention was paid to the creative character of the media communication and the sociolinguistic understanding of the city as a specific place in the social space (acc. to Kwiryna Handke). The example material was classified according to semantic aspects included in lexical definition of the noun life (above all economic, craftsman, business, political, cultural, religious => social life) codified in The Great Dictionary of Polish Language edited by Piotr Żmigrodzki in the online version.

Dictionaries of Polish language for the youngest children as an example of adapting lexicographic description and editorial model to a young user

The article discusses six dictionaries of the Polish language for preschool and early school-aged children published in Poland over the period of 1981–2015. The aim of the analysis was to indicate how the resources were adapted to the needs and competencies of a child user. It takes into account the scope and presentation of information about lexemes, paratexts and metatexts included in the dictionaries, as well as the editorial model and typographic solutions.

O pracach nad słownikami fleksyjnymi

The article presents the process of using the author’s and his associates’ experiences on the works of the academic Grammar of contemporary Polish language in creating inflexive Polish language dictionaries from a small book publishing in 1993 to a great dictionary designed and published in digital form in 2001. It reports the stages of narrowing the classification and description of the Polish inflexion categories in a way that makes it a basis to shape it into a computer program by the IT specialists from the AGH University of Science and Technology cooperating with the linguists; furthermore, it provides a sample of studies on expanding the dictionary with a multi-segment lexical units, meaning Polish idioms.

Frontowik, gławnowierch, opołczeniec, czyli rosyjska terminologia wojskowa w międzywojennej prasie warszawskiej

Russified words concerning army field have been presented in the given article. They were excerpted from “Tygodnik Ilustrowany”. The author explores all annuals of the questioned newspaper, namely the period 1918–1939. She tried to interpret in a semantic way the collected lexical russicisms in respect of their definitions in definitional dictionaries of Polish language, in etymological dictionaries and in other sources. The following topic groups concerning the army were distinguished taking into consideration the noted lexicon, topic groups differing as far as the meaning is concerned: weapon names, military reinforcement, divisions and subdivisions, rank and military occupational specialty, soldiers designation and armies names. Formal and semantic borrowings dominated in the field. Word-formative calques were found on the second place. Semantic calques represented the smallest group.

O frazeologii w słownikach historycznych języka polskiego z XIX i początku XX wieku

O frazeologii w słownikach historycznych języka polskiego z XIX i początku XX wieku

THE DICTIONARY STRUCTURE FOR EFFECTIVE WORD SEARCH

In the paper some issues connected with indexing documents in the Polish language are discussed. Algorithms for stemming and part of speech tagging, important in the process of text analysis and indexing are shortly described. Next their suitability to the Polish language, which has a very extensive inflection, is discussed. The usefulness for stemming and part of speech tagging of large dictionaries with inflected forms, like WordNet and open-source dictionary of Polish language is also described. Two dictionary structures enabling effective word searching are presented. In the final part, some tests of implemented two dictionary structures are described. Tests were made on the six actual and three crafted artificial texts. At the end conclusions of performed tests are formulated.

Wartości w języku biznesu: nowe znaczenia. Analiza wybranych przykładów

Values in the business language: New meanings. The analysis based on selected examplesThe topic of this article is the usage in business language of seven particular words describing values or positively evaluated in this language morality, sensitivity, excellence, loyalty, sentiment, execution, aggressive. The major part of the paper is dedicated to adetailed comparative analysis of these new meanings, based on the variety of examples taken from the Polish business language. The meanings of these words, as observed in business language, vary greatly as noted based on five Polish language dictionaries published in the 21st century, used for comparison. In most cases those new meanings of the examined words are not mentioned in the analysed dictionaries. In the final section of the text the author comments on the values discourse in business language operational dimension, utility approach, ambition to measure and control the values, potential influence of value-words as used in business language on the common Polish language as well as the question whether these new meanings should be included in Polish language dictionaries.

Terminy: piorun, błyskawica, grzmot a problemy translatorskie ze starożytnymi pismami łacińskimi, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem kwestii religijno-prawnych (wybrane przykłady)

<p>Tłumacze autorów łacińskich z przełomu I w. p.n.e. i I w. mieli i nadal mogą mieć trudności w prawidłowym przekładzie terminów<strong>: </strong>piorun, błyskawica, grzmot. Może być to spowodowane zarówno brakiem jednoznacznej definicji w literaturze przedmiotu (S. Chromow, 1969, A. Woś 1996, T. Niedźwiedź 2003), w słownikach języka polskiego (M. S. Linde, W. Doroszewski, S. Dubiński), etymologicznych (W. Boryś, A. Brückner) oraz wyrazów bliskoznacznych (A. S.Krasiński, S. Skorupka) i frazeologicznym (S. Skorupka), jak i niebudzącej wątpliwości translacji tych wyrazów w słownikach łacińsko-polskich (M. Plezia, J. Korpanty, J. Sondel). Problem pogłębia słowo „grom”, które w różnych opracowaniach i słownikach może być synonimem pioruna lub grzmotu.</p><p>Jednakże poprawny przekład tych trzech terminów meteorologicznych jest ważny kiedy zajmujemy się starożytnym Rzymem i jego recepcją. Gdyż w tym okresie piorun, błyskawica, grzmot często pojawiały się w utworach autorów łacińskich nie tylko przy opisie przyrody, ale również w kontekście religijnym. Odgrywały one bowiem ważną rolę we wróżbiarstwie, które było nieodłącznym elementem wierzeń. Brano także pod uwagę przede wszystkim to, co augurowie mogli zobaczyć, a nie tylko usłyszeć i dlatego uważa się, z tego właśnie powodu kapłani w czasie składania ofiar mieli zakryte głowy. Wróżby z kolei ściśle wiązały się również z szeroko rozumianym życiem politycznym. Należy pamiętać, że wszyscy byli zobowiązani do wykonywania ściśle określonych form kultu, niedopatrzenie czy zaniechanie miało swoje konsekwencje religijne oraz prawne. Nadrzędną zasadę przy komicjach podał Cyceron, brzmiała ona: „Iove tonante, fulgurante comitia populi nefas” („Kiedy Jowisz grzmi i ciska pioruny (a może jak chce Rykaczewski „błyska”), nie godzi się odbywać zgromadzeń ludowych” – w przekładzie Kornatowskiego). A jedną z najstarszym form wróżbiarstwa były auspicia ex caelo, które polegały na obserwacji takich zjawisk jak wyładowania atmosferyczne.</p><p>Dotychczasowe publikacje z przedmiotu skupiały się głównie na omówieniu znaczenia tych zjawisk lub innych znaków wróżebnych w różnych kontekstach (m.in. T. Zieliński M. Jaczynowska, J. Linderski, H. Kowalski) jednak nie zajmowały się szczegółowo omawianym problemem. Zatem celem pracy było przeczytanie trzech słowników łacińsko-polskich i znalezienie wyrazów łacińskich tłumaczonych na język polski jako: piorun, błyskawica, grzmot i grom. Następnie zestawiono je i do większości z nich dołączono przykłady ze źródeł. Słów takich jest ponad 70. Ponadto poddano analizie również niektóre fragmenty z pism, które nastręczają trudności przy tłumaczeniu (m.in. z Cycerona, Lukrecjusza i Wergiliusza).</p>Z rozważań nad problemem wysunięto następujące wnioski: jeżeli przekładany wyraz ma wiele znaczeń a zależy nam na zachowaniu rymów należałoby zrobić przypis jaki termin meteorologiczny mamy na myśli, szczególnie w przypadku kiedy użyjemy słowa „grom”. Ponadto wskazane jest wzięcie pod uwagę naukową definicję danego wyrazu.

Językowy obraz społeczeństwa w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce

The author, whose writings were founded on basic assumptions of the cognitive definition, shows how language shaped the picture of Polish society after 1989. It was when the social movement ‘Solidarity’ brought about a revolution not only in a socio-political life but also in ‘the language situation of Poles.’ As main resources the author uses various but mutually supplementary types of system data (S) gathered from dictionaries of Polish language and text data (T) chosen from high-volume, opinion-forming and ideologically varied magazines and journals as well as the National Corpus of Polish. After 1989 mainly socio-political dimension of a society is visible in a public discourse. The still living idea of civil society is brought to the fore. This type of the society is identified with a free cooperation of citizens, accomplishment of common targets and interests, absolute opportunity to organize unions, gatherings and associations as well as possibility to actively take action in those organizations. The printing press pays less attention to a pluralistic society in the 90’s. Instead, a dissidence of dialogist society vs. monologist society starts to be clearly visible as a result of political and socio-medial transformations which lead to direct communication as well as a reliable and credible flow of information. In addition to that, a society seen from the perspective of existence begins to arise. It is mainly shown against a social disproportion, financial poverty, and fear of becoming redundant or weakening of social rank. From the perspective of a culture and history society is perceived to be in a bad shape. The emphasis then falls on common cultural heritage, tradition and habits or communication in one language.

Adama Stanisława Krasińskiego zapomniany Słownik synonimów polskich i jego poprzednicy

On Adam Stanisław Krasiński’s forgotten Słownik synonimów polskich and its predecessorsThe paper consists of two parts. The first one covers characteristics of dictionaries (dated from XVIth to XIXth century), groups of synonyms regarding mainly the Latin (e.g. Gradus ad Parnassum), which also include equivalents of national languages (especially the Calagius three-language dictionary was examined and Czech-Latin dictionaries of synonyms dated XVIth century). The second part of the paper is a discussion over methodology of the first Slavic dictionary of synonyms (Słownik synonimów polskich [Dictionary of Polish Synonyms]) by A. S. Krasiński. Not-elaborated in details so far (in the subject-matter literature) the dictionary combines a few types of dictionaries (apart from the dictionary of synonyms): general dictionary of Polish language, dictionary of phrasal verbs, language correctness dictionary, book of quotations and proverbs and translational dictionary.

Kobieca cnota. Próba zrozumienia ewolucji znaczenia cnoty na przestrzeni wieków

Feminine virtue. An attempt at understanding the evolution of the meaning of cnota (virtue) over the centuriesThe article is devoted to the evolution of the meaning of the Polish lexeme cnota (virtue) starting from the Old Polish to the present time. The starting point is the change in the meaning of the lexeme virtue from the ‘complex of ethical qualities’ in the Old Polish language to the ‘hymen’ in the twentieth century. From the beginning of the Polish language, the lexeme virtue contained a different catalogue of values in relation to men and women. Analysis concerned these meanings which referred to a woman and were related to the valuation not only of the virtue, but also of a woman in general, taking into consideration non-linguistic, social and cultural determinants. The material comes from historical and contemporary Polish language dictionaries. The studies also included the use of lexemes related to the lexem cnota (virtue), such as an adjective cnotliwy (virtuous) or a noun cnotka (would-be virgin, goody-goody), if they concerned the woman‘s virtue. The meaning of the lexeme virtue in relation to a woman was associated with virginity, chastity, considered as a key factor for determining the value of a woman. Such meaning, associated with a positive valuation of virtue persisted until the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the broad importance of the lexeme virtue has fallen into disuse, the meaning has been narrowed to ‘virginity’. Following this, in connection with social and customary changes, the virtue, already as ‘virginity’, lost its traditional high rating in the category of moral values.

Techniczno-leksykograficzna notatka o kompozycjach typu owocowo-warzywny

The note discusses words such as owocowo-warzywny (‘fruit and vegetable’), warzywno-owocowy (‘vegetable and fruit’), naukowo-badawczy (‘science-research’) etc. which are very frequent in source texts on which lexicographers base their general dictionaries of Polish. The author examines the theoretical status of these expressions in selected Polish language dictionaries (with special reference to Słownik wileński and Słownik warszawski).

Gwarowe nazwy ubiorów w „Słowniku warszawskim”

The article discusses slang lexis related to garment names, documented in Słownik języka polskiego [Dictionary of Polish Language] by Jan Karłowicz, Adam Kryński, and Władysław Niedźwiedzki (vols. I–VIII, Warszawa 1900–1927). Many of the words are unknown to literary Polish of the first decades of the 20th century, and some differ in their pronunciation, structure, or meaning from garment dictionary used in standard Polish. As the research suggests, the slang material documented in the dictionary is not only rich, but also varied in terms of form and meaning. Characteristically, many words are unstable. Słownik warszawski contains particularly many words for outer garments. Unfortunately, the editing layout of entries in the dictionary makes it impossible to localize the origin of each garment name, and consequently to link it to a particular slang. The explanations of words in the dictionary are usually very short, which often not enough to reconstruct the look and purpose of a garment.

Zu den litauischen Lehnwörtern in ausgewählten Wörterbüchern der polnischen Sprache

This paper examines the frequency of words of Lithuanian origin in selected, recently published, Polish language dictionaries. The conducted research shows that the frequency of such words is low. There are only three Lithuanisms in the S l ownik etymologiczny j e zyka polskiego by W. Boryś and in the S l ownik etymologiczny j e zyka polskiego by K. Dlugosz-Kurczabowa there are none. The low frequency of these words is discussed in many scholarly works, both those on Polish literary language and those on the Polish language in the Kresy area (the eastern borderlands). This paper tries to establish the reasons behind this situation. The reasons are, as the subject literature shows, historical, geographical, practical, aesthetic, cultural and administrative in nature.

Spiszu czy Spisza?

This paper’s purpose is to discuss the reason for the appearance and frequency of the two possessive variant forms of the geographic name Spisz. The alternation in possessive form usage of Spisz results from the appearance, in the eighteenth century, of the word Spiż, which was inflected to Spiżu, in contrast to Spisz, which was first inflected Spisza, then also Spiszu by analogy to Spiżu. Despite the elimination of the form Spiż in the beginning of the XX century and the return to its original name Spisz, Polish language dictionaries recommend the usage of Spiszu as the correct possessive form. However, in practice both forms of Spiszu and Spisza are used (with the dominance of the form Spisza), as the examples in the article show. The dissonance between the dictionaries’ recommendation and practice points to the need to standardize the possessive form used. The author makes several arguments, suggesting either the change of the recommended possessive form from Spiszu to Spisza or at a minimum the acceptance of both variants of Spiszu and Spisza in possessive usage.