Dictionary Of Current English Research Articles

Echoic Verbs as Means of Expressing Semelfactive/Multiplicative Meanings in Contemporary English

The article discusses the problem of semelfactive and multiplicative verbs in contemporary English. We state that most of semelfactive/multiplicative verbs are of sound-imitating origin. On the basis of four dictionaries (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2003), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (2000), Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (2008), Webster Universal College Dictionary (1997)), 285 echoic verbs were singled out. Our intention was to study the echoic verbs as the main means of expressing either semelfactive or multiplicative, or both, meanings according to the context within the framework of Smith’s (1997) theory of aspect in which five situation types, namely states, activities, achievements, accomplishments, and semelfactives are distinguished. The results of the research contribute to the study of verbal plurality in English. According to the suggested semantic classification, the analyzed verbs were subdivided into three main groups: echoic verbs denoting a sound, the source of which is a person, a thing or nature. The results of the empirically-based study are reflected in the quantitative analysis of the English echoic verbs, which concludes that verbs denoting sounds caused by a thing are used most frequently, verbs denoting sounds produced by a living being are used more seldom, and verbs denoting sounds of nature are least commonly used. Echoic verbs can also be used as part of light verb constructions, where the singular form of a deverbal noun indicates a semelfactive meaning, while the plural form expresses a multiplicative one.

ДЕФИНИЦИОННЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЙ ЕДИНИЦЫ «POLITICIAN»

This article refers to a study of basic semantic characteristics of the “politician” image in modern lexicographic issues. Basic semantic characteristics can help us to form the core of the investigated image for the subsequent determination of additional semantic characteristics that appear at different language levels. The definitions were selected according to the materials of the most authoritative lexicographic issues, which include such explanatory dictionaries as the Oxford Dictionary of Current English, Collins Cobuild advances Learner's English Dictionary, Concise Oxford English Dictionary, Merriam Webster Dictionary. Modern politicians differ significantly in their characteristics from those of past years, however, the basic characteristics remain the same.

Performing Non-sexism via Degendering Phoric Forms in English: The Gap between Rules and Practice as Observed in the 9th Edition of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English

Non-sexism is one of the outstanding and obvious proofs of how social and cultural changes are taken into account in the English language. However, it is still a usage problem for natives and learners alike. This paper uses the degendering of phoric elements as an illustration of efforts in the 9th edition of Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (OALD9) to capture and express social and cultural changes in the English language. It also attempts to point out some mismatches between rules and actual practice in this enterprise. Finally, it intends to show how the dictionary may act as an ideological tool, imposing, sustaining, highlighting, and perpetuating some points of view to the detriment of others. In practice, the use of more than one structure to achieve non-sexism makes fluency difficult and writing cumbersome.

Recent Bilingual English-Italian Lexicography: Insights into Usage

The presentation of usage in bilingual lexicography may be conditioned—to some extent, at least—by the fairly strong pedagogical aim of bilingual dictionaries, often targeted at students of a foreign language. In recent decades this approach has been further strengthened by the methodology and contents of learner's dictionaries. Given this context, this paper surveys the recent history (1970s–2010s) of English-Italian dictionaries and their treatment of usage. The paratextual material and selected entries of four representative works are described and evaluated: Skey's 1997 dictionary, directly inspired by the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English; Picchi's and DII dictionaries, the latter basing its English-Italian section on The Oxford-Hachette English-French Dictionary; and Ragazzini's compilation, the longest- and bestseller among bilingual English-Italian dictionaries. As a result of the assessment, the description of current usage can be said to be largely implemented in present-day English-Italian dictionaries, each dictionary trying to make use of different strategies for both lexicographical and marketing reasons.

English

The present article reports on the results of a study which investigated the quality of translation equivalence for mental verbs as guided by two monolingual dictionaries namely, the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English and the COBUILD Dictionary, which employ two distinct defining strategies, Substitutability and Full-Sentence strategies respectively. Two parallel tests were administered to a group of Persian translation trainees. In one of the tests, the unknown verbs were defined by Substitutability and in the other, by Full-Sentence Strategy. The results showed that the participants performed significantly better on the test the items of which were defined by Substitutability strategy. The analysis of the test items revealed that both definition formats are conducive to kidrule strategy which guided them to select familiar words from the entry as a substitute for the search term. The application of this strategy was also found to depend on the position of information content, information load, in the definitions. Keywords: Equivalent; substitutability strategy; full-sentence strategy; kidrule principle; information load

THE CONTRAST AND THE FUNCTION OF THE GENDER ALBANIAN TO ENGLISH LANGUAGE

In Albanian and English language we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and neuter . In Albanian language the concept for gender, is: “Gjinia eshte nje nga kategorite gramatikore me karakteristike per emrat ne gjuhen shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo dallohet nga kategorite e tjera te emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategorite e shquarsise dhe te pashquarsise, sepse i kundervihet mashkullore-femerore dhe asnjanese...” [1] . This Albanian citation is possible to be the similary and within English language e.g: “a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes’ masculine, feminine and neuter” [2] or “gender differs from the grammatical categories, case, and definiteness, in being a lexical as well as inflection category of the noun. The gender to which a give word belongs is a property of that particular word independent of context” [3] . The contrast of gender between two languages are e.g: the cases (five in Albanian with different endings and two in English), definite and indefinite nouns (the masculine nouns for Albanian language has some engings: -i, -it, -in, -it, -u, -un, -ut, for feminine -e,-a, -ja, -je, -s, -s e, -ne, or for neuter nouns with –i, -it and for indefinite nouns is: /nje/. The definite nouns of English language has the article /the/ and for indefinite /a, an/ than in Albanina some endinigs. The definite nouns e.g: (masculine noun ) mal i – the mountain, liber - i – the book, kompjuter - i – the computer; mesues - i – the teacher; moter – sister, motr a – the sister (...). [1] Fatmir Agallari, Gramatika e gjuhes shqipe, Tirane, 2002, p.88. [2] A S Hornby, Christina Ruse, Oxford student’s dictionary of current English, New York, 2001, p. 263. [3] Leonard Newmark, Standard Albanian grammar for students , California, 1982, p.131. Article visualizations:

Jonathan Crowther (Editor), Kathryn Kavanagh (Assistant Editor) and Michael Ashby (Phonetics Editor). <i>Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.</i>

Review of Jonathan Crowther (Editor), Kathryn Kavanagh (Assistant Editor) and Michael Ashby (Phonetics Editor). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.

William Branford. <i>The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English<i>

Review of William Branford. The South African Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English

Meaning and Usage Of Adjectives Ending In - Able/-Ible

The study on – able and adjectives ending in – able/-ible (Munandar, 1999:74-82) was done based on historical analysis. The study revealed the role of etymology of words in the divergence of the suffix – ible and - able . It discusses that in the course of its development, English got influences from Latin, French, Scandinavian, and other languages. The most outstanding influences, however, are those of Latin and French. From Latin and French , English had adopted many words and other elements to fulfil the need for adequate expressions. These borrowings are preserved to their strong influence (high productivity) up to the present use. The origin of words is ,thus, worth knowing not only of its possible explanation for the rule of deriving adjectives with the suffix – able/-ible , but also of its relationship to determine the meaning of adjectives formed from words which are not of current use. This is in line with Marckwardt (1960:177) who assumed that the etymology of a word may serve as a guide to its proper use and meaning, although current usage is the only scientifically valid criterion to define the meaning. The presentation of meaning and usage in this article will demonstrate how that assumption works. Some adjectives are assigned with meanings in present usage different from those of the etymology of basewords. While some others whose basewords are not found in current use are recognized after the origin of the basewords are revealed. The tracking of origin is done by looking up two dictionaries: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology and The Old English Dictionary . The findings are cross-checked with the current meaning and usage in the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

A.P. Cowie. English Dictionaries for Foreign Learners: A History

In the mid 1990s the evolution of the English learner's dictionary reached a zenith with the appearance on the market of four advanced-level monolingual learners' dictionaries. Three of these were existing works, i.e. the Oxford Ad-vanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (henceforth ALD), the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (henceforth LDOCE) and the Collins CO-BUILD English Language Dictionary (henceforth COBUILD), which marked, to differing extents, significant departures from the lexicographical procedures followed by their predecessors. The last one, the Cambridge International Dic-tionary of English (henceforth CIDE), was a completely new dictionary. This highly productive burst of lexicographical energy was also the catalyst for an even more productive and sustained body of metalexicographical research and writing that dealt with the topic of learners' dictionaries.

Patyčių bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje samprata: priežasčių, formų ir pasekmių diskursas

Vilija Targamadzė
 Profesorė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) habilituota daktarėVilniaus universiteto Filosofijos fakultetoEdukologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8 5) 266 76 25El. paštas: vilija.targamadze@ku.lt
 
 Džiuginta Valeckienė
 Edukologijos doktorantė Klaipėdos universiteto Socialinės pedagogikos katedra H. Manto g. 84, LT-92264 Klaipėda Tel. + 370 686 68 575 El. paštas: dziugintalt@yahoo.com
 Šiame straipsnyje analizuojama patyčių reiškinio įvardijimo problematika, patyčių mokykloje priežastys, formos, paplitimo mastai ir pasekmės, kurias jaučia tiek patyčių auka, tiek patyčių iniciatorius, tiek ir visa mokyklos bendruomenė. Patyčios yra dominuojanti agresyvaus elgesio išraiška mokykloje, kuriai būdingos tam tikros formos, sąlygota tam tikrų priežasčių. Jeigu nebus kreipiama dėmesio į tai, kad yra būdų nors kaip pažaboti patyčias, ateityje šis elgesys pasireikš daug sudėtingesnėmis agresyvaus elgesio formomis. Be to, paþymėtina, jog patyčios gali turėti ilgalaikių ir trumpalaikių pasekmių ne tik patyčių aukai, bet ir pačiam patyčių iniciatoriui.

Soil resilience (is soil a renewable natural resource?)

Introduction Definitions: Sustainable: „Enable to keep up (from falling or sinking); to maintain a certain situation, level, or qualtiy for a longer period.” Renewable: „That can be renewed or being renewed”; renew: „as good as new”; restore to the original condition.” (The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English). Resilience: „Quality or property of quickly recovering the original shape and conditions after being stressed (pulled, pressed, crushed etc.)”; Soil resilience: „The soil’s ability to recover after disturbance; or to return to a new dynamic equilibrium” (Greenland and Szabolcs, 1994).

Getting strategic about environment and health

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A Bodily Sign of “Doing Nothing”: Loitering or the Silence before the Storm

A Bodily Sign of “Doing Nothing”: Loitering or the Silence before the Storm

Classification of Verbal Charateristics Based on their Implication Force by Means of Cluster‐ and Factor Analysis*

One of the first linguists who carried out systematic analysis of the use of multivariate methods for linguistic data was J. Tuldava, whose works are devoted both to working out a general approach and methods of how to use this kind of analysis for linguistic data, and to possible ways of interpreting the results ‐ groups, or clusters, of objects and charateristics (Andreev & Tuldava, 1989; Liiv & Tuldava, 1987; Tuldava, 1976,1981). Multivariate statistical analysis is aimed at “compressing”; the information, reflecting the structure of an object, when this information is “dispersed”; in correlation tables, being presented by a large number of correlations which are too numerous to observe. Such lack of explicitness often creates serious difficulties in attempts to reveal systematic tendencies in language. This article deals with the problem of classifying a number of formal characteristics of the English verb, based on their implication (“diagnostic”) value. The general approach and some concrete methods proposed by J. Tuldava in his works on cluster and factor analysis of linguistic data, are used. The investigation is based on 8375 verbs ‐ a complete list of English verbs included in the seventh edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, (1987). The characteristics under investigation are qualitative and describe phonetic, morphemic, derivational and syntactic aspects of the verbs. All these characteristics can be divided into those which are manifested within the word base (“internal”) and those whose manifestation takes place outside the word base (“external”). The former include phonetic and morphemic, the latter derivational and syntactic characteristics.

Coping: whose ideas?

The verb ‘to cope’ is defined as ‘contend with; grapple successfully; deal competently with’ (The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English; Allen, 1990). Coping strategies can be seen as the methods employed to grapple successfully and deal competently with chronic illness and long-term disability. These strategies can be looked at from two differing and some may say opposing perspectives. These are the point of view of the individual with the illness or disability and the perspective of the professionals who attempt to help these individuals deal with their illness or disability. But can these views be reconciled; is it possible to teach people to cope?

Grammar coding in theOxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English

This paper deals with the revised system of grammar coding for verbs in the fourth edition of theOxford advanced learner's dictionary of current English, comparing it with its two greatest rivals (the Longman and COBUILD EFL dictionaries). It is shown that OALD4 scores more favourably than the others on six criteria: a) the grammar codes must be unambiguous and easy to use, b) every verb entry must include at least one code, which should be self‐explanatory, c) all the grammatical information should be easy to interpret without reference to a table of codes, d) each verb pattern must be illustrated by examples arranged in the same order as the codes, e) transformational possibilities (passivization, dative alternation, etc.) should be indicated in each verb entry, and f) the codes should be explicit and complete, not collapsed to save space, and the use of brackets is to be avoided. Suggestions are made for improving the OALD verb coding system even further.

Spartan Wives: Liberation or Licence?

The neologism ‘sexist’ has gained entry to an Oxford Dictionary,The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, third edition (1974), where it is defined as ‘derisive of the female sex and expressive of masculine superiority’. Thus ‘sexpot’ and ‘sex kitten’, which are still defined in exclusively feminine terms in the fifth edition ofThe Concise Oxford Dictionary(1976), have finally met their lexicographical match.This point about current English usage has of course a serious, and general, application. For language reflects, when it does not direct, prevailing social conceptions. Thus it is not accidental that there is no masculine counterpart to the word ‘feminism’. ‘Male chauvinism’, the nearest we have come to coining one, is more emotive than descriptive and so involves ambiguity; while ‘sexism’, even when it is given an exclusively masculine connotation, is still, formally, sexually neutral. ‘Feminism’, by contrast, unequivocally denotes the striving to raise women to an equality of rights and status with men.It has been suggested, it is true, that there were inchoate feminist movements or tendencies in the ancient Greek world, for example in the Classical Athens of Aristophanes and Plato (where, as we shall see, they would certainly have been in place). But feminism in the modern sense did not really emerge before the eighteenth century; and in Britain, for instance, it was only with the passage in 1975 of the Employment Protection, Equal Pay and Sex Discrimination Acts that women raised themselves on to an all but equal footing with their male fellows — at any rate in the technical, juridical sense.

Het Verklarend Handwoordenboek als Leermiddel Voor Gevorderden

Students of economics at the University of Antwerp, UFSIA (Belgium) have been asked about the usefulness of grammatical information in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (DCE) and the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (ALD). The dictionaries have been used in English lessons as an alternative and active way of brushing up grammatical knowledge, in order to develop the habit of consulting these reference works. The grammatical coding system in DCE is more comprehensive than in ALD. With a few exceptions most of the symbols are learnable. DCE presupposes some grammatical knowledge on the part of the user of the dictionary. Some inconsistencies with A Grammar of Contemporary English by R. Quirk, the linguistic adviser of DCE, are pointed out: the treatment of - transitivity - the copula - infinitive constructions as object of a verb In the future the coding of grammatical information will have to be improved. With a number of translating dictionaries from foreign languages into Dutch to appear, containing grammatical data similar to ALD and DCE, the need for greater uniformity of presentation and especially of the principles of grammatical coding is urgent.

The undesirability of length marks in EFL phonemic transcription

In ‘Another note on RP notation’ (1974) Gordon Walsh of the Longman Materials Development Unit made some comments on the 1972 JIPA article of mine, on the notation of the British English segmental phonemes, which had offered an explanation of the symbol choices embodied in my Concise Pronouncing Dictionary and also used by me in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (1974).