Compilation Of Dictionaries Research Articles

Making known the what and the why

Language is deeply intertwined with culture, and understanding the cultural nuances embedded in words and phrases is crucial for effective communication. Bilingual dictionaries play an important role in bridging the linguistic and cultural gap between languages. This paper examines the inclusion and representation of cultural information in bilingual lexicography, with a particular focus on Chinese-English dictionary compilation. It emphasizes the need to provide not only the meaning and usage of words and phrases (the what), but also the cultural nuances and the background behind them (the why). Furthermore, the presentation of cultural information in bilingual dictionaries requires the exploration of different methods and techniques. In this context, the paper explores the concepts of defamiliarization and foregrounding as means of emphasizing cultural aspects through explanatory notes, cultural annotations, examples from literature or popular culture, and other relevant resources.

Compilation and uses of the 'Yonsei Korean Synonyms Dictionary for Learners'

The purpose of this study is to introduce the compilation process and characteristics of the new Yonsei Korean Synonyms Dictionary (YKSD), and to suggest how the synonym dictionary could be used in teaching language. Despite the importance of synonym distinction for language learners and teachers, thus far, synonym dictionaries have generally presented lists of synonyms, in a manner similar to a thesaurus. We would like to introduce the YKSD as a new model for a Korean thesaurus, and discuss what information is presented and how the information is illustrated. We provide the lexical information and description of synonyms based on an analysis of corpus rather than the intuition of dictionary compilers. The macrostructure and microstructure of the YKSD are specially designed to assist in distinguishing synonyms. The contents of this dictionary can be used in various ways in the course of developing teaching materials for language learners. In this study, we will look at the uses of this dictionary.

Lessons learned from an electronic botany dictionary compilation project

The study offers insights into the design, working model, and solutions of the specialised electronic dictionary of botany terms in Latvian, Latin, English, German, and Russian, developed as a mobile application. The third version of this dictionary has been updated as a final one within the project ‘Smart Complex of Information Systems of Specialised Biology Lexis for the Research and Preservation of Linguistic Diversity’ and published in the Google Play Store and the Apple Store in January 2024.The study describes various aspects of the conception of a dictionary of botany terms and offers a practical dictionary compiling model for the dictionary’s mega-, macro-, and microstructure. Prior to commencing the project, a survey of the potential users was conducted to understand the preferences of the respondents and to take these preferences into consideration when developing the dictionary. New solutions to the aspects typical of a specialised dictionary of botany terms (labelling of taxonomic categories, visualization with interactive images, automatic retrieval of definitions from existing sources and their usability, etc.) were found. The study is summarised by discussing the main lessons that have been learned in the process of developing a small(~3000 entry words) specialised dictionary. The conclusions might be useful for lexicographers and translators interested in compiling dictionaries.

VERBALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ABSENСE IN MODERN ENGLISH

The article is devoted to the study of the ways of expressing and representing the concept of ABSENCE in modern English. The article analyses how this concept is reflected in different linguistic forms and contexts, studies the lexical means by which the concept of absence is verbalised in English. The purpose of the proposed study is to determine the peculiarities of verbalisation of the universal concept of ABSENCE. The object of the analysis is the concept of ABSENCE, the subject of the study is its semantic and axiological features. The research material was based on 5 well-known English-language explanatory dictionaries. The methods of etymological analysis, which made it possible to identify the primary semantic characteristics of the ABSENCE concept; analysis of lexicographic sources, which allowed to form the first idea of the concept and the means of its expression; the method of semantic analysis, which helped to identify the conceptual features of the studied concept were used. The study examines the etymology of the English lexical unit nominating the ABSENCE concept, analyses the interpretation of the words representing the ABSENCE concept on the basis of dictionaries of the modern English language, identifies the main conceptual meanings and axiological characteristics of the analysed concept. It has been established that the universal, abstract concept ABSENCE in modern English is a multifaceted, semantically voluminous concept; it is verbalised with the help of the noun absence and the adjective absent. According to its etymological meaning, it developed as the absence or lack of presence. The ABSENCE concept is cognitively more negatively labelled. Based on the analysis of dictionary entries, the following features of the ABSENCE concept have been identified: existential absence, temporary absence, spatial absence, inaccessibility (unattainability), lack, lack of possession. We see the prospect of further research in the comparative analysis of the verbalisation of the concept of ABSENCE/ABSENSE in Ukrainian and English languages. The practical value of the research results lies in the possibility of using its materials and results in the development of theoretical and practical courses on the problems of general linguistics, cognitive linguistics, discourse studies, linguistic and cultural studies. The materials of the study can be reflected in lexicography in the compilation of cognitive dictionaries of basic concepts.

Compilation of Dictionaries and Scientific and Technological Translations by Western Protestant Missionaries in China in the Nineteenth Century

The 19th century saw the important transformation of modern Western concepts into Chinese lexical resources. The missionaries were the initiators and important driving force for the translation of Western books into Chinese in modern China. They promoted ‘translating terms’ and ‘coining terms’ in their translations of Western books and the compilation of dictionaries with the cooperation of Chinese intellectuals. Their work provided a tangible ‘word’ carrier of ‘concepts’ for disseminating modern knowledge from the West to the East. Compiled by missionaries, the English–Chinese bilingual dictionaries introduced a brand-new concept of dictionary compilation and changed China’s history of having zidian (字典, character dictionaries) but no cidian (辞典, specialized dictionaries). In particular, John Fryer applied the translation method of creating new words or characters in the translation of chemical terminology. Members of the School and Textbook Series Committee, including John Fryer and Calvin Wilson Mateer, made great contributions to theories and strategies for translation, which keep inspiring Chinese–English translation of terminology and its theoretical construction.

PRINCIPLES OF COMPILING A GERMAN-UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY OF PARONYMS

This article addresses the principles of selecting paronyms and the methodology for compiling an electronic German-Ukrainian dictionary of paronyms using a corpus-based approach and systematic analysis to identify similarities and differences in the use of paronyms in speech. The author presents a concept of paronymy as a systemic phenomenon involving etymologically related words with similar morphemic structures but different meanings. By conducting a comparative analysis of collocations, the study identified 1,836 paronyms organized into paronymic series, each comprising two to nine components. The article examines existing dictionaries of paronyms and highlights their lexicographic shortcomings, such as excessive normative/prescriptive orientation, inadequate development of dictionary entries from both linguistic and didactic perspectives, and a lack of rigorous evaluations of modern data to inform dictionary compilation. The ideal paronym dictionary should rely on corpus data, providing reliable information with generalizations about individual word uses within conventionalized language usage. Corpus-based tools, such as those used for contrasting near-synonyms, systematically identify similarities and differences between paronyms in a contrastive manner. This process determines the degree of semantic closeness among expressions with similar contextual usage by comparing their immediate collocational patterns. The recorded semantic closeness or distance between paronyms is based on their contextual overlap in usage. The lexicographic processing of the selected paronyms was carried out with TshwaneLex, a computer-based dictionary creation software that allows lexicographers to develop dictionaries for any language without requiring advanced IT skills. TshwaneLex offers various features such as automatic cross-reference tracking, advanced dictionary comparison/merge functionality, and support for all world languages through full Unicode compatibility. The lemma editing process uses a tree-based interface to represent the hierarchical structure of the lemma, including different meanings, submeanings, word formations, multi-word units, examples of usage, cross-references, and more. Furthermore, the input/output architecture is designed to support the development of additional interfaces for various data sources as add-ons or plug-ins, facilitating other output formats. The article notes that a PHP-based software module is currently available for hosting the TshwaneLex dictionary on the internet, providing an accessible platform for electronic dictionary publication.

The Importance of the Development of Compilation of Monolingual Dictionaries (by the Example of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Kazakh Language)

There are many types of dictionaries depending on the purpose and scope of use. Among them, a special place is occupied by monolingual explanatory dictionaries, which reflect the vocabulary of the cultural life of the people as a whole. Explanatory dictionaries are a real resource that collects the vocabulary of a language in one place. The creation and improvement of monolingual dictionaries has its own unique features. Therefore, it is important to continue the tradition of employing the basics of lexicography in explanatory dictionaries, expand them, republish them, and constantly update them. The article emphasizes the importance of constantly updating the explanatory dictionary and improving its vocabulary articles. In particular, the 15-volume “Dictionary of the Kazakh Literary Language”, prepared by the Akhmet Baitursynuly Institute of Linguistics in the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2011, was selected. This dictionary is an example of creating an explanatory dictionary, reflecting existing traditions and practices of scientific creation of dictionaries. In addition, the article also discusses such issues as ways to enrich the content of dictionary entries by selecting the examples from works of art, examples of spelling complex words, conventional abbreviations; it also provides various explanations of individual concepts for dictionary entries. Particular attention is paid to explaining political terms such as “sovet” (Soviet) and “tarikh” (history) associated with the Soviet era.

On the problem of word polysemy in the Khakass language (on the example of the lexicon of expressive verbs)

The subject of the study are polysemantic Khakass verbs of colloquial style, the functional-semantic features of this category of verbs, as well as their semantic modifications, on the basis of which their figurative lexical-semantic variants are formed. Polysemous colloquial verbs, due to their wide situational-pragmatic potential, usually have the most complex, generalising meaning, bordering on desemantisation, and therefore are not always recorded in lexicographic sources. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that there are practically no works devoted to the study of the colloquial and everyday style of the Khakass language. Moreover, this topic is closely related to the concept of expressiveness, which has not been sufficiently studied with the help of Khakass material. The aim of the article is to identify and describe polysemous verbs of the colloquial style from a functional-semantic point of view. In achieving this goal, the following interacting issues were raised: expressive style of language, the phenomenon of polysemy in language, semantic potential of a word, representation of expressive vocabulary in lexicographic sources, good knowledge of the native language as a guarantee of figurative and intuitive perception of the world around us, etc. Methods of distributional analysis and component analysis have been used in the work, which make it possible to identify combination possibilities and semantic features of the described polysemantic verbs, in particular to determine the grammatical, syntactic and semantic methods of forming expressions. In addition, verbs with an expressive frequency not recorded in the Khakass-Russian Dictionary [2006] were identified, as well as lexical-semantic variants of verbs used in everyday speech not listed in the dictionary entries. The material for the analysis were examples collected from the works of Khakass authors. The verbs analysed are, as a rule, a specific part of the colloquial language of the literary characters. Theoretical significance: new knowledge has been obtained in terms of describing polysemantic verbal lexemes of colloquial style, which will serve as theoretical support for further development of the phenomena of polysemy and expressiveness in Khakass and other Turkic languages. Practical significance can be expressed in the use of research materials in the compilation of ideographic dictionaries, textbooks, as well as in teaching activities. In our article, the concepts of "polysemy" and "expressiveness" are discussed within the framework of a summarised understanding of a whole complex of stylistic, emotional, colloquial and other phenomena of language. In this way, an attempt is made to identify the problem for further in-depth and thorough studies of this rich and unique layer of the Khakass lexical system.

Universality and Evolution of Coloronyms

This scientific article examines the equivalents of the main names of coloronyms, universality and their evolution. The subject of the study is vocabulary with the meaning of color designation. The comparative method and the method of analysis were mainly used in the work. The article compares the change, semantic enrichment, derivative and phonetic transformation of coloronyms. It has been revealed that coloronyms in different languages have a specific character and therefore it is important to always take into account their lexical and semantic features, especially when translating into other languages. The results of the research can be used in the compilation of dictionaries, as well as in theoretical and practical courses on comparative typology and linguistics.

INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

English is a West Germanic language that originated from Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain in the mid 5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants from what is now northwest Germany, west Denmark and the Netherlands. The language has undergone major changes and developments in its pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and orthography throughout its over 1500 year history. This article provides an overview of the key influences and developments that have shaped the English language into its present global form. It examines the linguistic influences of Celtic, Norse, French, Latin, Greek and other languages on English. It also explores the impact of historical events, the growth of literacy, the invention of the printing press, dictionary compilation and standardized spelling on the development of English. The analysis shows that English has an unparalleled capacity to absorb, adapt and incorporate words and features from other languages. Through the early spread of English around the British Isles, and later via 19th and 20th century colonization and globalization, English has become the most widely spoken language worldwide with over 1.35 billion speakers.

Dictionary Use Training in Secondary School EFL Textbooks in Taiwan

As a rare study on English language textbook design for dictionary use training, this research examines four series of secondary school textbooks available on the Taiwan market. The content analysis method was adopted in finding out (1) how effectively the existing secondary English textbooks can help learners develop the necessary dictionary skills based on the guidelines from the government; and (2) how the existing textbooks could be improved to better meet learn­ers' needs for dictionary skills training. The results show that none of the surveyed series follow the Curriculum Guidelines of the Ministry of Education (2018) regarding dictionary use training, although they all claim to have designed the book based on the government-set curriculum. Sug­gestions are made regarding how the present textbook designs could incorporate dictionary skills, with recommended resources. The study reveals the conspicuous neglect of dictionary use skills training in secondary school textbooks, and calls for similar review to be made in other countries to fully appreciate the (un)availability of dictionary use training in secondary schools. The study should provide useful information to relevant government authorities, dictionary compilers, text­book writers, and English language teachers and researchers alike for improving the situation. Keywords: dictionary use training, Taiwan, secondary school EFL text­book, content analysis

Lexicographic foundations of agricultural terminology in German and Uzbek languages

Each field develops within its own domain, and during this process, new concepts emerge within the field. The development of a field enriches its vocabulary, and these terms are included in dictionaries as field-specific terminology by linguists. The inclusion of field-specific terms in dictionaries, their entry into the sphere of usage, and their presentation in the dictionary are of significant importance. This is particularly relevant for comparative studies of field-specific terms and their translation processes. The classification of field-specific terms based on the extent of the field's importance assists experts in foreign language acquisition and the generation of knowledge and practices through foreign languages. In the process of such development, it is essential to conduct linguistic and lexicographic research on each field's terminologies, test them in practice, conduct statistical analysis in language sections, demonstrate the formation, structure, and usage of field-specific terms through examples, and provide theoretical and practical foundations for their use. The inclusion of field-related lexemes in both oral and written speech, as well as their etymological, morphological, and word formation characteristics, is intended to be in line with the purpose of including terms in dictionaries. The compilation of terminological dictionaries requires the semantic investigation of field-specific terms, particularly in the agricultural field, which is one of the fields that form the basis of social life, analyzed in terms of branches, for the organization of terminological dictionaries.

CONCEPTUAL FIELDS THAT MAKE UP THE CONCEPT OF «HOPE»

The etymology of the concept of hope is revealed in the article, its conceptual analysis is carried out, conceptual fields are defined. The purpose of the article is to compare the concept of hope and its ethymon, to comprehend the level of knowledge of hope accumulated in the human mind in creating a linguistic picture of the world, to determine the conceptual fields that make up the macro concept of hope. During the disclosure of the above tasks, the scientific opinions of scientists are analyzed. In revealing the nature of the concept of hope in the Kazakh worldview, etymological, conceptual, comparative methods of analysis are used. Examples of its structural types are given, which have their own significance in revealing the essence of the concept. It was found that when grouping stable phrases and proverbs depending on the conceptual fields of the concept of hope, it becomes the basic concept. The research results, conclusions and judgments in the article can be used in lectures on cognitive linguistics, linguoculturology, ethnolinguistics, etymology, psycholinguistics, special courses on the theory of concepts, as well as in the compilation of concepts and dictionaries of the conceptual field. And the structural types of the concept of hope and the conceptual analysis on them are of great practical importance.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЙНІ ЗАСАДИ РОЗРОБКИ СТРУКТУРИ СЛОВНИКОВОЇ СТАТТІ ДЛЯ «СЛОВНИКА МОВИ УСНОЇ НАРОДНОЇ СЛОВЕСНОСТІ» (СТАЛІ ТА ТЕКСТОВО-ОБРАЗНІ ОДИНИЦІ)

In Ukrainian linguistics, there is a need to develop methodological foundations and principles of lexicography of various linguistic facts present in the language of oral folk art. Folklore has always played an important role in preserving the identity of certain people. It contains the life experience of a certain ethnic group, accumulated during the life of many generations. Dictionaries have always been and will always be of great importance for the national progress and development of the national language, and the Dictionary of the Language Oral Folk Literature will contribute even more to both the preservation and popularization of the traditional cultural values of a particular nation. Thus, one of the urgent theoretical and practical tasks of national linguofolklore studies and Ukrainian linguistics in general, should be the problem of developing general principles and specific methodological foundations for lexicographic description of linguistic facts present in works of folklore, as well as the direct compilation of dictionaries of certain genres of oral folklore and the language of folklore in general. The purpose of the proposed study is to present certain methodological principles related to lexicography stable expressions, both phraseological expressions (idioms) and phraseological expressions (paremia – mainly sayings and proverbs, sometimes riddles, and even figurative constructions present in texts of oral folklore). In this article, we will present only a general scheme of a dictionary entry, suitable, in our opinion, for a more or less complete dictionary description of the entire linguistic richness of folklore, and will focus on the problem of parameterization of stable and textual-figurative units, which we plan to place either in the area outside the rhombus (phraseological units) or present as a separate structural element outside it (textual-figurative units). For this purpose, some stable and figurative expressions with the word “finger” from various collections of folklore have been identified. The attributive compounds present in folklore texts and claiming a certain, relatively speaking, stability are analyzed on the example of the lexeme “clothes”. Our research goal also involves outlining the concept of “phraseology of folklore” and clarifying its differences from the term “folklore phraseology” which is similar in meaning. We propose to approach the first concept as broadly as possible and not ignore the specific figurative constructions of folklore, which can also be included in the interpretive zone of a dictionary entry. This goal implies the use of the lexicographic method, which allows for the fullest possible representation of the entire arsenal of idiomatic and other textual and figurative means available in works of folklore, and also provides a relatively comprehensive picture of the phraseology of folklore, the language of oral folklore in general. It should be noted that this is a fairly reliable and effective method, the systematic and more or less complete implementation of which leads to noticeable achievements, such as the production of materials for a dictionary, or even to the emergence of a full-fledged lexicographic work. In addition, to reveal the meanings of the studied units of the language of oral folk art, we used the descriptive method, and to confirm the reliability of the given realizations of the semantics of stable compounds, the method of contextual analysis was used. In phraseology and phraseography, there are different approaches to defining the concept of phraseology. We strive to take the broadest possible approach to understanding this phenomenon. We propose to include in the register of the Dictionary of the Language of Oral Folk Literature a multifaceted material – not only semantically indivisible phraseological units (idioms) but also other phraseological units (phraseological unities and combinations, proverbs, sayings, comparative compounds, some term-like and free phrases and compounds that show a tendency to certain stability and regular reproduction, as well as textual and figurative units (extended metonymies and synecdoche’s, tautological and pleonastic constructions, euphemisms, periphrases, metaphorical expressions and compounds, epithets). The latter can be placed in a separate, special part of the dictionary entry devoted directly to the artistic and verbal means of folklore. Thus, the proposed dictionary, thanks to the involvement of constructions that have not undergone complete idiomology, will reflect to some extent the connecting possibilities of the register word. One-membered metaphors should be presented in an area directly related to interpretation because they form figurative meanings of the word. In the future, we plan to pay more attention to various textual and figurative units of folklore and present more or less detailed samples of the parameterization of the abovementioned oral means. Text-figurative units can also be displayed in a separate dictionary dedicated to various artistic and figurative verbal means of oral folk art or only one of them.

Thematic Dictionary of Russian Collocations for Educational Purposes: Definition and Challenges in Dictionary Compilation

The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the selection of stable collocations for teaching foreign language learners is a multi-stage and complex process. It is noted that there is still no consensus regarding the requirements for selecting units and the volume of phraseological minimum. The novelty of the study lies in an attempt to distinguish between the concepts of “phraseological minimum” and “educational dictionary of stable collocations”. In addition, the research task is to develop criteria for selecting stable collocations for inclusion in an educational dictionary. The author’s task was to form an educational dictionary consisting of thematic sections, where the name of each section corresponds to the theme of the module in the program for teaching Russian as a foreign language. To achieve this goal, the author reviews existing scientific literature, educational dictionaries, and lexical minimums. The author analyzes textbooks on phraseology and speaking for levels B1+ — C1. The results of a survey conducted among native Russian speakers are presented in order to clarify the understanding of selected units, and an analysis of the contexts in which they are used is performed. In the final stage, a list of stable collocations on the topic of “Education” is proposed, which includes phraseological neologisms for the first time.

Background of compilation of Vietnamese spelling dictionaries in the 20th century

Spelling has garnered much attention in Vietnam since as early as the introduction of the Latin-based script (Quốc ngữ). Alongside the study of Vietnamese spelling, efforts have been made to compile Vietnamese spelling dictionaries. The descriptive approach is the main research method used in this article. Specifically, we use this method to describe the macro and micro structures of Vietnamese spelling dictionaries. We go over the kind of entries and how they are arranged in each dictionary in terms of the macro structure. In the micro structure, we highlight the similarities and differences between different Vietnamese spelling dictionaries by describing the information provided for each entry. Additionally, statistical methods are used to collect information on Vietnamese spelling, classify specific spelling problems in Vietnamese, categorize Vietnamese spelling dictionaries, and choose representative dictionaries as the source of the article's material. To compare the macro and micro structures of these dictionaries, comparative analysis is also used. In the 20th century, Vietnam's lexicography developed vigorously and gained significant achievements, as evidenced by the emergence of numerous dictionaries in various genres, including spelling dictionaries. This article delves into the state of spelling dictionary compilation in the 20th century in Vietnam by examining and describing several works to explore the authors’ approaches and how they addressed spelling problems. Thereby, the article highlights the strengths and shortcomings in existing spelling dictionaries and suggests solutions with the goal of contributing to minimizing spelling errors.

Generative AI and Lexicography: The Current State of the Art Using ChatGPT

Abstract In this article, all ten papers and talks that have been devoted to the use of ChatGPT in lexicography so far are critically analysed, their results tabulated and cross-compared, from which the leading trends are determined. Extrapolating from the trendlines, a single short but robust new prompt is fine-tuned with which articles from different word classes are generated fully-automatically for a dictionary which compares favourably to the best practice in dictionary compilation. The conclusion is that a new age, that of the successful application of generative AI in lexicography, has dawned.

Znachenie «Polnogo man'chzhursko-russkogo slovarya» I.I. Zaharova v istorii kul'turnogo obmena mezhdu Rossiej i Kitaem

Appearance of the “Complete Manchu-Russian Dictionary” caused a resonance in the academic community on Manchu studies. Today, the dictionary remains significant in this area ofstudy, and continues contributing to the compilation of other dictionaries of the Manchu language. The author of the dictionary, Ivan Ilyich Zakharov, was famous not only for his knowledge of Manchu language, but also for China in general. The content of the dictionary not only represents Zakharov's understanding of the Manchu vocabulary, but also reflects the knowledge of Qing dynasty by Russian sinologists.

단국대 동양학연구원 『吏讀辭典』 편찬의 규모와 과정

단국대 동양학연구원 『吏讀辭典』 편찬의 규모와 과정

Association measures for collocation extraction

Abstract In this study, we propose a new evaluation scheme to assess the strengths and limitations of collocation extraction measures and explore type-sensitive methods for extracting collocations. We introduced the pooling strategy widely used in Information Retrieval and automated the evaluation process using online dictionaries. Sixteen well-known metrics are evaluated based on their effectiveness and then distributional and linguistic compared. The results show that Group A methods (e.g. z-score, Dice, PMI) are more effective in extracting low-frequency collocations with relatively small extraction scales. In contrast, Group B methods (e.g. t-test, LMI, LLR) perform better at finding high-frequency collocations, most of which outperform Group A methods as the extraction scale increases. Moreover, Group A prefers NN collocations, while Group B identifies collocations with a wide range of syntactic structures. This study provides suggestions for studies to identify hybrid extraction methods as well as for language educators and dictionary compilers.