Dictionary Article Research Articles

Der Effizienz- und Intelligenzbegriff in der Lexikographie und künstlichen Intelligenz: kann ChatGPT die lexikographische Textsorte nachbilden?

Efficiency and Intelligence in Lexicography and Artificial Intelli­gence: Can ChatGPT Recreate the Lexicographical Text Type? By means of pilot experiments for the language pair German–Galician, this paper examines the concept of efficiency and intelligence in lexicography and artificial intelligence (AI). The aim of the experiments is to gain empirically and statistically based insights into the lexicographical text type ”dictionary arti­cle” in the responses of ChatGPT-3.5, as well as into the lexicographical data on which this chatbot was trained. Both quantitative and qualitative methods are used for this purpose. The analysis is based on the evaluation of the outputs of several sessions with the same prompt in ChatGPT-3.5. On the one hand, the algorithmic performance of intelligent systems is evaluated in comparison with data from lexicographical works; on the other hand, the ChatGPT data supplied is analysed using specific text passages of the aforementioned lexicographical text type. The results of this study not only help to evaluate the efficiency of this chatbot regarding the creation of dictionary articles, but also to delve deeper into the concept of intelligence, the thought processes and the actions to be carried out in both disciplines. Keywords: lexicography, AI, ChatGTP-3.5, dictionary article, concept of efficiency, concept of intelligence, lexicographical text type, training data, lexicographical data

THE CONCEPT OF «MEDIA DESIGN» IN SCIENTIFIC AND DICTIONARY DISCOURSES (material for the dictionary article of the electronic educational resource «Lexical Minimum of Mеdia Scientist»)

The active usage of the concept of «media design» in the modern information space highlights the problem of its definition and lexicographical fixation. Among various types of dictionaries, consolidated ones are singled out. Special attention is drawn to those in which definitions of field concepts or philological interpretations of specific terms that denote them are gathered through information search methods and are compiled and ordered from scientific and lexicographical works. The article analyzes the main features and definitions of the concept of «media design» as documented in scientific and lexicographical works and reference sources. The specifics of the functioning of the corresponding term, its origin, and use in professional texts are revealed. The method of systematization and comparison of the collected material helped identify contextual synonyms used by design professionals. Through definitive analysis, the main features of the concept of «media design» are clarified, and its definition is proposed. The application of data visualization method enabled the creation of a presentation and video clip for a visual representation of information about media design and related concepts. The inventoried material has been adapted for a dictionary article in the electronic educational resource (EER) «Lexical Minimum of Mеdia Scientist» (as one of the research areas of the collective topic «Media Studies in Scientific and Educational Discourses»), which is being developed and filled by faculty members and students of the Faculty of Journalism at the Boris Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University. According to the developed template of the dictionary article, the primary data were systematized, unified and converted to EER. The author's definitions of the concept of «media design» form five vectors of relations (three vectors of systemic and two vectors of non-systemic relations) through which scholars interpret the analyzed concept, requiring standardization and lexicographical fixation in dictionaries.

«СЛОВНИК УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ» Д. І. ЯВОРНИЦЬКОГО – ДЖЕРЕЛО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДІАЛЕКТНОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ

Background. The article is devoted to the analysis of dialect lexicography and the possibility of using rare common language dictionaries as one of the sources of dialectological research. The goal is to describe the history of creation and characterize the source base and register of D. I. Yavornytskyi's "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language". Methods. General scientific research methods are applied: analysis, synthesis, description and observation. Results. The stages of the formation of dialect lexicography are defined. Changes in the structure of the dictionary article, the involvement of illustrative material, and approaches to the presentation of the material were noted. The realities of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war actualize the need for the widest possible survey of Ukrainian dialects and the fixation of lexical materials in dictionaries of various types. The urgency of compiling a consolidated dialect dictionary, which will cover the vocabulary of all areas of daily life in the Ukrainian language, is emphasized. Special attention was paid to the publication of dictionaries of endangered dialects, particularly steppe speech. The history of the creation of D. I. Yavornytskyi's "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language" is described; features of its arrangement; the source base is characterized; regions whose speech is reflected in the pages of the work. The structure of the dictionary article and its components (registry unit, remarks, explanatory part, illustrative material, source of citation or place of recording) are clarified. Different types of vocabulary of steppe sayings, which have become registry units of the dictionary, are singled out. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of using rare common language dictionaries in dialectological research. Сonclusions. The prospect of compiling a consolidated dictionary of Ukrainian dialects requires taking into account the widest possible range of sources of various types. It was determined that D. I. Yavornytskyi's "Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language" contains passportized and semanticized dialect materials, and therefore, it can be involved in comparative and descriptive dialectological studies.

Modeling of the semantic structure of a dictionary article in active lexicography

In the article, the main attention is paid to the semantic structure of the dictionary article: its definition, differentiation from the semantic structure of the word; the principles of its semantic modeling, in particular by the type of use of language units; consider the criteria for semantic modeling of a dictionary article in an active type dictionary; as well as the dynamics of the semantic model of a language sign in action on the example of the materials of a new dictionary of the active type. Semantic structure of the dictionary article is a sequence of meanings of a polysemic word, which depends on the type of dictionary and the time of its creation in accordance with the everyday picture of the world and the purpose of the work. The peculiarity of the dictionary of the active type is that it contains a model of a linguistic sign in action, and not in a static system: a meaning that is not historically the first, logically basic, direct, archisemous, that corresponds to the internal form of the word can rise to the first place. The dynamics of the semantic structure of the word should be reflected in the semantic structure of the dictionary article in accordance with the type, task and purpose of the lexicographic work. In order to model the semantic structure of the dictionary article dictionary of the active type, it is expedient to choose a principle based on the type of use of the language unit, in particular, based on the activity parameter. The creation of a modern dictionary of the active type requires a careful analysis of data according to these criteria and the formation of such a semantic structure of the dictionary article, which would, reflect the priorities and needs of speakers in the use of a word in this or that meaning or sub-meaning depending on the sphere of language functioning. Keywords: active type dictionary, semantic structure of a word, semantic structure of a dictionary article, principles/criteria of semantic modeling, language / lexicographic dynamics.

WORK WITH REFERENCE SOURCES AS A COMPONENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF FUTURE PHILOLOGISTS

The ability to use reference literature is an important component of the professional training of future philologists. Independent work on the Ukrainian language should instill in future specialists the ability to systematically supplement their knowledge, quickly and creatively navigate new information. Working with dictionaries and other sources of information contributes to the development of conviction in the correctness of grammatical forms, helps the teacher deepen the speaking skills and capabilities of students. The purpose of the article is to describe the methods of working with reference literature in the context of the formation of language and speech competences of philology students. This study used observational, descriptive, and generalization methods. In higher education institutions with the introduction of interactive methods in the teaching of linguistic disciplines, the student is at the center of the learning process, his opinion is treated with respect, and he is encouraged to be active. By forming lexicological and grammatical competences, the ability to edit texts, future philologists improve their sense of language, develop skills of conviction in the appropriate use of a word, turning to dictionaries to find out its meaning or correct grammatical form. The article draws attention to the importance of working with reference sources for the formation of professional competences of philologists. Different ways of using dictionaries and other reference information at different stages of classes during the development of language and speech competences of philology students are described. Working with a dictionary is effective if students are able to freely select language units that correspond to the speech intention. Working with reference literature teaches self-education, contributes to the formation of conviction in the reliability of facts. The formation of the need to use dictionaries is the result of the professional training of philology students, because the ability to search, process and analyze information from various sources is developed throughout the entire period of study.
 Keywords: reference sources; word meaning; dictionary article; lexicological; grammatical; speech competences; morpheme structure; morpheme analysis.

The specifics of lexicographic representation of phraseological units in the "Russian-English Phraseological Dictionary" edited by S. Lubenskaya

This article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the lexicographic representation of the dictionary "Russian-English phraseological Dictionary" edited by S. Lubenskaya. Its comparative analysis with similar Russian-English phraseological dictionaries is carried out in the aspects of 1) the volume of the dictionary and 2) the lexicographic description of the phraseological units included in their dictionary entries. Russian phraseological units are considered, their English equivalents are identified, with an emphasis on the comparative analysis of the subject nouns of Russian phraseological units and their analogues in English equivalents. Special attention is paid to the structure of the dictionary article and the lexicographic representation of phraseological units in the dictionary of S. Lubenskaya, the parameters of Russian phraseological units are considered, their English equivalents are identified with an emphasis on the comparative analysis of the subject nouns of Russian phraseological units and their analogues in English equivalents. The purpose of the study is to compare the dictionary of S. Lubenskaya with other Russian-English phraseological dictionaries and to identify the specifics of the lexicographic description of phraseological units in the dictionary of S. Lubenskaya. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that in the article the author draws attention to the most complete and innovative, but little-studied Russian-English phraseological dictionary edited by S. Lubenskaya, published in 2013. The article fully demonstrates the advantages of S. Lubenskaya's dictionary over other bilingual phraseological dictionaries not only in terms of the range of coverage of materials, that is, the volume of the dictionary, but also in the completeness of the structure of the dictionary entry and a high degree of accuracy and detail of the presentation of the material. The article also notes the importance of S. Lubenskaya's dictionary for further and comprehensive research of Russian and English phraseological lexicography.

Параметрический анализ работы В.О. Ключевского «Терминология русской истории»

Introduction. Terminological work, both in the world and in Russian science, was carried out, first of all, on the material of exact and technical disciplines. Arrangement of terminology of humanitarian knowledge has been in the focus of attention of researchers only in recent years. Thus, the aim of the work is to study the terminological system of historical knowledge by means of parametric analysis of the little-known course by V.O. Klyuchevsky “Terminology of Russian History”, which was first published in 1956 and practically was not studied by either historians or linguists, and this substantiates the novelty of the present work. Materials and Methods. The material of this course, studied with the help of historical-comparative, historical-typological, as well as general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, using parametric analysis and positional statistics, showed that the terminology proposed by V.O. Kluchevsky has a systemic nature and its structure is hierarchical. Nine parameters – archaeological, geographical, terminological, illustrative, source study, classification, chronological, economic, etymological – were singled out in the work. A conditional notion of the place of each parameter in the so-called “dictionary article”, which is determined by the boundary of the two parameters, was introduced. The notion of a “dictionary article” as applied to the course materials is conditional, since the course is not a dictionary proper. Analysis. Using statistical methods, the frequency of occurrence of each parameter in a certain place in each of the three parts of the course is identified. Statistical tables are formed, which make it possible to see the similarity and difference between the three parts of the course and to point out their features. This article traces not only the scientist’s fluency in ancient and modern languages, including rare ones, but also the ability to use linguistic techniques, such as historical-etymological and word-formation analysis, on the material of the “Terminology of Russian History.” Results. The semantic invariant in the construction of the parts of the course has been revealed. This is an additional evidence of the systematic nature of the historical terminology, which was suggested by V.O. Klyuchevsky. The hierarchical nature of the system of terms, created in the course by V.O. Klyuchevsky, has been determined. Contribution of the authors. Mustafa Ozturk developed the concept of the article, wrote the “Introduction” and “Results” sections. Y.G. Kokorina conducted parametric and statistical analysis, wrote the “Analysis” section, participated together with M.M. Vagabov in writing the “Materials and Methods” section, carried out the scientific editing of the entire text of the work. M.M. Vagabov wrote the “Discussion” section and, together with Y.G. Kokorina, the “Materials and Methods” section.

Interpretation of Phraseological Units Using Chinese Language in Russian-Chinese Phraseological Dictionaries

The description of Russian phraseological units by means of the Chinese language in lexicographic practice is considered. Dictionary articles, their structure and content from six main phraseological dictionaries published in China from the second half of the last century to the present day are analyzed. The results of the research showed that the explanation of Russian phraseology in these lexicographic sources is carried out in two ways: through interpretation and selection of a similar expression. It is shown that the second method is implemented in two variants: as interpretation-translation and literal translation. It has been established that interpretation-translation differs from actual interpretation and literal translation by the presence of two equivalent functions: explanation and interpretation. The compound description model «analogous expression + additional interpretation», which is most often used in dictionary articles where there is no proper interpretation and etymological information is also revealed. On the contrary, when they are present in the dictionary article, a Chinese analogous expression is usually used as a variant of the explanation of the Russian phraseological unit. The authors come to the conclusion that the volume of dictionary articles and models of description of Russian phraseology depend on the goals of dictionary compilers: a brief reference presentation of phraseology, a detailed explanation through an extensive etymological commentary, representation of materials for learning by demonstrating examples, etc.

DISPLAY OF CHANGES IN THE FUNCTIONING AND SEMANTICS OF THE TERMS IN THE INTERPRETATIVE DICTIONARY OF THE ACTIVE TYPE

The article analyzes the processes of terminating, determinating, transterminating and reterminating vocabulary. These processes are actively manifested in modern socio-political and military vocabulary and terminology in the war period of 2022–2023 based on the material of modern texts of various styles. Terminating of commonly used vocabulary means the development of the semantic potential of the word, which expands the functioning of the word in compounds, which further aspectualize the original concept in specialized texts (corridor, cauldron, arrival). Special vocabulary is determined as a result of its metaphorization and subsequent functioning in non-special texts (base, zero). As a result, new meanings develop in the semantic structure of a multi-meaning word. Transterminating is called “migration” of a term from one special field to another (package, plate). Reterminating is the growth of special values in the term (blackout). The possibilities of displaying these processes in the explanatory dictionary of the active type are shown. If we are talking about the terminating of a commonly used lexeme, then a new meaning may appear in the dictionary article with a note that indicates the scope of the term. If determinating occurs, a new non-special meaning of the register unit with corresponding illustrations from journalistic and artistic texts can be added to the structure of the dictionary article; and it is possible to reflect transterminating or reterminating in a dictionary article by submitting a new terminological meaning of the register unit with a note indicating the scope of its functioning and with appropriate illustrations. It has been found that the considered processes become the cause of further specialization of terms in various industry terminology systems and their migration from one industry to another. As a result, it is possible to increase the ambiguity of terms and the emergence of homonymous terms.

Distance Lexicographic Discourse: Media Platforms Of Communicative Interaction

The article highlights the problem field of remote lexicographic discourse, the parameters of the vectors of iits description and typological varieties with regard to the terminographic aspect. This problem still does not have relevant coverage in the scientific literature, which gives every reason to propose the author’s own vision of it. The use of the method of problem analysis made it possible to outline the following parameters of the description of remote lexicographic discourse: subject of communication; participants (subjects), channels, vectors of communicative interaction (discursive vectors) and means of communication. System analysis and the method of going from the abstract to the specific made it possible to distinguish in a remote format: on the one hand, intracultural, intercultural (intercultural), transcultural and multicultural lexicographic discourses; on the other – dictionary discourse, dictionary article discourse, terminological and terminographic discourses and lexicographic discourse of terminological schools. Content analysis and the descriptive method highlighted the correlations between the varieties of remote lexicographic discourse and the media platforms of communicative interaction representing them. The use of methods of observation, lexicographic, comparative, systematic analysis and the method of analysis of dictionary definitions made it possible to identify, in accordance with three classification criteria (addressee, communication channel and relation to ethnoculture): the main varieties of lexicographic discourse; a list for each variety with the corresponding platform of mediated (remote) communicative interaction. It has been established that varieties of lexicographic discourse are correlated between the major vectors of communicative interaction. Such a correlation helps to find out on specific examples which media platforms of mediated (distance) communicative interaction as mediators can be used in one or another variety. It is noted that the communicative interaction in the lexicographic discourse involves not only the transfer of information in the format of a dictionary (text), but also the exchange of information about the dictionary in its various forms, including remote.

DISTANCE LEXICOGRAPHIC DISCOURSE: MEDIA PLATFORMS OF COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTION

The article highlights the problem field of remote lexicographic discourse, the parameters of the vectors of iits description and typological varieties with regard to the terminographic aspect. This problem still does not have relevant coverage in the scientific literature, which gives every reason to propose the author’s own vision of it. The use of the method of problem analysis made it possible to outline the following parameters of the description of remote lexicographic discourse: subject of communication; participants (subjects), channels, vectors of communicative interaction (discursive vectors) and means of communication. System analysis and the method of going from the abstract to the specific made it possible to distinguish in a remote format: on the one hand, intracultural, intercultural (intercultural), transcultural and multicultural lexicographic discourses; on the other – dictionary discourse, dictionary article discourse, terminological and terminographic discourses and lexicographic discourse of terminological schools. Content analysis and the descriptive method highlighted the correlations between the varieties of remote lexicographic discourse and the media platforms of communicative interaction representing them. The use of methods of observation, lexicographic, comparative, systematic analysis and the method of analysis of dictionary definitions made it possible to identify, in accordance with three classification criteria (addressee, communication channel and relation to ethnoculture): the main varieties of lexicographic discourse; a list for each variety with the corresponding platform of mediated (remote) communicative interaction. It has been established that varieties of lexicographic discourse are correlated between the major vectors of communicative interaction. Such a correlation helps to find out on specific examples which media platforms of mediated (distance) communicative interaction as mediators can be used in one or another variety. It is noted that the communicative interaction in the lexicographic discourse involves not only the transfer of information in the format of a dictionary (text), but also the exchange of information about the dictionary in its various forms, including remote.

The dynamics of the semantic structure of the article: a dictionary of living language edited by B.D. Нrinchenko and a modern dictionary of the active type

The article actualizes the role of the heritage of B.D. Hrinchenko in the Ukrainian dictionary process of the 20th–21st centuries, in particular: the place of his literary creativity, ethnographic and lexicographic activity in the creation of dictionaries active type; influence on the formation of the literary standard of the Ukrainian language through the compilation of a living (active) dictionary. A fragment of the lexical-illustrative material of the “Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary” ed. A.Yu. Krymsky and S.O. Yefremov based on the works of B.D. Hrinchenko – probable materials of an unpublished volume of the dictionary of living speech. The main attention is paid to the concept of the semantic structure of a dictionary article, its modeling according to the principle of the type of use of register units, as well as the dynamics using the example of the lexeme conscious (based on the materials of dictionaries of the 20th-21st centuries and card index based on the works of B.D. Нrinchenko). The semantic structure of the dictionary article of the word conscious in the analyzed works depends on the type of dictionary and the time of its creation in accordance with the language situation and purpose of the work. The creation of a modern dictionary of the active type requires a thorough analysis of the current naive (domestic) language picture of the world and the formation of such a semantic structure, which would reflect the priorities and needs of speakers in the use of a word in this or that sense or sub-sign depending on the field of use. Keywords: B.D. Hrinchenko, active dictionary, semantic structure of a dictionary article, dynamics.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHAGATAI LEXEMES IN L.Z. BUDAGOV’S “SRAVNITEL’NIY SLOVAR’ TURETSKO-TATARSKIH NAREÇIY”

Turkish dictionaries are kept as rare relics in the libraries of our country and abroad. Most of them are unique and ancient copies. Dictionaries have always attracted the attention of Turkologists and lexicologists. In this article is given the analysis of “Comparative dictionary of Turkic-Tatar dialects” (“Сравнительный словарь турецко-татарских наречий”) by Lazar Zaharovich Budagov, its classification method, components and statistics of Chagatai (old Uzbek literary language) lexemes included in the dictionary. The statistical analysis was carried out in terms of lexemes of Chagatai dialect becoming the main word and taking place as a Chagatai variant of the word being explained in the dictionary article. In the process of analysis studies have been carried out by dividing Chagatai lexemes into categories. The results of the statistical analysis of word groups show that the dictionary includes the most nouns, adjectives, and verb word groups. The results of the conducted research have been presented in tables and diagrams to create a certain idea. In the dictionary of L. Budagov, lexemes related to the languages and dialects of the peoples of Central Asia are explained in detail. The inclusion of not only literary lexemes in the dictionary, but also the lexicon of dialects made it easier to communicate with the local people. In the process of interpretation, lexemes are explained semantically and etymologically based on the examples from the works of Nava’i, Babur, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur, Rabguzi, referring to the literary literature of the same people.

APPLICATION OF THE “BYOD” TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ LEXICOGRAPHICAL COMPETENCE

The importance of introducing innovative educational techniques in higher education institutions has been outlined. The essence of notions “mobile learning” and “BYOD technique” has been investigated: mobile learning is considered as a type of electronic learning when mobile devices are used with didactic purpose; the particular feature of BYOD technology is the use of personal smartphones, tablets, laptops, etc. by the participants of educational process as means of mobile learning. It has been outlined, that creation of mobile educational environment refers to competency-oriented techniques. The advantages of mobile learning over other innovative techniques have been characterized.
 The essence and structure of the notion of “lexicographical competency” in scientific and pedagogical literature have been analysed, author’s own interpretation of this term has been suggested, which stands for natural unity of lexicographical knowledge, abilities and skills of reproductive and creative information search activity while working with dictionaries and reference sources. The following components of lexicographical competence have been distinguished: lexicographical knowledge (awareness of types of dictionaries, principles of dictionary article structuring, major works concerning lexicography and their authors, etc.); lexicographical routines (ability to use dictionaries of different types; to find and highlight the necessary information; to enrich lexicographical description of word with grammatical and stylistic information, which is contained in remarks and abbreviations, etc.); lexicographical skills (collecting and processing lexicographical material, compiling dictionaries and reference books, etc.).
 The peculiarities of electronic dictionaries and their advantages over paper ones have been emphasized (large amount of information due to hyperlinks; multimedia applications; effective search system; constant updating of current information, etc.). Linguistic portals, websites and links of different types and purposes have been provided as a recommendation for professional preparation of future primary school teachers. A list of the most popular e-dictionaries has been proposed for in-class usage and performing tasks while studying the course “Modern Ukrainian Language with Workshops” using the BYOD technology combined with the technology of QR-coding.

Some remarks and recommendations for the construction of a dictionary article in a translated bilingual dictionary

The article considers the peculiarities of preparation for printing dictionaries of different types and genres: monolingual and bilingual, encyclopedic, explanatory and lexical, grammatical. The stages of work on the dictionary of the author and editor, features of construction of dictionary articles and presentation of proper names are defined, examples of word usage are given. The article considers some differences between the "Latin-Ukrainian Dictionary" in 4 volumes by V. Litvinov and the similar "Latin-Russian Dictionary" by J. Dvoretsky, written according to the established and not always justified tradition of compiling translated bilingual dictionaries.

Principles of compiling translation dictionaries of special (branch, terminological) vocabulary

Various aspects and principles for the preparation of translation dictionaries of special (sectoral, terminological) vocabulary are considered. The importance and feasibility of the terminological and terrimonographic activities in the modern Republic of Belarus are justified. The translation dictionary touches on semanticization issue of terminology single units, describes the possible sores of direct (verbal) semantization through the selection of the corresponding (equivalent), as well as other (additional) means of contextual semantization. Particular attention is paid to the illustrative material as a mandatory component of the dictionary article, describes the different ways of presenting it in the dictionary article.

VISUALIZATION OF INFORMATION IN THE ENGLISH POLYCODE DICTIONARY ENTRY

The article is devoted to the study of the informational potential of the polycode dictionary entries in English learner’s lexicography. The communicative specificity of learner’s dictionaries consists in their targeting to a clear segment of the readership. These are non-native speakers of English, studying it as a foreign language and living outside the area of its functioning, and, therefore, outside the situational context. The features of users to whom learner’s dictionaries are addressed determine the content and presentation of lexicographic material, which is aimed primarily at expanding the vocabulary of the reader and, moreover, familiarizing him more closely with the culture of Englishspeaking society. The main task of a lexicographic article in an explanatory dictionary is to provide a certain amount of information necessary for the reader to adequately understand a particular word of interest. To solve this problem, compilers of dictionaries resort to using both typesetting and pictorial non-verbal communication means. A polycode lexicographic article is a combination of two definitions of the same sememe, which are made with signs of two different semiotic systems: symbolic (linguistic) and iconic (pictographic). In the explanatory dictionaries of the English language, two types of paragraphic characters are used: these are typed and depictive non-verbal means. Typed non-verbal communication means include font accents, background and font color, special icons and symbols (arrows, triangles, rulers, frames) that mark different quanta of information in the article. Depictive non-verbal means of communication include abstract-logical and pictographic ones. The analysis of the informational potential of polycode articles in English learners’ dictionaries gives grounds to claim that the appearance of the pictographic component in any case optimizes the transmission and perception of information.

Павел Петрович ФИЛИП(П)О́ВИЧ

The article is devoted to the poet, translator and literary historian Pavel Petrovich Filip(p)ovich (1891–1937). Filipovich is known as the most outstanding figure in Ukrainian culture of the 1920s –1930s.: a poet who was a member of the “neoclassics” association, a translator into Ukrainian of poems by Pushkin and Bryusov, a researcher of Ukrainian literature. The Russian-language heritage of Filippovich is less well-known: under his real name he studied the works of Baratynsky, and under the pseudonym P. Zorev published his poetry in modernist magazines. The dictionary article about Philip(p)ovich sheds light on little-known pages of his creative biography of the Russian period.

Innoverende toegangsroetes in selfoonwoordeboeke

Innovative Access Structures in Mobile Dictionaries. The access structure of any dictionary is an important one. It provides the user with a means to obtain the required data or to extract valuable information. This dictionary structure mostly overlaps with other structures such as the macro-, micro- and mediostructure, which in turn creates different access routes a dictionary user can follow to try and satisfy his or her lexicographic needs. In printed dictionaries, the access structure can already be found on the cover, while in electronic or online dictionaries this structure is usually visible on the home or landing page (Du Plessis 2015: 51-52). Gouws and Prinsloo (2005: 64) differentiate between two types of access structures: the outer access structure, which relates to the access or search routes that lead a user to the lemma sign, and the inner access structure, which, among other things, involves the search routes and zones within a dictionary article. The traditional functions and uses of dictionary structures are adapted for the online and mobile medium in order to better satisfy user needs. The disadvantage of this, however, is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between different dictionary structures (Müller-Spitzer 2013: 368-369). Fortunately, e-dictionaries have the freedom to provide new and innovative ways for users to access lexicographic material. The goal of this article is to highlight and evaluate some of these innovative access routes, particularly in mobile dictionaries. This is done to determine which access routes deserve further investigation or should be considered as a standard practice in mobile and other e-dictionaries. Keywords: access routes, access structure, cellphone dictionaries, dictionary structures, electronic dictionaries, e-lexicography, inner access structure, mobile applications, mobile dictionaries, mobile lexicography, outer access structure, search routes, smart phones

Holistic coverage of lexical and semantic field due to different parts of speech components

In the presented article, the semantic strength of the paradigmatic connections of the lexical-semantic field with the meaning “gratitude” is determined based on the definitions of the lexicographic sources of the modern German language and corpus data. The obtained results are analyzed and presented in tables. In our opinion, a high degree of objectivity of the obtained results is provided by quantitative studies. This is also confirmed by numerous studies by linguists of Chernivtsi and Odesa National Universities, applied to describe a number of lexical-semantic groups. Determining the semantic strength of paradigmatic connections in the lexical-semantic group of nouns, adjectives, and verbs with the meaning of thanks will contribute to clarifying the data we obtained as a result of the previously conducted inventory of lexical and semantic group, and will also make it possible to describe the properties of the group’s components in more detail. The work is based on a proven proposition, according to which the components of the interpretation of a word in a dictionary article are not characterized by chaotic placement, but by a certain hierarchical subordination. The greatest weight, and therefore the strength of the connection, is characteristic of the word that is closest to the explained word (Levytskyi, 1989, p. 88) and has a higher frequency of use in the text corpus. Paradigm I.2 (669879; Dankbarkeit) as a formal marker of gratitude and paradigm I.3 (5116; Anerkennung) – recognition as an expression of gratitude showed the greatest importance based on textual data. Somewhat less relevant is the paradigm I.4 (2461; Geschenk) as a thank you thanks, and the components of I.1 (130; Dankgefühl) have a sufficiently low frequency of use to denote a feeling of gratitude. Components of adjectival and verbal paradigms add to the lexical-semantic field of gratitude, indicating gratitude in view of performance, economic benefit from the use of assets, gratitude as a dependence on another person, a sense of obligation due to gratitude for previously provided help.