Diclofenac Gel Research Articles

Efficacy of natrium diclofenac gels application after odontectomy of lower third molar by assessment of swelling based on the level of alpha amylase and imunoglobulin-g: research

Efficacy of natrium diclofenac gels application after odontectomy of lower third molar by assessment of swelling based on the level of alpha amylase and imunoglobulin-g: research

Evidence for the treatment of acute joint pain with topical diclofenac gels

An ex-vivo study on human skin samples showed that topical diclofenac not only penetrates the skin but also forms a reservoir of the drug in the epidermis. Confirmation that the drug reaches the site of action was provided by a double-blind Phase 1 study in which repeated topical application led to the presence of diclofenac in the joint space – irrespective of the patient’s BMI.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effect and cytotoxicity of ocimum sanctum intra oral gel for combating periodontal diseases.

It is of interest to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effect and cytotoxicity of Ocimum sanctum (an Indian herb, Thulsi) intra oral gel in combating periodontal diseases. Hence, 2% of O. sanctum gel was prepared with Carbopol940 soaked in purified water containing 0.2% w/v sodium benzoate overnight. Hydroxy proplyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) solution was mixed with propylene glycol using using tissue homogenizer. Anti-oxidant effect was analyzed using DPPH radical assay and anti-inflammatory effect was assessed using the inhibition of albumin denaturation assay. Ocimum sanctum gel with various dilutions from10 micro litres to 50 micro litres showed exponential increase in percentage of inhibition from 60.9 to 72.2 exhibiting antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory effect of Ocimum sanctum gel showed comparatively equivalent effect with standard diclofenac gel with values ranging from 76.6 for 50 micro liters of Ocimum sanctum gel and 89.6 for standard gel at 50 micro liters. Ocimum sanctum showed less toxicity towards brine shrimp nauplii. Thus we show that Ocimum sanctum gel showed potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect and less toxic to brine shrimp nauplii as a promising agent for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Efficacy of rtsa-byugs vs diclofenac gel in relieving knee pain of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee

PurposeRtsa-byugs, a massage oil from Bhutan, is a traditional herbal formula known for its anti-inflammatory properties and used in osteoarthritis treatment. This study investigates the efficacy of rtsa-byugs vs diclofenacgel in relieving knee pain in osteoarthritis patients.Design/methodology/approachA single-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted amongst osteoarthritis knee patients at an orthopedic outpatient department of Thammasat University Hospital. Participants were randomly allocated to the rtsa-byugs (N = 31) or the Diclofenac gel (N = 31) group. Primary outcomes were assessed by the knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome scores (KOOS), visual analog scale (VAS) and goniometer at day 0, 1, 3, 7.Findings62 participants completed the study. The result of the KOOS scores demonstrated a significant improvement of symptoms at the end of the study in both treatment groups. Improvement of symptoms, pain, daily life living, sport and recreational score and quality of life assessment showed a significant difference from baseline (p < 0.001) within both groups. The quality of life score for the rtsa-byugs group increased significantly on day 3 and 7. The VAS score in both groups decreased with a significant difference from baseline to day 7. The mean value of extension of angle measurement was decreased in day 7, and the mean of flexion score increased in both groups when compared with the baseline.Research limitations/implicationsThe duration of the study was very limited and included a small sample consisting of men and women.Originality/valueRtsa-byugs is safe and effective in relieving pain from osteoarthritis of the knee and can be used as an alternative treatment for knee osteoarthritis.

Stability and Analgesic Efficacy Study for a Mixture of Diltiazem, Lidocaine and Diclofenac Gel Formulations in Post Hemorrhoidectomy Pain Reduction in Iraqi Patients

Stability and Analgesic Efficacy Study for a Mixture of Diltiazem, Lidocaine and Diclofenac Gel Formulations in Post Hemorrhoidectomy Pain Reduction in Iraqi Patients

Karafsin, a unique mono-acylated flavonoid apiofurnoside from the leaves of Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef: In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory assessment

Celery ethanol extract (CEE) of leaves of Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef, showed high phenolic content with significant antioxidant activity using DPPH and ORAC assay. Two unique unknown compounds, apigenin 7-O-mono-apiofuranoside and acylated flavonoid, 7-O- (5″-E-p-coumaroyl)-apiofuranside (karafsin) were identified in CEE for the first time by a full structural analysis, along with 6 known compounds. While karafsin significantly inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 by 42.52 ± 2.88 and 70.33 ± 2.97 % at 50 and 100 mg/mL and 5-lipoxygenase by 37.33 ± 2.87 and 75.77 ± 2.57 % at 50 and 100 mg/mL in raw macrophage cells challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, CEE exhibited the same weigh-dose activity as a crude extract mixture. Comparable inhibition of NO was also observed by CEE versus karafsin at approximately 0.06 mg/mL. Thus, CEE as a mixture has potent anti-inflammatory activity, of which the formulated 1% topical gel was found to have a 79.51 % inhibition of edema in the carrageenan-induced rat paw model, comparable as the commercial 1% diclofenac gel. CEE has potent anti-inflammatory activity and this warrants additional investigations.

A novel diclofenac gel (AMZ001) applied once or twice daily in subjects with painful knee osteoarthritis: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

PurposeOsteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) Expert Consensus Guidelines recommend topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as first-line medications for osteoarthritis (OA) knee pain, but several voluminous daily applications are required to achieve efficacy. There is a need to develop new and improved topical analgesics with a faster onset, longer duration of action, and the requirement to apply less gel. This trial investigated the safety and efficacy of a new 3.06% diclofenac gel (AMZ001) in subjects with knee OA. MethodsIn total, 444 subjects (AMZ001 twice daily (BID) [n = 121], AMZ001 once daily (QD) + placebo QD [n = 121], placebo BID [n = 121], or Voltaren 1% 4-times daily [n = 81]) were enrolled. All except Voltaren 1% (single-blinded) were applied topically in a double-blind manner for a total of 4-weeks. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to week 4 in the WOMAC pain sub-score in the target knee. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included additional efficacy measures (WOMAC total score, WOMAC function and stiffness sub-scores, WOMAC pain weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing sub-scores, ICOAP, chair-stand test, OMERACT-OARSI responder rate, PGA, WPAI, EQ-5D, rescue medication use, satisfaction questionnaire) and safety. ResultsTreatment with AMZ001 QD was effective at reducing WOMAC pain sub-scores vs placebo (estimated treatment difference [ETD]: −4.61 [95% confidence interval (CI): −9.09, −0.12]; p = 0.0440); however, BID application was not (ETD: −3.76 [95% CI: −8.21, 0.68]; p = 0.0969). For several secondary endpoints, changes from baseline to week 4 conferred nominally statistically significant improvements in favor of AMZ001 vs placebo, including PGA score (AMZ001 BID vs placebo, ETD: −0.61 [95% CI: −1.11, −0.11]; p = 0.0162; AMZ001 QD vs placebo, ETD: −0.63 [95% CI: −1.13, −0.13]; p = 0.0134), WPAI overall work impairment score (AMZ001 QD vs placebo, ETD: −10.44 [95% CI: −20.84, −0.04]; p = 0.0492), and EQ-5D VAS score (AMZ001 BID vs placebo, ETD: 4.70 [95% CI: 0.55, 8.85]; p = 0.0264). Post-hoc analysis excluding 11–14 subjects per group with pain scores that decreased between screening and baseline suggests a consistent effect of both AMZ001 QD (ETD: −5.84 [95% CI: −10.71, −0.97]; p = 0.0189) and BID (ETD: −5.35 [95% CI: −10.16, −0.54]; p = 0.0292) in reducing WOMAC pain sub-scores vs placebo. In general, treatment satisfaction was high, as measured by the satisfaction questionnaire. The frequency and incidence of adverse events (AEs) was greatest in the placebo group. Most AEs (>99%) were of mild or moderate severity. There were no serious AEs. There were no notable effects of any treatment on vital signs, ECGs, physical examination findings, or other laboratory assessments. ConclusionsTreatment with AMZ001 BID for 4 weeks improved WOMAC pain sub-scores; however, only QD application conferred nominally statistically significant improvements vs placebo. AMZ001 was generally well tolerated.

Design, formulation and evaluation of Chasmanthera dependens Hochst and Chenopodium ambrosioides Linn based gel for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

BackgroundThe incidence of pain and inflammation in West Africa and in fact globally, continues to increase at an alarming rate. This research was conducted to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf extracts of Chasmanthera dependens and Chenopodium ambrosioides; formulate and evaluate polyherbal gels from their combination in a bid to providing topical therapeutic solutions to pain and inflammation. MethodsPre-formulation studies (phytochemical analysis, in vitro analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities) were conducted on the methanol leaf extracts of Chasmanthera dependens and Chenopodium ambrosioides. Individual and polyherbal gels were prepared using polymer carbopol 940 (1%) at combination ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 Chasmanthera:Chenopodium. These herbal gels were evaluated for physical parameters, pH, viscosity, extrudability and spreadability. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of herbal gels were evaluated by their inhibitory activities (percentage inhibition) against COX-2, TNF-α, IL-10, PGE-2 and compared with commercial diclofenac gel. ResultsThe phytochemicals of the two extracts detected gave varied contents of major classes of secondary metabolites. The pre formulation inhibitory studies of the two extracts exhibited dose dependent inhibitory activities against COX-2, TNF-α, IL-10, PGE-2. The physical appearance, homogeneity, and consistency of the herbal formulations were good. The herbal gels were spreadable with good extrudability. The pH of the herbal gels ranged from 4.5 ± 0.4 to 5.2 ± 0.4. The viscosity of the herbal gels ranged between 4.3 ± 0.2 and 4.7 ± 0.4 Pas. The herbal gels exhibited significant differences in inhibitory activities against COX-2, TNF-α, IL-10, PGE-2 when compared with control commercial diclofenac gel. ConclusionThe outcomes, including the inhibition of mediators COX-2, TNF-α, IL-10, PGE-2, confirm the use of the plant extracts under study, the individual and polyherbal gels formulated for the potential topical therapeutic treatment of pain and inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory, Anxiolytic and Antioxidant Property of Lactuca sativa L and Formulation of Microspheres Loaded Sustained Release Anti-inflammatory Gel

Anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties of Lactuca sativa L extract was evaluated by formalin induced mice paw edema test, and elevated plus maze animal model respectively. Solid microspheres containing dispersed extract were obtained by water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion system followed by solvent evaporation method. Optimization was carried out using MINITAB 16 and optimized microspheres were loaded into a gel base. Anti-oxidant activity of optimized microspheres loaded gel was evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The gel was also evaluated for its physical properties, drug release kinetics and anti-inflammatory activity using formalin induced mice-paw edema test where the anti-inflammatory potential was compared to marketed diclofenac gel (1.16% w/w). All doses of extract as well as microsphere loaded sustained release anti-inflammatory gel showed a dose and time dependent inhibition of edema (P<0.05), the extract also showed a dose dependent inhibition of level of anxiety (P<0.001). Potential anti-oxidant activity was seen with different concentration of crude extract and microsphere loaded gel. The anti-oxidant potential was compared using IC50 value which was 5.62 µg/mL, 6.34 µg/ml, 8.25 µg/mL for ascorbic acid, methanolic extract of L. sativa and microspheres loaded gel respectively.

Exploration of Nanoethosomal Transgel of Naproxen Sodium for the Treatment of Arthritis.

The present work aimed to develop an ethosomal gel of naproxen sodium for the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. In the present work, we have explored the potential of ethosomes to deliver naproxen into deeper skin strata. Further, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of naproxen ethosomal formulation was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Naproxen sodium nanoethosomes were prepared using different proportions of lipoid S100 (50mg-200mg), ethanol (20-50%) and water, and were further characterized on the basis of vesicle morphology, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation studies. The optimized ethosomal formulation was found to have 129 ± 0.01 nm particle size, 0.295 Polydispersity Index (PDI), -3.29 mV zeta potential, 88% entrapment efficiency and 96.573% drug release in 24 hours. TEM and SEM analysis of the optimized formulation showed slightly smooth spherical structures. The Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that ethosomes could easily infiltrate into deeper dermal layers (upto 104.9μm) whereas the hydroalcoholic solution of the drug could penetrate up to 74.9μm. Further, the optimized ethosomal formulation was incorporated into 1% carbopol 934 gel base and optimized wherein the transdermal flux was found to be approximately 10 times more than the hydroethanolic solution. Also, the in-vivo pharmacodynamic study of the optimized ethosomal gel exhibited a higher percentage inhibition of swelling paw edema than marketed diclofenac gel. The ethosomal gel was successfully developed and has shown the potential to be a good option for the replacement of conventional therapies of rheumatoid arthritis.

Comparing the Effects of Oleoresin of Pistacia atlantica Tree and Diclofenac Gel on the Knee Osteoarthritis Improvement

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic rheumatoid diseases, which affects the cartilage and tissue surrounding the joints. OA causes pain and disability among the old population in most of the developing and developed countries. This disease does not have a definitive treatment, and a conventional treatment only controls the symptoms and pain. Pistacia atlantica cream can inhibit many of the enzymes involved in the inflammation process of OA. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of the topical cream of P. atlantica oleoresin on pain relief in patients with knee OA. Methods: P. atlantica cream formulated in the current study was used to reduce the pain, inflammation, and problems of patients with knee OA; it also descended the serious side effects of conventional therapies. The present clinical trial was conducted on 84 patients with knee OA (grade 2 or 3) parallelly for three-month periods, and diclofenac gel was used as a control drug in the same dosage and period. The formulation was analyzed for standardization with the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry apparatus. The Western Ontario and McMaster universities OA index questionnaire was used to assess the treatment trends. Results: The improvement trend was observed in both groups, while patients who received P. atlantica cream had a significantly higher rate of symptoms improvement than those receiving diclofenac gel (P < 0.05). Conclusions: P. atlantica cream significantly reduced pain and stiffness of joints in patients while performing daily living activities. High analgesic effect of α-pinene and the anti-inflammatory effect of P. alantica were the main reasons for the high inflammatory effect of P. atlantica. Finally, the topical use of P. atlantica cream formulated in the current study, along with other common drugs, can be suggested.

Management Pearls on the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses and Field Cancerization.

Field cancerization (FC) is a chronic disease involving multiple clinical and subclinical actinic keratoses (AK) on large photo-exposed surfaces with multifocal areas of dysplasia and precancerous changes. Patients and treatment must be properly monitored and managed to avoid aggravation and progression of the disease. Management of actinic keratoses includes lesion-directed treatments, such as cryotherapy and field-directed therapies. Field-directed therapies may have the potential to address subclinical damage, reduce AK recurrence rates and potentially reduce the risk of squamous cell carcinoma development. Multiple studies have demonstrated the efficacy of field-directed treatments, including 5-fluorouracil, photodynamic therapy, imiquimod, chemical exfoliation with trichloroacetic acid and diclofenac gel, for multiple AK and FC. The choice of therapy should be based on multiple factors, such as efficacy, tolerability, patient risk profile, costs and cosmetic results. Management of AK includes not only treatment but also prevention. Medical devices, such as sunscreens containing liposome-encapsulated DNA repair enzymes, can repair DNA damage associated with chronic UV radiation and reduce the number of new AK lesions. Here we provide therapeutic pearls and expert opinions on the treatment of AK and FC (as monotherapy or in combination) with the overall aim to achieve better, faster, and well-tolerated clinical responses.

Effect of Melilotus Officinalis Oil on Knee Joint Pain and Stiffness in the Elderly With Primary Knee Osteoarthritis

Objectives: Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases among older people which is one the most important causes of disability and heavy socio-economic burden on the elderly and society. This study aimed to investigate the effect of melilotus officinalis oil on knee joint pain and stiffness among older adults with mild to moderate primary knee osteoarthritis. Methods & Materials: This is a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial (registration code: IRCT2016082129461N1). Participants were 61 eligible older adults (35 females and 26 males with a mean age of 78±7.79 years) residing in one of the nursing homes in Tehran, Iran who had mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis clinically diagnosed by an orthopedic physician. Then they were assigned randomly into two groups of intervention and control received melilotus officinalis oil and diclofenac gel, respectively, using a randomization table based on balance block randomization. The data were collected using a demographic form and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) for evaluating knee joint pain and stiffness at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after the intervention. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS V. 23 software. Results: There was no statistically significant different between the intervention and control groups in terms of sociodemographic variables (age, education, marital status, occupation, smoking, physical activity, chronic illness, and medication) at baseline. Knee pain (F1,58=119.07, P<0.001) and joint stiffness (F 1,58=19.9, P<0.001) reduced significantly in both groups, where the effect size was higher in the intervention group. No considerable side effect reported during the study. Conclusion: Compared to diclofenac gel, melilotus officinalis oil can reduce knee joint pain and stiffness in older people with mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is suggested for treatment of people with knee osteoarthritis. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanism of melilotus oficinalis oil in reducing knee pain and stiffness and determine its effective dosage.

A RARE CASE OF WRIST PAIN IN AN ADOLESCENT TENNIS PLAYER

CLINICAL CASE -16 year old tennis athlete with dorsal wrist pain HISTORY: A 16 year old female left-handed high school tennis athlete presented with a several month history of left dorsal wrist pain. She had an episode of whole arm pain, which resolved spontaneously, prior to the wrist pain, but she continued to experience dorsal wrist pain. She described diffuse pain about the dorsal aspect of the wrist radiating into the left hand. She denied mechanical symptoms, swelling, discoloration, or paresthesias. She also denied neck pain. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Skin was grossly negative for erythema, breakdown, or concerning lesions in the left wrist/hand region.Neurologic exam: 5/5 strength in all forearm and hand muscles without atrophy, sensation was intact to light touch C5-T1, and tinel test was negative over the superficial radial nerve.Musculoskeletal wrist exam: no swelling or deformity. No focal tenderness or mass . Full activeand passive range of motion of the wrist. There was no pain or laxity with distal radial ulnar joint shucking. There was bo snuffbox tenderness and watson’s test was negative. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Ganglion cyst of the wrist joint 2. Sprain of the dorsal scaphoid-lunate ligament 3. Symptomatic extensor digitorum brevis manus 4. Dorsal Impaction syndrome 5. Extensor tendinopathy TEST AND RESULTS: Ultrasound examination revealed an extensor digitorum brevis manus accessory muscle traversing from the deep side of the 4th dorsal extensor compartment,extending across the dorsal hand, and terminating into a tendon slip that merged with the dorsal extensor hood of the 3rd digit. The muscle was notably larger on the left side than theright. . She had no evidence of tenosynovitis or other abnormalities in the dorsal wrist. MRI of the wrist revealed a tiny ganglion cyst along the volar margin of the radioscaphoid articulation and a normal variant extensor digitorum manus brevis muscle. FINAL/WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Symptomatic extensor digitorum brevis manus TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: 1. Immobilization 2. Diclofenac Gel 3. Ultrasound guided Botox injection of the extensor digitorum manus brevis muscle. We discussed different management options and she elected to proceed with an ultrasound guided botox injection since she had minimal relief from immobilization.

Visualization of Epidermal Reservoir Formation from Topical Diclofenac Gels by Raman Spectroscopy.

PurposeThis work investigated whether topical pain relief diclofenac gels can form a diclofenac reservoir in the epidermal and dermal layers of human skin.MethodsExcised human skin samples were treated with three topical diclofenac gels ex vivo and examined using Raman microscopy of transversally microtomed sections. The relative diclofenac concentration in the skin layers was calculated as the ratio of the integrated areas of bands characteristic of diclofenac (~445 cm−1) and skin (Amide I). A customized masking algorithm ensured that only diclofenac-specific signal was mapped in the resulting Raman images.ResultsA heterogenous spatial distribution of diclofenac was clearly visible in both the epidermis and the dermis in all samples, with a markedly higher diclofenac relative content and number of pixels above the detection limit in the epidermis compared to the dermis.ConclusionThe Raman images evidenced that the studied topical gels deliver diclofenac through the stratum corneum skin barrier and form a drug depot localized in the epidermis. The data are in line with earlier clinical findings that this depot acts like a true reservoir and enables sustained drug release.

Abdominal Pain- Non-athlete

HISTORY: A 48-year-old former pizza shop worker presents with >2 years of intermittent abdominal pain with extensive GI work up. Patient reports that pain is worse with bowel movements, tying shoes, bending over, and reaching with arms. Significant history of alcohol and cigarette use. He feels as if he is bruised or experienced a “Charlie horse” after these ~1 minute episodes occur. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Tenderness of right lower chest wall and right upper quadrant without guarding or rebound. Negative McBurney’s point and Murphy’s sign. Intermittent abdominal distention over the course of disease. Patient brought video showing abnormal chest wall movement to more recent appointment. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Slipping Rib Syndrome 2. GERD 3. Intercostal/Oblique muscle spasm TEST AND RESULTS: CT abdomen pelvis 9/30/19 No bowel obstruction or acute renal pathology. Mild fluid and air to distention of small-bowel loops without obstruction. The stomach is underdistended. Gastric wall thickening cannot be excluded. US Abdomen 1/24/17 Normal right upper quadrant ultrasound. EGD 7/2019 - Esophageal mucosal changes suspicious for short-segment Barrett's esophagus. Biopsied. - Normal antrum. Biopsied. - Granular gastric mucosa. Biopsied. - Normal duodenum. FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: Slipping rib syndrome of right side TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: Patient still seeing GI for possible GERD related causes. Awaiting follow up for referral to OMT clinic for manipulation. Diclofenac gel prescription for pain relief. If OMT and analgesic treatment unsuccessful, referral for surgical resection or intercostal nerve block

Effect of Diclofenac Gel Phonophoresis on Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Prospective Quasi-Experimental Study

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a group of pathologies that affect the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint, and related structures and affect more than 25% of the general population. Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of ultrasounds (US) plus diclofenac gel 10% (phonophoresis) as a physical therapy available for the management of TMD based on pain amelioration and function recovery. Methods: Prospective quasi-experimental one-group before-after study. Outcome measures consist: (1) pain measured by Visual Analog scale (VAS); and (2) mouth opening by measuring lip to lip distance and interincisal distance in millimeters (mm); evaluated at the beginning/end of treatment. Twenty sessions (1 session per day) of continuous Ultrasound to intensity of 1 W/cm2/1 MHz/5 minutes over the affected joint, with Ultrasound gel (5 mL) and 10% diclofenac gel (5 mL) in a proportion of 1:1 as transducer medium. Results: A total of 50 consecutive patients were analyzed. Phonophoresis protocol was able to improve all outcome measures with a statistical difference. Pain evaluated by VAS was 6.67 ± 0.82 and decreased to 3.48 ± 0.8 points (P = 0.0000). Mouth opening by mean of lip-to-lip distance was 50 ± 8.23 mm that improved to 56 ± 6.2 mm (P = 0.0000) and by mean of interincisal distance was 37.9 ± 7.02 mm and increased to 44 ± 5.5 mm (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: Diclofenac phonophoresis is an effective physical therapy for the management of TMD, evaluated by pain improvement and function recovery.

Sustained acousticmedicine; sonophoresis for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delivery in arthritis.

Background:Arthritis pain is primarily managed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac. Topical diclofenac gel is limited in efficacy due to its limited penetration through the skin. This study investigates the use of a multihour, wearable, localized, sonophoresis transdermal drug delivery device for the penetration enhancement of diclofenac through the skin.Materials & methods:A commercially available, sustained acoustic medicine (sam®) ultrasound device providing 4 h, 1.3 W, 132 mW/cm2, 3 MHz ultrasound treatment was evaluated for increasing the drug delivery of diclofenac gel through a human skin model and was compared with standard of care topical control diclofenac gel.Results:Sonophoresis of the diclofenac gel for 4 h increases diclofenac delivery by 3.8× (p < 0.01), and penetration by 32% (p < 0.01).Conclusion:Sustained acoustic medicine can be used as a transdermal drug-delivery device for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Противовоспалительные свойства гимантана в лекарственной форме для наружного применения на моделях каррагенанового и декстрансульфатного отеков у крыс

На моделях каррагенанового и декстрансульфатного отёка лапы у крыс гимантан при местном нанесении на заднюю лапу животных в виде 5 % гелевой лекарственной формы проявляет выраженные противовоспалительные свойства, сопоставимые с эффектом 1 % геля диклофенака, и не уступает гимантану в дозе 20 мг/кг и диклофенаку в дозе 10 мг/кг при внутрибрюшинном введении. Кроме того, гимантан в 5 % геле снижает повышенный уровень продуктов свободно-радикального окисления липидов, реагирующих с 2-тиобарбитуровой кислотой, в гомогенатах мягких тканей лап крыс с каррагенановым отёком на 62 % (p ≤ 0,001), превосходя по этой способности диклофенак в 1 % геле, а также гимантан и диклофенак при внутрибрюшинном введении.

Anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of a clove oil emulsion

Emulsion formulations of essential oils are of major interest due to their relative biosafety, biocompatibility and good pharmacological potential. Their structural constituents (oil and water phase) facilitate ready solubilization of incorporated hydrophilic/lipophilic actives for their targeted delivery. In the present study, m5S cells were tested for their viability at various concentrations of clove oil and an alkyl polyglucoside emulsifier, viz., Montanov 202™. Thereafter, good cell viable concentrations of oil (10 %) and emulsifier (4%) were used at their optimised ratio (1:0.4) to formulate an oil in water emulsion using phase inversion technique followed by ultrasonication for particle size reduction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of clove oil revealed eugenol (76.11 %) and eugenyl acetate (12.41 %) as major constituents. The formulated clove oil emulsion was then characterised with respect to its size, zeta potential, microscopic and thermal analysis and the presence of liquid crystals were observed in the same. It was further studied for its anti-inflammatory potential in female Wistar rats wherein topical treatment with the emulsion inhibited paw swelling induced by carrageenan model by 40−60% over 30−180 min compared to untreated animals. Similarly, the emulsion’s wound healing potential was also significant with respect to wounds induced by both incision (wound breaking strength of 338.91 ± 5.02 g) and excision (95 % wound contraction by 16th day) model in these animals, with a re-epithelization period of 10.67 ± 1.67 days and results being comparable with diclofenac gel and neomycin cream (positive controls). Histopathology of the skin sections showed accelerated healing with early granular tissue and collagen formation in emulsion treated animals. It is hence envisaged that this clove oil emulsion can substitute chemical based topical products for anti-inflammatory and wound healing applications due to its biological constituents as well as because of the presence of liquid crystals in its formulation.