Diclofenac Research Articles

Novel RP-HPLC method for estimation of a newly developed combination of tizanidine and etoricoxib in rat plasma: Eight criteria for greens evaluation.

A novel environmentally friendly reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been effectively validated for simultaneously measuring a prospective conjunction of tizanidine (TIZ) and etoricoxib (ETC), the combined medicine, in rat plasma. The technique employs diclofenac potassium as the internal standard, guaranteeing dependable and precise outcomes. This study aimed to assess the impact of the suggested combination therapy on treating inflammation resulting from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a rat model. The procedure was performed using an Agilent series 1200 model HPLC apparatus. The chromatographic conditions consist of isocratic elution mode, C18 column with dimensions of 150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm, flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, wavelength of 230 nm, temperature of 50°C, and injection volume of 10 µL. The elution was performed using a mobile phase consisting of a phosphate buffer with a pH of 3.5 and acetonitrile in a ratio of 80:20 v/v. Calibration curves were conducted for TIZ and ETC within the 1-50 µg/mL range, demonstrating linear trends with R2 values over 0.999. The effectiveness and eco-friendliness of the proposed method were evaluated using eight separate environmentally conscious metrics. The addition of TIZ and ETC to arthritic rodents amplified these effects significantly. Furthermore, TIZ and ETC significantly reduced serum levels in arthritic rodents, and safety investigations revealed normal complete blood count, liver, and renal functions. TIZ and ETC appear to have antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory, and safe combinations, making them viable future treatment options for RA that are also safe and efficacious. Following validation by United States Food and Drug Administration(US-FDA) rules, all goods met the criteria.

A Splendid comprehension into in-silico and in-vitro biological investigations to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-breast cancer activities of newly synthesized 1-Phenylethyl Quinoline-4-carboxylates

Well-designed and differently substituted biodegradable architecture of 1-phenylethyl 2-phenylquinoline-4-carboxylates (MP1-MP9) have been synthesized in excellent yields exploiting Steglich esterification techniques and purified by flash column chromatography. FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral techniques and mass spectrometry were used to characterise the synthesized compounds MP1-MP9. In addition, in-silico ADMET characteristics and molecular docking analysis of MP1-MP9 were also carried out by different computational investigations. Molecular docking analysis were established against three different types of proteins, viz. analgesic (1JNQ), anti-inflammatory (4YK5) and anti-breast cancer active protein (1DZA) downloaded from protein data bank and found best suited for anti-inflammatory and anti-breast cancer activity with impressive binding energy values. The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity was performed against five selected analogues MP1, MP3, MP5, MP6 and MP8, in which compound MP3 possess a good IC50 value of 88.88 µM on comparing with standard drug diclofenac sodium. Further, an in-vitro anti-breast cancer study using MTT assay method against five selected drug like analogues MP1, MP2, MP4, MP7, and MP9 were executed and MP1 having unsubstituted phenyl ring showed higher anti-breast cancer activity with a very good IC50 value of 50.30 µM. All the results obtained for anti-breast cancer activity were compared with the standard drug 5-Flurouracil (5-FU).

Antagonistic effects of a COX1/2 inhibitor drug in human HepG2 cells exposed to an environmental carcinogen

Understanding interactions between legacy and emerging environmental contaminants has important implications for risk assessment, especially when mutagens and carcinogens are involved, whose critical effects are chronic and therefore difficult to predict. The current work aimed to investigate potential interactions between benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and legacy pollutant, and diclofenac (DFC), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pollutant of emerging concern, and how DFC affects B[a]P toxicity. Exposure to binary mixtures of these chemicals resulted in substantially reduced cytotoxicity in human HepG2 cells compared to single-chemical exposures. Significant antagonistic effects were observed in response to high concentrations of B[a]P in combination with DFC at IC50 and ⅕ IC50. While additive effects were found for levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, antagonistic mixture effects were observed for genotoxicity. B[a]P induced DNA strand breaks, γH2AX activation, and micronuclei formation at ½ IC50 concentrations or lower, whereas DFC induced only low levels of DNA strand breaks. Their mixture caused significantly lower levels of genotoxicity by all three endpoints compared to those expected based on concentration additivity. In addition, antagonistic mixture effects on CYP1 enzyme activity suggested that the observed reduced genotoxicity of B[a]P was due to its reduced metabolic activation as a result of enzymatic inhibition by DFC. Overall, the findings further support the growing concern that co-exposure to environmental toxicants and their non-additive interactions may be a confounding factor that should not be neglected in environmental and human health risk assessment.

New Excipient For Oral Drug Delivery: CNC Derived From Sugarcane Bagasse-Derived Microcrystalline Cellulose.

Nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) has emerged as a subject of researcher's interest because of its diverse attributes encompassing biocompatibility, sustainability, a high aspect ratio, and an abundance of -OH groups suitable for modifications. Sugarcane bagasse microcrystalline cellulose (SCBMCC) was used as the raw material for the preparation of CNC due to its pure cellulose content, which is mildly compromised by the pectin, hemicellulose, lignin, and other lignocellulosic components. In the present work, CNC was extracted from SCBMCC and used as a disintegrant. The classic hydrolysis technique was used for the preparation of CNC. Hydrolytic conditions were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized batch of CNC was characterized using techniques such as field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Notably, CNC prepared under a hydrolysis time of 90 min exhibited the highest crystallinity of 69.9%. The average particle size and zeta potential were found to be 145 nm and -34.4 mV, respectively. Thermal analysis suggested that an intermediate hydrolysis time resulted in CNC with enhanced thermal stability, showcasing its potential for pharmaceutical applications. Diclofenac potassium was used as the model drug to evaluate the disintegrant properties of CNC as an excipient. Tablets were prepared using the direct compression method. SCBMCC and CNC were used as disintegrants and were compared with the commercial product. The disintegration times (DTs) attained for the tablets prepared using CNC and SCBMCC are 219 and 339.83 s, respectively. The dissolution study of CNC showed a dissolution efficacy (DE%) of 66 and a mean dissolution time (MDT) of 12. The research findings showed that tablets prepared using CNC as disintegrants exhibited the fastest disintegration compared to other formulations.

Polystyrene nanoplastics synergistically exacerbate diclofenac toxicity in embryonic development and the health of adult zebrafish

In this study, we investigated the possible ecotoxicological effect of co-exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and diclofenac (DCF) in zebrafish (Danio rerio). After six days of exposure, we noticed that the co-exposure to PS-NP (100 μg/L) and DCF (at 50 and 500 μg/L) decreased the hatching rate and increased the mortality rate compared to the control group. Furthermore, we noted that larvae exposed to combined pollutants showed a higher frequency of morphological abnormalities and increased oxidative stress, apoptosis, and lipid peroxidation. In adults, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were also impaired in the intestine, and the co-exposure groups showed more histopathological alterations. Furthermore, the TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-1β expressions were significantly upregulated in the adult zebrafish co-exposed to pollutants. Based on these findings, the co-exposure to PS-NPs and DCF has shown an adverse effect on the intestinal region, supporting the notion that PS-NPs synergistically exacerbate DCF toxicity in zebrafish.

Ternary Composite-Enabled Photocatalytic Degradation of Multi-class Pollutants: Case Study of Congo Red, Diclofenac Sodium, and Pendimethalin

Ternary Composite-Enabled Photocatalytic Degradation of Multi-class Pollutants: Case Study of Congo Red, Diclofenac Sodium, and Pendimethalin

Biological Activities, DFT and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Schiff Bases Derived from Sulfamethoxypyridazine

AbstractThe present study reported the synthesis and biological activities of sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMPR) Schiff bases (SBs) with different aromatic aldehydes. The antimicrobial potential of SBs against various pathogenic strains (S. epidermidis, E. coli, S. agalactiae, S. aureus, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis) was explored by disc diffusion method. The antidiabetic potential was monitored by inhibition of α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and anti‐inflammatory activity was studied by protein denaturation assay. The binding of protein with SBs was determined by MOE docking. The synthesized SBs reveal significant antimicrobial potential against all strains (p values<0.0001) better than the parent drug SMPR but less than amoxicillin. The synthesized SBs exhibited reasonable inhibition potential against α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and anti‐inflammatory activity. The derivative 10 a depicted antioxidant (IC50 value 12.18 μg/mL) and anti‐inflammatory (IC50 value 49.37 μg/mL) even better than standard ascorbic acid and diclofenac sodium (IC50 values 49.92 and 123.81 μg/mL), respectively. Molecular docking results revealed that synthesized SBs have good binding affinities towards different receptor proteins and results support our experimental results. The electronic properties have been calculated using density function theory (DFT) to determine the chemical reactivity of studied compounds. The low energy gap between Frontier Molecular Orbitals (FMOs) revealed the significant chemical reactivity of compounds 8 a and 10 a, among other compounds.

Unveiling the influence of microaeration and sludge recirculation on enhancement of pharmaceutical removal and microbial community change of the novel anaerobic baffled biofilm - membrane bioreactor in treating building wastewater

This research aims to conduct a comparative investigation of the role played by microaeration and sludge recirculation in the novel anaerobic baffled biofilm-membrane bioreactor (AnBB-MBR) for enhancing pharmaceutical removal from building wastewater. Three AnBB-MBRs — R1: AnBB-MBR, R2: AnBB-MBR with microaeration and R3: AnBB-MBR with microaeration and sludge recirculation — were operated simultaneously to remove Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Caffeine (CAF), Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Diclofenac (DCF) from real building wastewater at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 h for 115 days. From the removal profiles of the targeted pharmaceuticals in the AnBB-MBRs, it was found that the fixed-film compartment (C1) could significantly reduce the targeted pharmaceuticals. The remaining pharmaceuticals were further removed with the microaeration compartment. R2 exhibited the utmost removal efficiency for CIP (78.0 %) and DCF (40.8 %), while SMX was removed most successfully by R3 (microaeration with sludge recirculation) at 91.3 %, followed by microaeration in R2 (88.5 %). For CAF, it was easily removed by all AnBB-MBR systems (>90 %). The removal mechanisms indicate that the microaeration in R2 facilitated the adsorption of CIP onto microaerobic biomass, while the enhanced biodegradation of CAF, SMX and DCF was confirmed by batch biotransformation kinetics and the adsorption isotherms of the targeted pharmaceuticals. The microbial groups involved in biodegradation of the targeted compounds under microaeration were identified as nitrogen removal microbials (Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Thiobacillus, and Denitratisoma) and methanotrophs (Methylosarcina, Methylocaldum, and Methylocystis). Overall, explication of the integration of AnBB-MBR with microaeration (R2) confirmed it as a prospective technology for pharmaceutical removal from building wastewater due to its energy-efficient approach characterized by minimal aeration supply.

Application of nanogel as a topical drug delivery vehicle for diclofenac sodium

Application of nanogel as a topical drug delivery vehicle for diclofenac sodium

In vitro evaluation of emulgel formulation for topical application of diclofenac potassium

In vitro evaluation of emulgel formulation for topical application of diclofenac potassium

Exploring the hepatoprotective effects of silymarin in experimentally induced- diclofenac sodium toxicity in rabbits

The study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of varying doses of silymarin against liver damage caused by diclofenac sodium in rabbits. Silymarin, extracted from the Silybum marianum plant, is known for its antioxidant properties and is used to treat liver diseases. The rabbits (n=40) were divided into 4 groups. Group A served as the control (with vehicle solution), group B, as toxin control with diclofenac sodium (50mg/kg intra-peritoneally), group C received both diclofenac sodium and protective dose of silymarin (50mg/kg orally), while group D was administered diclofenac sodium along with higher dose of silymarin (100mg/kg orally). At the study's conclusion, rabbits were humanely euthanized and blood samples were collected for analysis. Enzymes such as Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), direct bilirubin, serum urea, and total bilirubin were measured. The study revealed that higher dose of silymarin (100mg/kg) was more effective in reducing serum enzyme levels compared to lower dose, indicating stronger hepatoprotective effect. This suggests silymarin's potential as the therapeutic agent against liver damage and toxicity induced by substances like diclofenac sodium

A Novel Approach of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Acrylic Acid Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium.

The aim of this study was to prepare polyvinyl alcohol/acrylic acid (PVA/AA) hydrogels for the controlled release of diclofenac sodium and to develop PVA/AA hydrogels as controlled release carriers to overcome not only the side effects of diclofenac sodium but also sustain its release for an extended period. Diclofenac sodium is employed for relieving pain and fever. The half-life of diclofenac sodium is very short (1-2 h). Hence, multiple intakes of diclofenac sodium are required to maintain a constant pharmacological action. Multiple GI adverse effects are produced as a result of diclofenac sodium intake. A free radical polymerization technique was used for crosslinking PVA with AA in the presence of APS. EGDMA was used as a cross-linker. FTIR and XRD confirmed the preparation and loading of the drug by prepared hydrogels. An increase in the thermal stability of PVA was shown by TGA and DSC analysis. Surface morphology was investigated by SEM. Similarly, water penetration and drug loading were demonstrated by porosity and drug loading studies. The pH-sensitive nature of PVA/AA hydrogels was investigated at different pH values by swelling and drug release studies. The development and drug loading of PVA/AA hydrogels were confirmed by FTIR and XRD analysis. TGA and DSC indicated high thermal stability of prepared hydrogels as compared to unreacted PVA. SEM indicated a hard and compact network of developed hydrogels. The swelling and drug release studies indicated maximum swelling and drug release at high pH as compared to low pH values, indicating the pH-sensitive nature of prepared hydrogels. Moreover, we demonstrated that drug release was sustained for a prolonged time in a controlled pattern by prepared hydrogels by comparing the drug release of the developed hydrogels with the commercial product Cataflam. The results indicated that prepared PVA/AA hydrogels can be used as an alternative approach for the controlled delivery of diclofenac sodium.

Cobalt(II) bis-(1,10-phenanthroline) complex electropolymerized glassy carbon electrode and its electrocatalytic sensing of diclofenac in pharmaceuticals and biological samples

Diclofenac (DCF) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. High consumption and indiscriminate use of DCF pose serious health issues, prompting the consideration of electroanalytical methods for detecting and controlling DCF levels in various samples. A sensitive and highly selective sensor was established for voltammetric determination of diclofenac (DCF) based on poly[cobalt(II) bis-(1,10-phenanthroline) complex] modified glassy carbon electrode (poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the performance of a poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE sensor, revealing a negative oxidation potential shift and higher DCF peaks of current. CV and adsorptive stripping square wave voltammetry (AdSSWV) were used to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of DCF at poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE. Under the optimized experimental conditions, AdSSWV current signal of DCF at poly(Co(Phen)2)/GCE provided linearity over the range of 1–250 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 6.40 ×10−2 and 2.13 ×10−1, and 5.60×10−2 and 2.27×10−1 µM for Ip I and Ip II, respectively. The sensor for determining DCF was tested in pharmaceuticals, milk, serum, and urine samples, demonstrating excellent selectivity despite potential interferences like atorvastatin (ATS), chloroquine (CQ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The detected DCF amounts ranged between 92.3% and 106.6%. The established sensor demonstrated excellent performance in determining DCF in real samples, with spiked recoveries exceeding 95.6%, demonstrating low LOD, high sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. These results confirm that the established method displays outstanding applicability for electrochemical determination of DCF in numerous real samples.

Peroxydisulfate degradation of diclofenac sodium activated by nZVI@MoS2: Key roles of superoxide radicals in the free radical pathway and electron transfer in the nonradical pathway

Diclofenac sodium (DCF) has potential biological toxicity and is difficult to degrade through conventional methods; therefore, there is a pressing imperative to develop an approach to address this environmental predicament. In this work, nZVI@MoS2 was synthesized via liquid-phase reduction to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of DCF. The results demonstrated efficient degradation of DCF within 30 min with the nZVI@MoS2/PDS system. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, steady-state concentration calculations, and electrochemical experiments demonstrated that DCF predominantly underwent degradation through an O2−-dominated free radical pathway and an electron transfer-dominated nonradical pathway. The nZVI@MoS2 composite promoted the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle, generated O2− and showed exceptional electrochemical performance in enhancing electron transfer. The paths for DCF degradation were revealed via HPLC–MS analyses. Toxicological assessment software revealed reduced toxicity of DCF. This study presents a novel approach for the degradation of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).

Formulation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Transdermal Gel

Diclofenac sodium gel is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) formulation designed for topical application, primarily targeting local pain and inflammation. This wok aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac sodium gel, focusing on its mechanism of action, efficacy, safety profile, and clinical applications. Several clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of diclofenac sodium gel in various inflammatory conditions, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and soft tissue injuries. Results consistently demonstrate significant reductions in pain, swelling, and functional impairment, validating the gel's anti-inflammatory properties. The safety profile of diclofenac sodium gel is generally favorable, with local skin reactions being the most commonly reported adverse events. Systemic absorption is low, reducing the risk of gastrointestinal complications and other systemic side effects associated with oral NSAIDs. However, caution should be exercised in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity reactions or skin disorders.

Synthesis of covalent organic framework with amino affinity groups for enhanced selective adsorption of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution

The presence of diclofenac sodium (DCF) is widespread in environmental waters, leading to issues for ecosystems and human health. Hence, the removal of DCF from aquatic environments is crucial. This study innovatively designed and proposed an urchin-like covalent organic framework (COFs) with affinity groups to enhance its selective adsorption capacity for DCF. As a proof-of-concept, an amine-functionalized COF (TAPT-DVA-NH2) was synthesized via the thiol-ene click reaction between vinyl-COF (TAPT-DVA) and cysteamine for the purpose of adsorbing DCF from water. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, the influences of pH, ionic strength, and regeneration of TAPT-DVA-NH2 for DCF were investigated thoroughly. The synthesized COF TAPT-DVA-NH2 exhibited exceptionally rapid and efficient DCF capture. The rate constant k2 was 0.0196 g/mg/min, and the maximum adsorption capacity could reach approximately 398.4 mg/g. The exceptional adsorption performance of COF TAPT-DVA-NH2 was attributed to electrostatic, π-π, hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions. The adsorption efficiency of DCF on COF TAPT-DVA-NH2 remained above 95 % even after five regeneration cycles. In addition, the self-made adsorbent efficiently adsorbed DCF from real environmental water samples. Thus, this highly efficient and recyclable adsorbent holds significant potential for DCF removal from aquatic environments.

Design, synthesis, biological assessment and molecular modeling studies of novel imidazothiazole-thiazolidinone hybrids as potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents

A new series of imidazothiazole derivatives bearing thiazolidinone moiety (4a-g and 5a-d) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for potential epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibition, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity, cardiomyopathy toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Compound 4c inhibited EGFR kinase at a concentration of 18.35 ± 1.25 µM, whereas standard drug erlotinib showed IC50 value of 06.12 ± 0.92 µM. The molecular docking, dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA binding energy calculations revealed strong interaction of compound 4c with binding site of EGFR. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity by MTT assay against three human cancer cell lines A549 (Lung), MCF-7 (Breast), HCT116 (Colon), one normal human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 and also for their EGFR kinase inhibitory activity. Few compounds of the series (4a, 4b, 4c) showed promising growth inhibition against all the tested cancer cell lines and against EGFR kinase. Among these, compound 4c was found to be most active and displayed IC50 value of 10.74 ± 0.40, 18.73 ± 0.88 against cancer cell lines A549 and MCF7 respectively whereas it showed an IC50 value of 96.38 ± 1.79 against HEK293 cell line indicating lesser cytotoxicity for healthy cell. Compounds 4a, 4b and 4c were also examined for their apoptosis inducing potential through AO/EB dual staining assay and it was observed that their antiproliferative activity against A549 cells is mediated via induction of apoptosis. Cardiomyopathy studies showed normal cardiomyocytes with no marked sign of pyknotic nucleus of compounds 4b and 4c. Hepatotoxicity studies of compounds 4b and 4c also showed normal architecture of hepatocytes. Compounds 4a-g and 5a-d were also evaluated for their in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by protein albumin denaturation assay. Among the tested compounds 4a-d and 5a-b showed promising activity and were selected for in-vivo inflammatory activity against carrageenan rat paw edema test. Among these compounds, 4b was found to be most active in the series showing 84.94% inhibition, whereas the standard drug diclofenac sodium showed 84.57% inhibition. Compound 4b also showed low ulcerogenic potential and lipid peroxidation. Thus, compounds 4c and 4b could be a promising lead compounds for developing anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents with low toxicity and selectivity.

Fabrication and characterization of porous pectin-based aerogels for drug delivery

Aerogels are renowned for their exceptional characteristics such as high porosity and ultra-low density. Among these, pectin aerogels, offering biodegradability, low toxicity, and versatility, are prominent candidates for innovative biomedical materials. This study focused on synthesizing pectin-based aerogels as carriers for ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium. Hydrogels were formed by combining a low methoxy pectin with calcium chloride solution, followed by dehydration and drying using either supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) or freeze–drying. Comparative analysis showed scCO2-dried aerogels exhibited slightly less shrinkage (0.27 %) than freeze–dried counterparts. Both types showed high porosity and mesoporous characteristics. However, scCO2-dried aerogels demonstrated higher specific surface area, pore volume, and smaller pore diameter. FTIR spectra indicated no interaction between the drugs and pectin-based aerogels. The loading of ibuprofen in scCO2-dried, pectin-based aerogels at 90, 95, and 100 bar were 60.0 %, 59.9 %, and 52.1 %, respectively, and the solution loading of diclofenac sodium was 38.37 %. At 90, 95, and 100 bar, ibuprofen-loaded pectin-based aerogels were released at 90.0 %, 84.0 %, and 75.5 %, respectively. The release of diclofenac sodium-loaded, pectin-based aerogels was at 88.4 %. The Korsmeyer–Peppas model was fitted for both ibuprofen and diclofenac sodium, indicating the release is mainly driven by diffusion.

Optimized design of quaternary amino-functionalized chitosan fibers for ultra-high diclofenac adsorption from wastewater

The extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from water bodies is imperative due to the potential harm to humans and the ecosystem caused by NSAID-contaminated water. Quaternary amino-functionalized epichlorohydrin cross-linked chitosan fibers (QECFs), an economical and eco-friendly adsorbent, were successfully prepared using a simple and gentle method for efficient diclofenac (DCF) adsorption. Additionally, the optimized factors for the preparation of QECFs included epichlorohydrin concentration, pH, temperature, and (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHTAC) concentration. QECFs demonstrated excellent adsorption performance for DCF across a broad pH range of 7–12. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity and the amount of adsorbed DCF per adsorption site were determined to be 987.5 ± 20.1 mg/g and 1.2 ± 0.2, respectively, according to the D-R and Hill isotherm models, at pH 7 within 180 min. This performance surpassed that of previously reported adsorbents. The regeneration of QECFs could be achieved using a 0.5 mol/L NaOH solution within 90 min, with QECFs retaining their original fiber form and experiencing only a 9.18% reduction in adsorption capacity after 5 cycles. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to study the characterization of QECFs, the preparation mechanism of QECFs, and the adsorption mechanism of DCF by QECFs. Quaternary ammonium groups (R4N+) were well developed in QECFs through the reaction between amino/hydroxyl groups on chitosan and CHTAC, and approximately 0.98 CHTAC molecule with 0.98 R4N+ group were immobilized on each chitosan monomer. Additionally, these R4N+ on QECFs played a crucial role in the removal of DCF.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from basil leaves (Ocimum x africanum L.) in acetic acid-induced rat models

Analgesics are medications that alleviate pain without impairing consciousness, with certain plants, such as basil (Ocimum x africanum L.), showing potential as natural pain relievers. This research investigated the analgesic effects of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from basil leaves on acetic acid-induced pain in rats. The study utilized percolation extraction methods with 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Twenty-eight male white rats were divided into seven groups: one normal control group without treatment or induction, one negative control group receiving 0.5% CMC-Na, two groups treated with ethanol extracts of basil leaves at doses of 400 mg/kg BW and 800 mg/kg BW, two groups treated with ethyl acetate extracts at the same doses, and one positive control group administered 50 mg/kg BW diclofenac sodium. Thirty minutes post-treatment, 1% acetic acid was injected intraperitoneally, and writhing responses were observed over 60 minutes. The data on percentage protection from writhing were analyzed using One-way ANOVA followed by the LSD test. The findings revealed that both the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts at an 800 mg/kg BW dosage closely matched the analgesic effectiveness of the diclofenac sodium group.