Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Residues Research Articles

Health risks of exposure to soil-borne dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs): A preliminary probabilistic assessment and spatial visualization

Residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) in soils continue to severely threaten and endanger human health. This present study comprehensively interprets the health risks associated with exposure to soil-borne DDTs and also identifies the spatial visualization of risks at a large regional scale in Fujian, China. There was significant spatial variability of human risk across the region, while levels of health risk displayed a significant positive correlation with population density (p < 0.05). High risk levels occurred mostly in the coastal areas in northeastern Fujian, with additional hotspots in inland areas. The highest total incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) occurred in Sanming, reaching up to 9.52 × 10−5, 3.27 × 10−5, and 1.76 × 10−4 for children, teens, and adults, respectively. Further, the highest hazard index (HI) value was observed in Fuzhou, reaching up to 6.09, 3.84, and 2.37, respectively. The 95% confidence interval of data regarding ILCRs exceeded the recognized safe threshold, whereas the HI has been deemed accepted. Adults were identified as the most susceptible population in terms of cancer risks, with o,p′-DDT being the primary contributor of ILCRs. Moreover, children were showed to be the most vulnerable in terms of non-cancer risks, with p,p′-DDD being the main contributor of HI. Food ingestion appeared to be the dominant exposure pathway, for both cancer and non-cancer risks. The concentration of DDTs (Csoil) and exposure duration (ED) also greatly influenced the risk, together contributing to over 99% of the ILCRs and HI.

Identification of fungi originated from soil polluted by Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT)

Since the last twenty years Merdeka Village in Merdeka Subdistrict, Tanah Karo District, Indonesia had been the centre of horticultural plant production for the North Sumatra Province. Insecticide commonly used by farmers in this area was of organochloric active ingredient, namely Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT).The DDT was an insecticide that was degraded very difficultly by the soil, was toxic and persistent in the soil for decades. This insecticide caused changes in soil microbiology, including fungi. Soil sampling using a soil drill at a depth of 0-20 cm with a diagonal sampling method of 45 sample points. Subsequently the soil samples were taken to the Pesticide Laboratory at the North Sumatra Plantation Seed Germination Center for extraction using the Quechers Tube Method using three material variables, namely sodium acetate (Na-acetate), primary secondary amine (PSA) and octadecylsilane (C18) with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that DDT derivatives were found in B o’p’DDD soil at the amount of 1.6 μgKg-1, and at C o’p’DDD soil at 2.2 μgKg-1. The DDT residues in both locations B and C were classified as dangerous because they exceeded the DDT standard of 0.7 μgKg-1 dry soil which refered to the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines (CCME). Soil samples containing five grams of DDT residue were then isolated and fungi growing on the soil were identified. Identification of fungi showed that Mucor sp, Fusarium sp and Trichophyton sp were found.

Determination of hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodi- phenyltrichloroethane residues in honey by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues in honey was developed using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as sample preparation method. The samples were extracted with chloroform, and concentrated into chloroform by vortex and centrifuging. The analytes were analyzed by GC-MS. The factors affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated, such as the type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, extraction time, etc. The matrix effects and method performance were evaluated at the same time. The results indicated that all the eight BHC and DDT pesticides displayed the enhancement of signals due to the matrix effects. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 2-500 microg/L and the correlation coefficients were 0.991-0.998 for the eight BHC and DDT pesticides. The enrichment factors (EF) were 74-96 for the eight pesticides. The recoveries of the eight BHC and DDT pesticides at three spiked levels of 20, 50 and 100 microg/kg were 61.0%-100.1%, while the RSDs were 2.2%-19.5%. The limits of quantification for the eight pesticides were 20 microg/kg, and the limits of detection were 1.0 ng. The developed method is easy, quick and with high performance. It is applicable for the determination of BHC and DDT residues in honey.

Struktur Histologis Hepar, Intestinum, dan Ren Burung Cerek Jawa (Charadrius javanicus Chasen 1938) Dengan Kontaminasi DDT di Delta Sungai Progo Yogyakarta

Residues of DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane) in the river environment can get into the Bird's body through an intermediary Javan Plover natural feed. Residues of DDT will experience biomagnification and biotransformation in the body organism. The purpose of this research was to determine residue of DDT in the Progo’s mudflat region, several organs of birds, and their impact on liver, intestine, and kidney Javan Plover. This research was located in Progo’s downstream. The method of environment and feed sampling done directly on site. The bird sampling using mist nets. Detection of residues DDT in environment samples by gas chromatography. Measurement of DDT residues in feed and organs of birds with spectrophotometer. Preparation of histological slide from liver, intestine, and kidney using paraffin method (with Hematoxilin & Eosin and Mallory Acid Fuchsin staining). Quantitative Data obtained from the measurement results of environment, feed, and organs of Javan Plover samples. Qualitative data analize by descriptively. The analysis showed DDT residues detected in area’s Progo downstream, natural feed and Javan plover’s organ. Analysis shows chronic effects posed by DDT residue on the histological structure of liver, intestine, and kidney of Javan Plover. Keywords: DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl trichloroethane), histological structure, Javan Plover (Charadrius Javanicus Chasen 1938), Progo’s River

Organochlorine pollutants in fish from the Bulgarian region of the Black Sea

Persistent organochlorine pollutants like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane residues (DDTs) can still be a problem for the aquatic environment and human health. The levels of DDTs and PCB congeners were determined in fish from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Four fish species with different feeding behaviour, goby (Neogobius cephalargoides), sprat (Sprattus sprattus sulinus), horse mackerel (Trachurus Mediterraneus ponticus) and shad (Alosa pontica pontica) were sampled from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast during 2007-2010. The DDT and PCB residues were measured in clean fish extracts by gas chromatography with mass detection. The main metabolite p,p'-dichloro diphenyl dichloroethylene was the most frequently detected compound in all fish species and was present in much higher concentrations than the other DDTs (ranging from 119.32 to 1,324.44 ng/g fat). PCBs were found in all fish species at concentrations ranging between 135.1 ng/g fat in horse mackerel and 990.8 ng/g fat in goby (calculated as the sum of 15 investigated congeners). The levels of DDTs and PCBs in fish from Bulgarian Black Sea coast were comparable to those found in fish species from the Black Sea and from neighbouring seas (the Marmara Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea).

Human health risk from hexachlorocyclohexane and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane pesticides, through consumption of vegetables: estimation of daily intake and hazard quotients

People are encouraged to consume more fresh vegetables due to the high nutritional value and fibre contents in vegetables. At the same time, due to pesticidal residue in vegetables, vegetable consumption is considered as an important route of pesticides uptake by human beings. Pesticides, particularly organochlorines such as Aldrin, heptachlor and isomers of dichlorodiphe - nyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) are a major concern because of their persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long-range environmental transport ability. Hence information on such toxic contaminants in vegetables is very essential, due to human health concern. In order to assess the potential health risks associated with vegetable consumption due to pesticidal residues of DDT and HCH, sixty four samples of commonly available vegetables were collected from a local market in West Bengal, India and analysed for DDT and HCH. In this study, estimated average daily intake of HCHs and DDTs through vegetables was ranged between 5.0x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;8&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;ndash;9.1x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;6&lt;/sup&gt; mg kg&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;1&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;1&lt;/sup&gt; with an average value of 2.0x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;6&lt;/sup&gt; mg kg&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;1&lt;/sup&gt; day&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;1&lt;/sup&gt;. Human health risk was assessed in terms of incremental lifetime cancer risk and health hazard index was between 1.7x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;8&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;ndash;8.8x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;6&lt;/sup&gt; and 1.5x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;7&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;ndash; 1.7x10&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;2&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. Generated results were compared with maximum residual levels and reference values, were within acceptable limits and suggested no health risk to the human populations. Therefore, an extensive study on vegetables with the inclusion of other persistent organic pollutants and toxic metals should be carried out to know the overall scenario of contamination of vegetables.

DDT and its metabolites in leiomyomatous and normal human uterine tissue.

Residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites were monitored in leiomyomatous and normal human uterine tissue by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The metabolites detected were: 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (o,p'-DDT), 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) and 2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT). Total DDT ranged from 0.245 to 1.982 ppm, with a mean value of 0.845 ppm in leiomyomatous tissue. In normal human uterine tissue, total DDT ranged from 0.030 to 0.282 ppm, with a mean value of 0.103 ppm. Significantly higher levels of DDT and its metabolites in leiomyomatous tissue as compared to normal uterine tissue suggest their involvement in uterine leiomyomas. The data is discussed in the light of existing knowledge on estrogenic activity of DDT analogs and estrogen-influenced growth of uterine leiomyomas.