Diazinon Treatment Research Articles

A Resistance Mechanism in Organophosphorus-Resistant Strains of Sheep Blowfly (Lucilia Cuprina)

After extensive field use of diazinon for control of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) a 3�1 times resistant (DB) strain appeared (Shanahan 1966). Subsequently a 10 times resistant (G) strain has been found (Shanahan, personal communication). Resistance was confirmed but slightly lower factors of 2�2 and 6 for� the DB and G strains respectively were determined. Studies on penetration and metabolism and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vivo and in vitro in the resistant strains, DB and G, and in a susceptible strain, LS, were made using [14C]diazinon and unlabelled diazoxon. Sufficient differences were found in in vivo inhibitor levels in the strains following equal diazinon treatment to account for the resistance factors. In add~tion, the thoracic acetylcholinesterase of the G strain was less sensitive to inhibition than those of the other two strains.

Bioassay and histochemical studies of the poisoning and recovery of house-flies (Musca domestica L.) treated with diazinon and diazoxon.

Newly emerged and 3-day-old house-flies (Musca domestica L.) of a diazinin-susceptible and a diazinon-resistant strain were treated topically with diazinon or diazoxon and examined for symptoms of poisoning and recovery at intervals up to 5 hours and at 24 hours after treatment. The effects of the poisons varied with the age and strain of the flies and with the poison used. Most of the flies that became paralysed died, but some recovered, even after appearing to be dead. Of flies treated when newly emerged, more of the resistant than of the susceptible strain recovered from paralysis, and more recovered from diazoxon than from diazinon treatment. Recoveries were fewer amongst flies treated when three days old and occurred in appreciable numbers only amongst those of the resistant strain treated with diazoxon.Histochemical tests on flies, treated with diazoxon showed a close correlation between inhibition of cholinesterase activity in the thoracic ganglion and the external symptoms of poisoning. Inhibition was slight in apparently unaffected flies, more extensive in severely affected flies, and total or nearly so in completely paralysed flies. Inhibition first appeared at the periphery of the ganglion and spread inwards to the centre. Flies that recovered from paralysis had normal or almost normal cholinesterase activity, partially recovered flies showed activity only in the central parts of the ganglion. Recovery of cholinesterase activity seems to occur from the centre of the ganglion outwards.

Control of Wireworms on Potatoes in Eastern Washington by Soil Fumigants and Organophosphorous Insecticides123

Soil fumigation with Telone® (mixed dichloropropenes), DD® Mixture (dichloropropanc-dichloropropene mixture), and ethylene dibromide, applied at 20 gal, 25 gal, and 36 lb/acre, respectively, and broadcast applications of granulated diazinon, parathion, and phorate, applied at 2, 4, and 3 lb/acre respectively, gave economic control of the Pacific Coast wireworm ( Limonius canus LeConte) on potatoes in sandy loam soil. Cullage was reduced 93.6-100%. Granulated disulfoton, broadcast at 3 lb/acre, gave significantly less control than other broadcast treatments. Post-planting sidedressings of granulated parathion, phorate, Stauffer N-2790 ( O -ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), and Bayer 25141 [ O-O -diethyl O-p -(methylsulrfinyl)phenyl phosphorothioate), applied at 3 lb/acre, reduced cullage 74.4-85.2%. Granulated disulfoton and Bayer 37289 ( O -ethyl 0-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl ethylphosphonothioate) at 3 lb and naphthalene crystals at 450 lb/acre were significantly inferior to the other sidedress treatments. Phorate and disulfoton granules gave as good control when metered onto the soil surface in bands 6 in, wide in the furrow left by the press-wheel potato planter as when side dressed in the soil at the same rate. Of all diazinon, disulfoton, parathion, and phorate treatments, only phorate applied in the planter press-wheel furrow left a detectable residue above the tolerance in tubers collected 3 weeks before harvest.

The Use of Diazinon and Fertilizers for Reducing Bermudagrass Mite Damage and Promoting Grass Growth1

Results of experiments conducted for 3 seasons at Tucson, Ariz., clearly indicated that diazinon treatments for the control of Bermudagrass mite, Aceria neocynodonis Keifer, on poorly fertilized turf required the addition of fertilizer to improve the turf quality (Butler et al. 1963).