Diazinon Residues Research Articles

Stable detection of diazinon residues in vegetables by an electrochemiluminescent aptasensor based on the in-situ production of H2O2 from dual-catalytic glucose

Stable detection of diazinon (DZN) residues in vegetables is important for food safety. In this work, an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor with dual-catalytic glucose in-situ production of H2O2 was constructed for the stable detection of DZN in vegetables. Firstly, MWCNTs@MB was prepared using π-π stacking interactions between methylene blue (MB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to enhance the loading of MB on an electrode and thus catalyze the generation of H2O2 from glucose. Secondly, Cu2O@AuNPs was formed by loading AuNPs on the surface of Cu2O through spontaneous reduction reaction, which improved the interfacial charge transfer, Cu2O nano-enzyme had glucose oxidase mimicking activity and could further catalyze the production of more H2O2 from glucose. MWCNTs@MB and Cu2O@AuNPs played a key role in the in-situ generation of co-reacting reagent H2O2, which solved the problem of unstable detection caused by the easy decomposition of the H2O2 solution added to the luminescence system. In addition, the aptamer was immobilized on the electrode surface by forming Au–S bonds with Cu2O@AuNPs. As a result, the ECL aptasensor performed good linearity in 1.00 pg mL−1-1.00 μg mL−1 and a low limit of detection (LOD) to 0.39 pg mL−1 (S/N = 3). This work provided an effective method for the accurate and stable detection of DZN residues in vegetables, which was of great significance in ensuring food safety and assessing the environmental risk of DZN.

Pesticide residues in fresh Mazafati date fruit, soil, and water, and assessment of potential health risks to consumers.

A quantitative method based on quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique (QuEChERS) sample extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was evolved for the determination of 47 pesticide residues in fresh Mazafati date fruits from Bam City of Kerman Province, Iran. The recoveries for selected pesticides ranged from 88 to 110% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 20% at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg kg-1. The proposed method had a linear range from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1.00 mg kg-1, and the LOQ of the 47 pesticides was ≤ 0.005 mg kg-1. The coefficients of determination (R2) were more than 0.99. This technique was used on 12 fresh date fruits samples, three water samples, and three soil samples with three replications per sample. Forty-seven pesticide were detected collectively, but only diazinon was detected in the date fruit samples. The mean value of diazinon residues was 0.037 mg kg-1, and the concentration of diazinon in most samples was below the national maximum residue limit (MRL) for date fruit (0.05 mg kg-1). Among the pesticides measured, diazinon residues were also detected in the water samples, but not in the soil samples. The dietary intake assessment showed no health risk to humans from the consumption of fresh date fruit concerning the pesticides investigated.

Investigating the Residue of Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, and Dichlorvos in Urban Drinking Water Supply Sources and Determining the Water Quality Index in Tirano-Korun in 2020

Introduction: Contamination of water sources with toxins is an environmental problem and a serious threat to the health of societies. This study aimed to ascertain the remaining levels of toxins in urban drinking water networks and compute the water quality index.
 Materials and Methods: To examine the residual concentration of diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and dichlorvos in urban drinking water distribution networks, 35 underground and surface water sources were sampled in Tiran-o-Korun in Isfahan province, Iran. GC-ECD device was used to analyze the samples.
 Results: Diazinon was not observed in any of the sampling seasons. The maximum concentration of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos was 61 and 100 ppb, respectively. Although chlorpyrifos was seen more in the hot season and dichlorvos in the cold season, the mean concentration of these toxins in different seasons was lower than the guidelines of Iran and the World Health Organization (WHO). The mean concentration of nitrate, and hardness, in wet and dry seasons was 46.23 and 46.42, and 343.7 and 338.8 mg/l, respectively.
 Conclusion: The mean and standard deviation of quality index of Iran's water resources (IRWQI) in wet and dry seasons were 52.16 ± 45.3 and 50.69 ± 15.8, respectively. The residual concentration of toxins in some water sources of this city exceeded the guidelines of Iran and the WHO in summer and spring.

Antioxidant Effect of Shallot Peel Infusion on Kidney Oxidative Stress in Diazinon-Induced Wistar Rats

Diazinon is a pesticide widely used by farmers to control pests. Exposure to the low doses of diazinon can occur continuously through a polluted environment and diazinon residues in agricultural products. It has a nephrotoxic effect through oxidative stress mechanism. Flavonoid as antioxidant can significantly neutralize oxidative stress. Shallot peel is a source of flavonoids. This study was designed to determine the antioxidant effect of shallot skin infusion (SPI) on kidney oxidative stress in diazinon-induced Wistar rats by measuring the flavonoid level of SPI and kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Rats were divided into normal, diazinon, and SPI groups. Diazinon was administered at dose of 40 mg/kgBW for 7 days followed by SPI at doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kgBW for 7 days. The flavonoid level of SPI was measured using spectrophotometry method and the kidney MDA level was measured using ELISA method. The flavonoid level of SPI was 96.8 mg QE/L. The results showed that the normal group had the lowest kidney MDA level of 2.585 mM/mL, the diazinon group had the highest level of 2.708 M/mL, while the SPI group at dose of of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kgBW had renal MDA levels of 2.642 mM/mL, 2.644 mM/mL, and 2.593 mM/mL. Nevertheless, the result of statistical analysis showed that the kidney MDA levels seven days after diazinon administration was not significantly different from the normal group so that SPI administration did not affect the kidney MDA level in diazinon-induced Wistar rats.
 Keyword: Shallot Peel, Diazinon, Oxidative Stress, Kidney Malondialdehyde

Degradation of selected organophosphorus pesticide residues and their pre harvest interval determination in hyacinth bean grown commercially in Bangladesh

The consumers are very much concerned about food safety. To ensure safe food for the consumers, it is essential to follow the pre harvest interval (PHI) of pesticides. Therefore, in order to ascertain the pre-harvest interval of fenitrothion and diazinon in hyacinth bean in the environmental conditions of Bangladesh, this study was started. The chosen organophosphorus insecticides (fenitrothion and diazinon) were sprayed with the recommended dose (1.5 ml/L of water) in a field trial at the Entomology Division of BARI, Gazipur. At 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12 days after spray (DAS), samples were taken. The Gas chromatography (GC) with a Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD) was used to quantify the residues after the samples were prepared using a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method. Fenitrothion residue was found up to 8 DAS, and at 7 DAS (0.018 mg/Kg), the level of residue was above the MRL. At 8 DAS, the fenitrothion residue was 0.007 mg/kg, which was below MRL. Pre-harvest interval (PHI) for fenitrothion was determined at 8 DAS, and no residue was found after 9 DAS. Diazinon residue was found up to 9 DAS, with the level of residue above the MRL at 8 DAS (0.016 mg/Kg). At 9 DAS, the diazinon residue was 0.007 mg/kg, which was below MRL. Pre-harvest interval (PHI) was determined for diazinon at 9 DAS, and as of 10 DAS, no residue was found. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2023, 8 (2), 30-37

Removal of pesticides from fresh-cut Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis L.) by sequential multi-frequency ultrasound cleaning treatments

Pesticides may remain on the surface of fresh produce due to inappropriate and inadequate cleaning. In view of the public health significance of pesticide residues in fresh produce and the long-term effects of low dose exposure of these pesticides, decontamination procedures are needed for ready-to-eat foods, especially vegetables. Ultrasound cleaning is considered to be an effective environmentally-friendly decontamination process which is unique in its ability to remove pesticides compared to other conventional methods. The reduction of dimethoate and diazinon residues from fresh Chinese cabbage by sequential multi-frequency ultrasound cleaning treatments was investigated in this study to ascertain the levels of reduction after cleaning. The ultrasonic treatment has higher efficiency on the removal of these organophosphorus pesticides compared to ordinary water cleaning. The removal rates of ultrasonic cleaning treatments for dimethoate and diazinon residues were in the range of 20.10–72.42% and 29.60–77.37% compared to the ordinary water cleaning with 13.24–19.89% and 17.32–24.16% respectively. In addition, quality parameters for the leaves treated were also assessed. The physical impairment and vitamin C loss increased with the increase in ultrasonic frequency combination and cleaning time. Application of triple frequency ultrasound and extended washing time resulted in high dimethoate (>70%) and diazinon reduction (>75%) alongside slight perceptible darkening in colour of the leaves. The use of multi-frequency ultrasound in sequential mode is an effective technique for the removal of pesticide residues from leafy vegetables. However, ultrasonic operating conditions should be considered to maintain product quality.

Uptake of Soil-Residual Diazinon by Rotational Lettuce under Greenhouse Conditions.

Pesticide residue is an increasing concern in rotational crop practices. The pesticide used for the primary crop may re-enter the secondary crop, thus exceeding pesticide levels set by the positive list system (PLS). As such, evaluation of pesticide residue translocated into rotational crops is required for ensuring pesticide safety. In this study, we investigated the residue pattern of diazinon translocated into lettuce as a typical rotational crop in Korea. Diazinon was used to treat greenhouse soil at the maximum annual application rate before crop planting. Diazinon residues in soil and lettuce were investigated using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy and a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of diazinon was found as 0.005 mg/kg for the plant and soil samples. The recovery of diazinon at the LOQ and 10× the LOQ ranged from 100.2% to 108.7%. The matrix calibration curve showed linearity, with R2 values > 0.998. Diazinon residue in soil dissipated over time after the initial treatment, generating first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9534) and having a half-life of about 22 days. The uptake ratio (UTR) of diazinon from the soil to the plant ranged from 0.002 to 0.026 over the harvest period. Considering the UTRs, diazinon residue in the edible leaf could exceed the PLS level (0.01 mg/kg) if lettuce is rotated in soil containing >0.357 mg/kg of diazinon. Based on our findings, to comply with the PLS, a 3-month plant-back interval is required following diazinon treatment and/or setting the maximum residue limit of diazinon for lettuce.

The Effect of Shallot Peel Ethanol Extract in Reducing Kidney MDA Levels in Diazinon-induced Wistar Rats

Diazinon is an organophosphate pesticide often used by farmer. The residue of diazinon may contaminate agricultural products and if accidentally consumed in a long term, may potentially led to health problems such as kidney disorders. Shallot (Allium cepa) peel was recently proposed to help recover the kidney damage due to its high flavonoid antioxidant content. This study aims to determine the antioxidant effect of shallot peel extract in reducing oxidative stress caused by diazinon with malondialdehyde (MDA) level indicator on the kidney of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research was a true experimental with an in-vivo posttest-only control group design. The 28 rats were divided using a simple random sampling technique. The groups were the control group (K0), the diazinon group (K1), SPEE (Shallot Peel Ethanol Extract) groups which are P1 (300 mg/kg BW), P2 (600 mg/kg BW), P3 (900 mg/kg BW), P4 (1200 mg/kg BW) and P5 (2400 mg/kg BW). At the end of the study, the MDA kidney levels was analysed using the TBARS method. Effective doses were found in 600 mg/kg BW/day, 900 mg/kg BW/day, 1200 mg/kg BW/day, and 2400 mg/kg BW/day. The optimal dose of shallot peel extract in this study was 600 mg/kg BW/day. This study showed the effectiveness of shallot peel extract in reducing kidney MDA levels in diazinon-induced Wistar rats.
 Keywords: shallot peel, diazinon, kidney MDA level

Alterations in reproductive hormone levels among farm women and their children occupationally exposed to organophosphate pesticides

ABSTRACT Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides may lead to reproductive hormone dysfunction. Even among children of pubertal age, the exposure may disrupt growth, development, and maturation. The present study was conducted to assess the alterations in the reproductive hormone levels, among farm women (24–45 years, n = 129) and their children (9–12 years, n = 66 and 13–15 years, n = 63) and compare them with age and gender-matched control group [women (n = 134) and their children (9–12 years, n = 69 and 13–15 years, n = 65)] belonging to villages of Ranga Reddy District, Telangana, India. Blood pesticide residues and reproductive hormone (follicle-stimulating hormone-FSH, luteinizing hormone-LH, estradiol, and testosterone) levels were analyzed. The detected pesticide residues (ng/mL) were chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, and monocrotophos among the farm women, while the farm children of 9–12 years age groups were detected with residues of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, monocrotophos, and phosalone. The farm children of 13–15 years age group were detected with residues of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, monocrotophos, and phosalone. However, no residues were detected among the samples of women and children of control groups. Significantly lower levels of FSH (in follicular phase) were observed among the farm women than the control group. Significant alterations in FSH and LH levels of farm women were observed with a significant correlation between the chlorpyrifos residue levels and estradiol hormone. While no such significant change in hormone levels was observed among the farm children of both age groups of both genders. Though the present study showed pesticide-induced alterations in hormone levels among the farm women, research is needed to elucidate the critical windows during which exposure may adversely affect the reproductive system in children at the pubertal stage and women at reproductive age and subsequently their progeny’s health at a later stage of life.

Mycodegradation of diazinon pesticide utilizing fungal strains isolated from polluted soil

The current study aimed to isolate biodegradable soil fungi capable of metabolizing diazinon. The collected soil samples were investigated for diazinon pollution to detect the pesticide level in the polluted soil samples. Food poisoning techniques were utilized to preliminary investigate the biodegradation efficiency of the isolated fungal strains to diazinon pesticide using solid and liquid medium and also to detect their tolerance to different concentrations. GC-MS analysis of control and treated flasks were achieved to determine the diazinon residues for confirmation of the biodegradation efficiency. The total diazinon residues in the collected soil samples was found to be 0.106 mg/kg. Out of thirteen fungal strains isolated form diazinon polluted soils, six strains were potentially active in diazinon biodegradation. Food poisoning technique showed that A. niger, B. antennata, F. graminearum, P. digitatum, R. stolonifer and T. viride strains recorded fungal growth diameters of 65.2 ± 0.18, 57.5 ± 0.41, 47.2 ± 0.36, 56.5 ± 0.27, 85.0 ± 0.01, 85.0 ± 0.06 mm respectively in the treated group which were non significantly different compared to that of control (P > 0.05), indicating the high efficiency of these strains in diazinon degradation compared to the other isolated strains. GC-MS analysis revealed that B. antennata was the most efficient strain in diazinon degradation recording 32.24 ± 0.15 ppm concentration after 10 days incubation. Linear regression analysis confirmed that B. antennata was the most effective biodegradable strain recording the highest diazinon dissipation (83.88%) with the lowest T1/2 value of 5.96 days while T. viride, A. niger, R. stolonifer and F. graminearum exhibited a high biodegradable activities reducing diazinon to 80.26%, 78.22%, 77.36% and 75.43% respectively after 10 days incubation. In conclusion, these tolerant fungi could be considered as promising, eco-friendly and biodegradable fungi for the efficient and potential removal of hazardous diazinon from polluted soil.

Development of Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Method for Determination of Diazinon Residues in Vegetable Samples

An extraction method based on a combination of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction with high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HF-LPME HPLC-DAD) has been developed and demonstrated to analyze pesticide residues in vegetables. This study aims to determine the optimum extraction conditions and validation performance of this method. Diazinon pesticide was selected as the target model analyte. HF-LPME is performed by stacking microliter organic solvent droplets through an HPLC syringe coated with polypropylene hollow fiber by directly dipping it into the sample solution and stirring it during the extraction process. Finally, the organic solvent was put into an HPLC syringe at the end of the extraction. Then, it was injected into the HPLC-DAD at the wavelength of 247 nm. Several important extraction parameters have been optimized. The optimization results showed the type of organic solvent of n-hexane, the length of the hollow fiber of 1.5 cm, the volume of the sample solution of 20 mL, and the stirring speed of 600 rpm. The validation performance obtained a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.10 mgL-1, limit of quantification (LoQ) of 0.33 mgL-1, percent recoveries of 99.88%, a coefficient of variation of 3% (n=15), and the enrichment factor of 19,982 times. Under optimal conditions, the developed method was applied to extract diazinon in vegetable matrix samples using the spiking method. Mustard green was selected as a model matrix sample. From the research, the percentage recoveries of diazinon obtained in the mustard green matrix sample are 98.80% - 100.41%.

Pesticide residues levels as hematological biomarkers-a case study, blood serum of greenhouse workers in the city of Hamadan, Iran.

The cultivation of greenhouse crops is the most severe form of crop production in Iran, and vast quantities of unreasonable pesticides are being utilized to control the pests. The residual level of blood pesticides and their correlation with multibiomarkers were determined to evaluate the adverse health consequences on greenhouse workers in the Hamadan, west of Iran. Participants were 180 adult males, including 90 greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides and 90 control individuals. Blood samples were taken from all subjects for pesticide residues analysis, and hematological and biochemical parameters. The blood pesticide residues were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) with a flame ionization detector. Hematological and biochemical parameters were determined using hematology cell counter and auto analyze, respectively. Statistical analyses were done with STATA version 14.2 software. The multivariate regression was used for relationship between various pesticide concentrations in blood and changes in biomarkers in pesticide exposed group. The analyses revealed that 64 out of the 90 workers had residues of dichlorvos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos in their blood serum, and 56.25% out of these workers were exposed for >15-year period. The residues of all three pesticides were higher than the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) in all the exposure duration categories. Comparisons of hematological parameters showed that mean monocyte (0.76±0.41, P < 0.001), lymphocyte (3.52±1.20, P < 0.001) and platelet counts (278.18±66.05, P=0.001), mean platelet volume (10.18±0.59, P=0.002), and plateletcrit (PCT) (0.275±0.05, P<0.001) were significantly higher in workers than the controls, whereas hemoglobin (HB) (14.61±1.28, P=0.028), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (MCHC) (32.44±0.90, P<0.001) were lower in workers than controls. These results indicate that the exposed individuals have experienced significant hemotoxic effects during the pesticide exposure. The study also predicts the risk to exposed individuals in developing countries like Iran and demands realization of safety measures to prevent such dangerous effects of pesticide exposures.

Combined health risk assessment of organophosphates pesticide residues in greenhouse cucumber in the Northwestern of Iran based on Monte Carlo Simulations

ABSTRACT The samples of greenhouse cucumbers were collected from the Central Fruit and Vegetable Market of Tabriz between June and December 2017. In the twenty-four cucumber samples (unwashed, washed, peeled), the residue of 18 organophosphates pesticides (OPPs) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) following the modified QuEChERS method (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe). Chronic non-carcinogenic risk assessment from pesticide residues in the samples was also performed for age groups of adults (women and men) and children using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Amongst the eighteen studied pesticides, eight pesticides including dimethoate, diazinon, methyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and azinphos-methyl were detected. Pesticide residues were detected in 100% of unwashed, washed and peeled samples in the range of 0.08 to 0.37 mg.kg-1, 0.03 to 0.17 mg.kg-1 and 0.01 to 0.08 mg.kg-1, respectively. The maximum and minimum values were found for diazinon pesticides with 0.37 mg.kg-1 and profenofos and fenitrothion with 0.01 mg.kg-1. 100 % of samples contained at least three pesticide residues (dimethoate, diazinon, and methyl parathion), while 87.5% of the samples contained more pesticides residues. The residues of dimethoate, diazinon, and methyl parathion were above Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in 100%, 83.33%, and 66.66% of samples, respectively. The identified residues were more than the EU MRLs and the IR MRLs in 100% and 95.83% samples, respectively. The mean reduction of pesticide residues in the washed and peeled samples was in the range of 37.74 to 56.52% and 66.66 to 92.30%, respectively. According to the performed risk assessment, there is no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to the consumption of cucumber for the age group of adults. Hence, there is a considerable non-carcinogenic health risk to children due to the consumption of unwashed (HI = 2.22) and water-washed (HI = 1.36) greenhouse cucumbers.

Effect of household processing on pesticide residues in post-harvested tomatoes: determination of the risk exposure and modeling of experimental results via RSM.

This study aimed to investigate the acute and chronic hazard quotients of chlorpyrifos and diazinon for tomatoes in preharvest and postharvest conditions, and to evaluate the relationship between the main variables, including temperature and contact time and pesticide dissipation at different conditions using response surface methodology for the first time. The qualification analyses were conducted by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The Monte Carlo simulation technique was utilized to evaluate the variability and uncertainty and achieve more accurate results in the health risk assessment process. A quadratic model and the second-order polynomial analysis were employed to investigate the mutual effect of time and temperature on removing diazinon and chlorpyrifos. Based on findings, the chronic hazard quotient values of chlorpyrifos and diazinon residues ranged from 0.43 - 1.33 to 0.13 - 2.27 for boiling, 0.65 - 1.49 to 3.05 - 7.15 for room condition, and 0.63 - 1.92 to 3.28 - 7.47 for refrigerator condition, respectively. According to the Monte Carlo simulation, the hazard quotient and estimated daily intake values were more affected by the consumption rate, pesticide concentration, and body weight. The results of response surface methodology showed that the effect of temperature variations on the dissipation of both pesticides was more than that of contact time variations.

Monitoring the Persistence of Devrinol, Diazinon, and Trifluralin Residues in Soil Following Application of Organic Amendments

Pesticides have the potential mobility from the site of application to natural water resources leading to surface water quality problems. Binding pesticides to soil lead to immobilization preventing their mobility into surface water and enhancing their availability for degradation by soil microorganisms and their secreting enzymes. The impact of low-cost organic amendments used in agricultural operations on the persistence of three pesticides; devrinol, diazinon, and trifluralin in agricultural soil was investigated. Pesticide residues in sewage sludge (SS), farm compost (Comp), and no-mulch (NM) control treatment following field application were monitored at different time intervals using solvent partitioning and gas chromatographic procedure (GC). Half-life (T_1/2) values of the three pesticides in soil were determined under three farming practices to investigate how long each pesticide remains in each soil treatment. Results revealed the retention of devrinol by 30%, diazinon by 55%, and trifluralin by 80% in soil amended with SS compared to sole NM soil used as control treatment. This practice might prevent the off-site movement of pesticides. Devrinol T_1/2 value of 14.1 days was significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower in soil amended with Comp compared to SS amended soil due to its high dissipation constant (K). Diazinon residues fluctuated during the first week after spraying and started to decline, reaching a minimum value of 0.004 µg g^-1 soil at 35 days after spraying. Its T_1/2 value of 10.6 days was significantly lower in SS amended soil compared to Comp waste and control treatments (15.8 and 18.5 days, respectively). Trifluralin residues in NM soil showed a low dissipation constant and greater (T_1/2) value of 116 days. Its dissipation and degradation in soil amended with Comp and SS indicated half-life (T_1/2) values of 48.5 and 34.6 days, respectively. The low adsorptive capacity of devrinol due to its high-water solubility requires minimizing its application rates in agricultural regions to prevent environmental contamination of natural water resources.

Optimization of extraction conditions and determination of the Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, and malathion residues in environment samples: Fruit (Apple, Orange, and Tomato)

Organophosphate (OP) insecticide, such as diazinon is found in the environments like water which is still approved for agricultural uses. When diazinon residues enter the human body, it functions as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. This research aims to measure of chlorpyrifos (CPF), diazinon, and malathion residues in fruit such as apple, orange, and tomato after optimizing extraction conditions. Pesticide residues are measured by gas chromatography (GC) technique. Effective variables on pesticide residues are studied including pesticides kind, sampling station, and fruit kind. Results show that average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in orange water are 7.05 ± 0.01 mg L−1, 6.66 ± 0.03 mg L−1, and 12.38 ± 0.02 µgL−1, respectively. The average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in apple water are 0.74 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.70 ± 0.01 mgL−1, and 1.10 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively. The average concentration CPF, diazinon, and malathion residues in tomato water are 0.60 ± 0.02 mgL−1, 0.57 ± 0.02 mgL−1, and 0.89 ± 0.01 µgL−1, respectively. The highest CPF concentration is observed in the orange fruit from station 20. Due to an appropriate storage condition and presenting organic fruits in the supermarket, the least mean concentration of pesticides is obtained in studied fruits from station 2. The manner of washing, peeling, and storage period before consuming fruits lead to decreasing studied pesticides concentration about 15–35, 40–50, and 50–60%, respectively. Increasing the fruit shelf-life led to decreasing studied pesticides concentration. Between pesticide concentration and variables: pesticides kind, sampling station, fruit kind, are not seen meaningful statistic relationship (P > 0.05). This study showed that pesticide residues in fruits can be decreased by washing, refrigerating, peeling procedures and increase in public surveillance.

Investigation of the effects of household processing on the reduction rate of chlorpyrifos, metalaxyl and diazinon residues in orange fruit

Summary The effect of the household processing on the reduction rate of chlorpyrifos, metalaxyl and diazinon residues in contaminated oranges has been investigated and the processing factors were determined. The evaluation included validation parameters, matrix effect (ME %), reduction behavior and processing factors (PFs). Validation parameters were successfully applied; the three pesticides showed satisfactory recovery (70–120%) and precision (relative standard deviation - RSD&lt;20%); they also exhibited no matrix effect. The most effective process in the pesticide residues reduction was juicing, followed by pulping while the washing process was less efficient in removing all pesticide residues; sonication showed a high reduction rate with both chlorpyrifos and diazinon. The processing factors (PFs) were generally less than one which indicates that all processes can reduce pesticide residues in oranges. The results could guide the safe and reasonable use of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and metalaxyl. These processes contribute substantially to reduce consumer exposure to pesticide residues in oranges.

Investigation of Residual Concentration of Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, and Carbamate Pesticides in Urban Drinking Water Networks of Hamadan Province, Iran

Pollution of water resources with pesticides is one of the environmental problems and a serious threat to the communities’ health. This study aimed to determine the residual concentration of pesticides in urban drinking water networks of Hamadan province in 2019. In order for investigating the residual concentration of organochlorine (aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, methoxychlor and permethrin), organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, diazinon and malathion), and carbamate (atrazine and alachlor) pesticides in urban drinking water distribution networks of the province, a total of 46 samples were taken. The samples were analyzed by GC-ECD and the results were analyzed using Excel software (a descriptive cross-sectional study). The residues of aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, diazinon, malathion, atrazine, and alachlor were found in none of the samples. The maximum concentrations of chlorpyrifos and permethrin were 2.20 and 8.03 μg/L, respectively. The methoxychlor residue was observed only in one sample (C=0.35 μg/L) and all other samples were free of methoxychlor. Residues of studied pesticides in all samples are much less than the maximum allowable in the national standard and the World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. Therefore, it can be concluded that the studied networks water quality as well as the urban drinking water resources in Hamadan province are at a very desirable level in terms of the pesticide residues. If the consumption of pesticides is not controlled, there is a possibility of increasing the concentration of these pollutants in water resources, which in turn may threaten the human health in the future.

Residue level and health risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides in eggplant and cauliflower collected from Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Residue levels of seven organophosphorus pesticides in two vegetables (eggplant and cauliflower) collected from major markets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh were analysed. The collected samples were analysed using a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction technique by Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame Thermionic Detector (GC-FTD). Among the 50 analysed samples of the eggplant 12% samples contained residues of chlorpyrifos (0.384~0.980 mg/kg), 6% samples contained residue of dimethoate (0.052~0.132 mg/kg) and 2% samples contained residue of diazinon (0.01 mg/kg). Whereas, among the 50 samples of cauliflower, 12% samples contained residues of chlorpyrifos (0.056~0.540 mg/kg), 8% samples contained residues of diazinon (0.033~0.42 mg/kg) and 2% samples contained residues of quinalphos (0.06 mg/kg). The chlorpyrifos was found as the most frequently detected organophosphorus pesticide. Among the 21 contaminated samples, 20 were above EU-MRL. Short and long-term health risk assessment based on ARfD and ADI indicates that the intake risks of eggplant and cauliflower were in the acceptable range. Nevertheless, establishing strong monitoring and traceability system together with controlling pre-harvest interval needed to ensure food safety, consumer confidence and promote vegetable export from Bangladesh.

Organophosphorus pesticide residues detected in eggplant and tomato samples collected from different regions of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to detect and quantify the residue of seven commonly used organophosphorus pesticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, diazinon, malathion, dimethoate and fenitrothion) in eggplant and tomato samples collected from local market of commercially grown four different regions viz. Bogura, Narsingdi, Jeshore and Cumilla for the comparison between the detected residue level with maximum residue limit (MRL) set by European Union. A total of 80 analyzed samples of eggplant and tomato, 21.25% of the total number of samples contaminated with acephate, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and diazinon residues which were above the EU-MRLs. Out of 40 analyzed samples of eggplant, 11 samples were contaminated with acephate, diazinon fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos residues. All of the contaminated samples (27.5% of the total number of samples) had chlorpyrifos (0.02-0.046), acephate (0.017-0-0.39), diazinon (0.11-0.47) and fenitrothion (0.20) residues which were above the EU-MRLs. The eggplant samples collected from Jeshore and Narsingdi received more pesticides than Cumilla and Bogura regions. In case of 40 analyzed samples of tomato, 6 samples (15% of the total number of samples) had chlorpyrifos (0.27-0.43), diazinon (0.25) and fenitrothion (0.10) residues which were above EU-MRLs. Malathion, quinalphos and dimethoate residues were not found in any of the tested samples which might be applied at recommended doses. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2021, 5 (1), 27-31